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EMERGING CHALLENGES IN THE ENFORCEMENT OF CRIMINAL LAW IN THE DIGITAL AGE: AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE BY - SAHIL SEHRAWAT

Authors: SAHIL SEHRAWAT
Registration ID: 1013066 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA13066
Year: Aug-2026 | Volume: 3 | Issue: 5
Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India
Page No.: 1722-1746
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CONSTITUTIONALISM AND ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN INDIA: EXAMINING THE LEGITIMACY OF ARBITRATION BY - SAHIL SEHRAWAT

Authors: SAHIL SEHRAWAT
Registration ID: 1013065 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA13065
Year: Aug-2026 | Volume: 3 | Issue: 5
Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India
Page No.: 1700-1721
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TAXATION OF CROSS-BORDER DIGITAL SERVICES: FROM EQUALISATION LEVY TO SIGNIFICANT ECONOMIC PRESENCE BY - ABHISHEK VERMA

Authors: ABHISHEK VERMA 
Registration ID: 1013064 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA13064
Year: Aug-2026 | Volume: 3 | Issue: 5
Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India
Page No.: 1678-1699
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DIGITAL SEXUAL ABUSE OF CHILDREN: EMERGING CHALLENGES UNDER THE POCSO FRAMEWORK BY - KISHORE CHIMMILI

Authors: KISHORE CHIMMILI
Registration ID: 1013061 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA13061 & IJLRA13062
Year: Aug-2026 | Volume: 3 | Issue: 5
Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India
Page No.: 1659-1677
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THE MANDATORY REGISTRATION OF FIRST INFORMATION REPORTS IN INDIA: A JURISPRUDENTIAL ANALYSIS FROM LALITA KUMARI TO THE BHARATIYA NAGARIK SURAKSHA SANHITA, 2023 BY - VINAY & MS GURPREET KAUR

Authors: VINAY & MS GURPREET KAUR
Registration ID: 1013061 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA13061 & IJLRA13062
Year: Aug-2026 | Volume: 3 | Issue: 5
Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India
Page No.: 1645-1658
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: AS A LEGAL PERSONHOOD? BY - ISHAN SHARMA

Authors: ISHAN SHARMA
Registration ID: 1013060 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA13060
Year: Aug-2026 | Volume: 3 | Issue: 5
Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India
Page No.: 1634-1644
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THE AUTHORSHIP DILEMMA: DETERMINING OWNERSHIP OF AI-GENERATED CONTENT UNDER INDIAN COPYRIGHT LAW BY - SNEH PANDEY

Authors: SNEH PANDEY 
Registration ID: 1013058 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA13058
Year: Aug-2026 | Volume: 3 | Issue: 5
Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India
Page No.: 1606-1618
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EXAMINATION GOVERNANCE IN INDIA: A CONSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS OF FAIRNESS, TIMELINESS AND ACCOUNTABILITY UNDER ARTICLES 14 AND 21 BY - ADV. NIDHI MESHRAM

Authors: ADV. NIDHI MESHRAM
Registration ID: 1013057 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA13057
Year: Aug-2026 | Volume: 3 | Issue: 5
Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India
Page No.: 1587-1605
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MOB LYNCHING AND CRIMINAL LIABILITY IN INDIA: A CRITICAL STUDY BY - VINAYAK DUTTA CHOUBEY

Authors: VINAYAK DUTTA CHOUBEY 
Registration ID: 1013056 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA13056
Year: Aug-2026 | Volume: 3 | Issue: 5
Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India
Page No.: 1569-1586
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DEEPFAKES, CONSENT, AND SEXUAL OFFENCES UNDER INDIAN CRIMINAL LAW: ARE EXISTING LEGAL FRAMEWORK ADEQUATE? BY - SUMBUL RAZA

Authors: SUMBUL RAZA
Registration ID: 1013055 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA13055
Year: Aug-2026 | Volume: 3 | Issue: 5
Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India
Page No.: 1547-1568
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International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

ISSN:2582-6433

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All research articles published INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS are fully open access. i.e. immediately freely available to read, download and share. Articles are published under the terms of a Creative Commons license which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not purport to reflect the opinions or views of the INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS or its members. The designations employed in this publication and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

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[1] (1986)2 SCC 600.
[1] (1897) AC 22.
[1] Shubham Singh, “Attribution of Legal Personhood to Artificially Intelligent Beings” Bharati Law Review, 195(2017).
[1] EU Artificial Intelligence Act, 2024 (1689).
[1] AIR (2008) SC 809.
[1] Thaler v. Perlmutter, 687(D.D.C 2023).
[1] Hon. Katherine B. Forrest (Fmr.), “The ethics & challenges of Legal Personhood for Ai” vol 133, YLJ (2024).
[1] Visa Aj Kurki, “The Legal Personhood of Artificial Intelligences” OX 175-190 (2019).
[1] Azhan Saleem, “Legal Personhood of Artificial Intelligence and its Implications on Copyright Law” CSIPR ( 2024).
[1] Copyright Act, 1957(Act No. 14 1957).
[1] The Patent Act 1970, India, available at: https://www.anandandanand.com/news-insights/ais-right-to-legal-identity-in-india/( last visited on March 31, 2026).
[1] Bharath Gaikwad R., “The Intersection of AI with Constitutional and Human Rights with focus on Employment Impact” 6, IJLSI 108-142(2024).
[1] Constitution of India, art. 14.
[1] Constitution of India, art.19. 

Citation

[1] RESEARCH SCHOLAR, NEHRU GRAM BHARTI (DEEMED UNIVERSITY), PRAYAGRAJ.
[1] See Jane C. Ginsburg & Luke Ali Budiardjo, Authors and Machines, 34 Berkeley Tech. L.J. 343, 346 (2019).
[1] Shlomit Yanisky-Ravid, Generating Rembrandt: Artificial Intelligence, Copyright, and Accountability in the 3A Era, 2017 Mich. St. L. Rev. 659, 663-667.
[1] Copyright Act, No. 14 of 1957, § 2(d)(vi) (India), inserted by the Copyright (Amendment) Act, No. 38 of 1994.
[1] Copyright Act, No. 14 of 1957, § 2(d)(i)-(iii) (India).
[1] Eastern Book Co. v. D.B. Modak, (2008) 1 SCC 1 (India).
[1] See Arul George Scaria, Copyright and Artificial Intelligence: Emerging Challenges for Indian Law, 12 NUJS L. Rev. 1, 8-11 (2019).
[1] William Fisher, Theories of Intellectual Property, in New Essays in the Legal and Political Theory of Property 168, 169-172 (Stephen Munzer ed., 2001).
[1] Pamela Samuelson, Allocating Ownership Rights in Computer-Generated Works, 47 U. Pitt. L. Rev. 1185, 1199-1204 (1986).
[1] Annemarie Bridy, Coding Creativity: Copyright and the Artificially Intelligent Author, 2012 Stan. Tech. L. Rev. 5, 22-27.
[1] See Amlan Mohanty, India's Copyright Office Registers AI as Co-Author, Then Reverses Course, 43 Colum. J.L. & Arts 271, 275-279 (2020).
[1] Arul George Scaria, Copyright and Artificial Intelligence: Emerging Challenges for Indian Law, 12 NUJS L. Rev. 1, 15-19 (2019).
[1] UK Intellectual Property Office, Artificial Intelligence and Intellectual Property: Copyright and Patents, Government Response to Consultation 14-19 (2022).
[1] U.S. Copyright Office, Copyright Registration Guidance: Works Containing Material Generated by Artificial Intelligence, 88 Fed. Reg. 16190, 16192 (Mar. 16, 2023).
[1] Thaler v. Perlmutter, 687 F. Supp. 3d 140, 146 (D.D.C. 2023).
[1] Case C-5/08, Infopaq Int'l A/S v. Danske Dagblades Forening, 2009 E.C.R. I-6569, para. 37.
[1] Eastern Book Co. v. D.B. Modak, (2008) 1 SCC 1 (India).
[1] Jane C. Ginsburg & Luke Ali Budiardjo, Authors and Machines, 34 Berkeley Tech. L.J. 343, 389-395 (2019).
[1] Ryan Abbott, The Reasonable Robot: Artificial Intelligence and the Law 83-89 (2020).
[1] Shlomit Yanisky-Ravid, Generating Rembrandt: Artificial Intelligence, Copyright, and Accountability in the 3A Era, 2017 Mich. St. L. Rev. 659, 705-711.
[1] Annemarie Bridy, Coding Creativity: Copyright and the Artificially Intelligent Author, 2012 Stan. Tech. L. Rev. 5, 33-38.
[1] Andres Guadamuz, Do Androids Dream of Electric Copyright? Comparative Analysis of Originality in Artificial Intelligence Attributed Works, 2017 Intell. Prop. Q. 169, 191-195.
[1] Daniel J. Gervais, The Machine as Author, 105 Iowa L. Rev. 2053, 2081-2087 (2020).
[1] U.S. Copyright Office, Copyright Registration Guidance: Works Containing Material Generated by Artificial Intelligence, 88 Fed. Reg. 16190, 16193 (Mar. 16, 2023).
[1] Ryan Abbott, The Reasonable Robot: Artificial Intelligence and the Law 112-118 (2020).
[1] Jane C. Ginsburg & Luke Ali Budiardjo, Authors and Machines, 34 Berkeley Tech. L.J. 343, 421-424 (2019).

Citation

[1] Constitution of India 1950, art 14; E P Royappa v State of Tamil Nadu (1974) 4 SCC 3; Maneka Gandhi v Union of India (1978) 1 SCC 248.
[1] Constitution of India 1950, art 21; Maneka Gandhi v Union of India (1978) 1 SCC 248; Olga Tellis v Bombay Municipal Corporation (1985) 3 SCC 545.
[1] Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act 2024, Act No 1 of 2024.
[1] Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act 2024, ss 3–10.
[1] Thomas Babington Macaulay, ‘Minute on Indian Education’ (2 February 1835); Anil Kumar, Education and Cultural Policy in India (Deep & Deep Publications 1991); Union Public Service Commission, Annual Report (relevant historical materials).
[1] Constitution of India 1950, arts 14 and 21; E P Royappa v State of Tamil Nadu (1974) 4 SCC 3; Maneka Gandhi v Union of India (1978) 1 SCC 248.
[1] National Testing Agency, ‘National Testing Agency’ (official website), listing JEE (Main), NEET (UG), CUET (UG), UGC-NET and other examinations conducted by the Agency.

Citation

[1] Research Scholar, Department of Law, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar (M.P.)
[1] Arnold S. Trebach, The Devil's Butcher Shop: The New Mexico Prison Uprising, University of New Mexico Press, 1992
[1] Christopher Waldrep, The Many Faces of Judge Lynch (Palgrave Macmillan, 2002)
[1] Michael J. Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice (University of Illinois Press, 2011).
[1] Act no 45 of 1860
[1] (2018) 9 SCC 501
[1] Act no 45 of 2023
[1] Krishnamoorthy v. Sivakumar, (2015) 3 SCC 467
[1] (2015) 3 SCC 467.
[1] AIR 2018 SC 3354
[1] AIR 2018 SC 1601
[1]  2020 SC 453
[1] AIR 2011 SC 1461
[1] Writ Petition (Civil) No. 719 of 2023

Citation

[1] Johan Kietzmann, Ian P. McCarthy & Leyland Pitt, Deepfakes: Trick or Treat? 63 Bus. Horizons 135 (2020).
[1] Henry Ajder, Giorgio Patrini, Francesco Cavalli & Laurence Cullen, The State of Deepfakes: Landscape, Threats, and Impact (Deeptrace, 2019), https://culturereframed.org/library-article/the-state-of-deepfakes-landscape-threats-and-impact/.
[1] Claire Wardle & Hossein Derakhshan, Information Disorder: Toward an Interdisciplinary Framework for Research and Policy Making (Council of Eur., 2017).
[1] Nilufer Bhateja, Emerging Technologies and Law: Legal Status of Tackling Crimes Relating to Deepfakes in India, SCC Online Blog (Mar. 17, 2023), https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2023/03/17/emerging-technologies-and-law-legal-status-of-tackling-crimes-relating-to-deepfakes-in-india/.
[1] Bahar Uddin Mahmud & Afsana Sharmin, Deep Insights of Deepfake Technology: A Review, 5 DUJASE 13, 14 (2020).
[1] U.S. Gov’t Accountability Off., Science & Tech Spotlight: Deepfakes, GAO-20-379SP (Feb. 20, 2020), https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-20-379sp.pdf.
[1] Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, No. 45 of 2023, § 28 (India).
[1] National Commission for Women, NCW Recommends Legal Definition and Penalties for Deepfake Abuse Under Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (India).
[1] Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, No. 45 of 2023, § 63 Explanation 2 (India).
[1] Mrinal Satish, Consent and the Indian Penal Code, 50 Econ. & Pol. Wkly. 60 (2015).
[1] R. Rajagopal v. State of Tamil Nadu, (1994) 6 S.C.C. 632 (India).
[1] Information Technology Act, 2000, No. 21 of 2000, § 66E (India).
[1] Information Technology Act, 2000, No. 21 of 2000, §§ 67–67A (India).
[1] State of Maharashtra v. Mohd. Yakub, (1980) 3 S.C.C. 57 (India).
[1] Robert Chesney & Danielle K. Citron, Deepfakes and the New Disinformation War: The Coming Age of Post-Truth Geopolitics, 98 Foreign Affs. 147 (2019).
[1] Cristian Vaccari & Andrew Chadwick, Deepfakes and Disinformation: Exploring the Impact of Synthetic Political Video on Deception, Uncertainty, and Trust in News, 6 Soc. Media + Soc’y 1 (2020).
[1] Mika Westerlund, The Emergence of Deepfake Technology: A Review, 9 Tech. Innovation Mgmt. Rev. 39 (2019).
[1] Information Technology Act, 2000, No. 21 of 2000, §§ 66C, 66D, 66E, 67A (India).
[1] Preksha Singh, Deepfakes, Identity Theft, and the Dark Web: Legal Gaps in AI-Generated Fraud, Int’l J. Civ. L. & Legal Rsch. (2025).
[1] Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, No. 45 of 2023, §§ 74, 75, 77, 318, 319, 335, 336, 340, 351, 356 (India).
[1] N. R. Divyashree, Deepfakes and Indian Criminal Law: Addressing the Gaps in Legal Protection, Indian J. L. & Legal Rsch. (2025).
[1] Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, No. 22 of 2023, § 6 (India).
[1] Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, No. 22 of 2023, § 12 (India).
[1] Preksha Singh, Deepfakes, Identity Theft and the Dark Web: Legal Gaps in AI-Generated Fraud – An Indian Perspective, Int’l J. Civ. L. & Legal Rsch. (2025).
[1] Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, Advisory on Deepfakes and Metadata Requirements (Gov’t of India, New Delhi).
[1] Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, AI Content Advisory with Watermarking Requirement (Gov’t of India, New Delhi).
[1] Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, AI Safety Institute Launch Press Release (Gov’t of India), https://www.meity.gov.in.
[1] INDIA CONST. art. 21; INDIA CONST. art. 19(1)(a), (2).
[1] Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India, (2017) 10 S.C.C. 1 (India).

Citation 2

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IJLRA N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

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