INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

All research articles published INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS are fully open access. i.e. immediately freely available to read, download and share. Articles are published under the terms of a Creative Commons license which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Disclaimer:

The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not purport to reflect the opinions or views of the INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS or its members. The designations employed in this publication and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

[1] Quotes on Human Rights, UNFPA (2004) https://www.unfpa.org/resources/quotes-human-rights

[2] Flood, Gavin, An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press (1996)

[3] Dr. Jeffrey S. Lidke, Royal Kumari - The Goddess Who Peers Through the Eyes of a Child, Sutra Journal (2015) http://www.sutrajournal.com/royal-kumari-the-goddess-who-peers-through-the-eyes-of-a-child

[5] Letizia, Chiara, 'The goddess Kumari at the Supreme Court. Divine kinship and secularism in Nepal', 32-46 Journal of Global and Historical Anthropology.

[8] Tree, Isabella. The Living Goddess, Penguins Books. 2014.

[9] Sigdel, Sangita, Living Goddess: Kumari Culture in Nepal (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3855279

[11] Levy R. Mesocosm, Hinduism and the Organization of a Traditional Newar City in Nepal, University of California Press, 1990

[12] Isabella Tree, The Living Goddess, Penguins Books (2014)

[13] Basnet, Binupama. A Sociological Study of Kumari, Tribhuvan University )2002)

[14] Shreejana Shrestha, Living Goddess Kumari: Story and Reality, (2005).

[15] Jane Duran, Hierodulic Slavery, 10 International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics, 144-153, University of Toronto Press (2017) https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/90019567

[16] Berry, Scott. From Goddess to Mortal, Vajra Publications. (2005)

[17] A. Michael, 'Kumari or “virgin” worship in Kathmandu Valley', 306 Contribution to Indian Sociology (1976)

[18] Allen, Michael R., The Cult of Kumari: virgin worship in Nepal, Madhab Lal Maharjan, Kathmandu, Nepal, (1996)

[19] Supra note …Sigdel, Sangita, Living Goddess: Kumari Culture in Nepal at 15

[20] Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), https://www.unicef.org/child-rights-convention#:~:text=In%201989%2C%20world%20leaders%20made,children's%20lives%20around%20the%20world.

[21] The Act Relating to Children, 2075 (2018) www.lawcommission.gov.np.

[22] http://www.sutrajournal.com/royal-kumari-the-goddess-who-peers-through-the-eyes-of-a-child

[24] Supra note 5, Letizia, 'The goddess Kumari in the supreme court', at 38

1] Omar, Imtiaz (2002). Emergency Powers and the Courts in India and Pakistan. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 129.

[3] Hardgrave, Robert L.; Kochanek, Stanley A. (2008). India: Government and Politics in a Developing Nation. CENGAGE LEARNING. p. 159

[6] N.D. Palmer, India in 1975: Democracy in Eclipse, ASIAN SURVEY, vol 16 no 5.

[7] Smt. Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Shri Raj Narain And Anr. AIR 1975 SC 2299

[8] GRANVILLE AUSTIN (1999), WORKING A DEMOCRATIC CONSTITUTION: THE INDIAN EXPERIENCE, p. 295

[9] D.N. Dhanagare (1979), Sixth Lok Sabha Election in Uttar Pradesh - 1977: The End of the Congress Hegemony, POLITICAL SCIENCE REVIEW, pp 28-51.

[10] Judiciary Under Executive Assault, PUCL BULLETIN, July 1981.

[11] Aziz Z. Huq, BRENNAN CENTRE FOR JUSTICE, NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, USA

[12] Additional District Magistrate, Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla 1976 AIR 1207.

[14] R.N. Mukherjee (1984), Democracy - A Failure, Shefocracy - The Solution to Human Welfare, pp. 102.

[15] 16(A), inserted with effect from 26-6-1975 by the Maintenance of Internal Security(Amendment) Act, 1975 (39 of 1975).

[16] Makhan Singh Tarsika v. State of Punjab [1964] A.I.R. 381

[18] Kuldip Nayar, Sixty Years of Press Freedom: Emergency, A Watershed.

[1]. John Henry Wigmore, Wigmore on Evidence (Little, Brown and Company, 4^th edn, 1985).

[2]. Black’s Law Dictionary (Thomas Reuters Legal, Canada, 11^th edn, 2019).

[8]. https://www.google.com/amp/s/blog.ipleaders.in/right-against-self-incrimination/amp/

(Visited on January 12, 2023).

[22]. Kharak Singh v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1963 SC 1295.

[1] FAO, International Plan of Action to prevent, deter and eliminate illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, Rome, (2001).

[2] Baird, R.J., Aspects of illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing in the Southern Ocean, 23(1) The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 95-124 (2006).

[3] Flothmann, S., von Kistowski, K., and Album, G., Closing loopholes: getting illegal fishing under control, Marine Science Journal, 1235-1236 (2018).

[4] Jennings, S. and Kaiser, M.J, The effects of fishing on marine ecosystems, 34 Academic Press, 201-352 (1998).

[5] Young, MA, International trade law compatibility of market-related measures to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing, 69 Marine Policy, 209–219 (2016).

[6] Tsamenyi, M., Palma, and Mfodwo, K., The European Council regulation on illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing: an international fisheries law perspective, 25(1) The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 5-31 (2010).

[7] THE EFFECTS OF ILLEGAL FISHING ON OUR ENVIRONMENT AND ECONOMY, The Brillopedia https://www.entitymag.com/effects-illegal-fishing-environment-economy (last visited Nov 30 2022).

^{^[8]} Environmental Justice Foundation Report, Seafood Slaves: Human Trafficking, Slavery and Murder in Fishing Industry, https://ejfoundation.org/resources/downloads/EJF-Thailand-Seafood-Slaves-low-res.pdf (2015).

[10] REVEALED: TRAFFICKED MIGRANT WORKERS ABUSED IN IRISH FISHING INDUSTRY, The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/nov/02/revealed-trafficked-migrant-workers-abused-in-irish-fishing-industry (last visited Nov 26, 2022).

[11] Couper, A., Smith, H.D., Ciceri, B, Fishers and Plunderers: Theft, Slavery and Violence at Sea, Pluto Press. London, 131 (2015).

[12] Agnew, D.J., Barnes, C.T, Economic Aspects and Drivers of IUU Fishing: Building a Framework, OECD, Paris, France, 169–200 (2004).

[13] Surtees, Trapped at Sea. Using the Legal and Regulatory Framework to Prevent and Combat the Trafficking of Seafarers and Fishers. 2 Groningen Journal of International Law, 91-153 (2013).

[14] Le Gallic, B, The use of trade measures against illicit fishing: Economic and legal considerations’64(4) Ecological Economics, 858–866 (2008).

[15].Kroodsma, D. A. et al, Tracking the global footprint of fisheries, Marine Life Journal, 904–908 (2018).

[16] Kiruba-Sankar, R. et al, Poaching in Andaman and Nicobar coasts: insights, Journal of Coastal Conservation, 95–109 (2018).

[17] Juan-Jordá, M. J. et al, Report card on ecosystem-based fisheries management in tuna regional fisheries management organizations, 19(2) Fish and Fisheries, 321–339 (2018).

[18] O’Leary, B. C. et al, Addressing Criticisms of Large-Scale Marine Protected Areas, 20(10) Journal of Bio Science, 1–12 (2018).

[19] Sumaila, U. R. & Vasconcellos. M, Simulation of ecological and economic impacts of distant water fleets on Namibian fisheries, 32(3) Ecological Economics, 457–464 (2000).

[20] Warner. R, Oceans beyond Boundaries: Environmental Assessment Frameworks, 27(2) The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 481–499 (2012).

[21] Stephen Chin, A Hard Tackle against Illegal Fishing, Asean Post, https://theaseanpost.com/article/hard-tackle-against-illegal-fishing.

[22] Global Implications of Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing, NIC WP 2016-02 (2016).

[23] Okafor-Yarwood, I, Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, and the complexities of the sustainable development goals (SDGs), 9 Marine Policy, 414–422 (2019).

[24] Agnew, D.J., Pearce, J., and Pitcher, T.J., Estimating the worldwide extent of illegal fishing, 4(2) PloSone

45-47 (2009).

[25] Aghilinejhad, S.M., Gorgin, S., and Jalali, A., What are the drivers of the occurrence of illegal fishing and conservation barriers of sturgeons in the Caspian Sea? 28(3) Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems Journal, 690-701 (2018).

[26] Akinbulire, T., Schwartz, H., and Abielmona, R., A reinforcement learning approach to tackle illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing. In Computational Intelligence (SSCI), IEEE Symposium Series 1-8 (2017).

[27] Alzugaray, R., Puga, R., and Morales, O., Fishery in Cuba: current status, illegal fishing, and environmental variability, 94(2) Bulletin of Marine Science, 393-408 (2018).

[28] Jayanath Colombage, Sustainable Fisheries Management in the Indian Ocean: The Way Forward, 3 Polaris Journal of Maritime Research (P-JMR), ISSN: 2519-1772 (2021).

[29] . WWF (World Wild Fund for Nature) and Trygg Mat Tracking, Unregulated fishing on the High seas of the Indian ocean: The Impacts on, risks to, and challenges for sustainable fishing and ocean health, (2020), https://wwfeu.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/wwftmt_unregulated_fishing_on_the_high_seas_of_the_indian_ocean_2020.pdf.

[30] Ibid, Taconet, M., Kroodsma, D., & Fernandes, J.A, Global Atlas of AIS-based fishing activity – Challenges and opportunities, Rome, FAO, (2019), www.fao.org/3/ca7012en/ca7012en.pdf.

[31] Vianna, G.M.S., Zeller, D. & Pauly, D, Fisheries and Policy Implications for Human Nutrition, Curr Environment Health Report, (2020).

[32] Monnier, L., Gascuel, D, Small-scale fisheries in a warming ocean: exploring adaptation to climate change. Scientific report, WWF Germany, (2020).

[33] FAO, State of World Fisheries and Aquacultures, Rome, (2020).

[34] WWF, Seafood sustainability, stability and security, (2020).

[35]Isigi Kadagi, Zachary Lien & Cullen Hendrix, Fisheries Management: A Possible Venue for Navigating Fisheries Conflicts in the Indian Ocean, New security beat Environmental Change Blog, (Dec 19, 2022), https://www.newsecuritybeat.org/2020/02/fisheries-management-venue-navigating-fisheries-conflicts-indian-ocean.

[36] Ásmundsson,S, Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs), https://www. cbd.int/doc/meetings/mar/soiom-2016-01/other/soiom-2016-01-fao-19-en.pdf.

[38] Article 77(4), United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982.

[39] David Tickler et al., Far from Home: Distance Patterns of Global Fishing Fleets, Science Advances, Aug. 1, 2018, https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/8/eaar 3279.

[40] MOZAMBIQUE FISHERMEN POINT TO CHINA AS FISH STOCKS DWINDLE, Fisheries Committee for the west central Gulf of Guinea, https://fcwc-fish.org/othernews/mozambiques-fishermen-point-to-china-as-fish-stocks-dwindle (last visited Dec. 20, 2022).

[41] 260 CHINESE BOATS FISH NEAR GALAPAGOS, ECUADOR ON ALERT, Times of India, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/260-chinese-boats-fish-near-galapagos-ecuador-on-alert/articleshow/77276746.cms; Marco Aquino, Chinese Fishing Fleet off Peru Stirs Up Diplomatic Waters, Sydney Morning Herald, https://www. smh.com.au/world/south-america/chinese-fishing-fleet-off-peru-stirs-up-diplomatic-waters-20200926-p55zi5.html.

[42] Gregory Poling, China’s Hidden Navy, Foreign Policy, https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/06/25/chinas-secret-navy-spratlys-southchinasea-chinesenavy-maritimemilitia/.

[43] CHINESE TRAWLERS SIGHTED IN THE INDIAN OCEAN: OFFICIAL, Hindustan Times, https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chinese-trawlers-sighted-in-indian-oceanofficial/story.

[44] Badri Chatterjee, In Troubled Waters: 10 Chinese Vessels Found Fishing Illegally in Maharashtra, Hindustan Times,mumbai-news/in-troubled-waters-10-chinese-vessels-found-fishing-illegally-in-maharashtra/story; Manoj Viswanathan, Fishermen Cry Foul as Chinese Trawlers “Milk” Indian Seas, New Indian Express, https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/jun/27/fishermen-cry-foul-as-chinese-trawlers-milk.

[45] R. R. CHURCHILL & A. V. LOWE, THE LAW OF THE SEA 63 (3d ed. 1999).

[46] Jagyaseni Biswas, Chinese Vessels Caught Fishing in Indian EEZ Points at Larger Issue of Illegal Resource Exploitation, Money Control, https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/chinese-vessels-caught-fishing-in-indian-eez-points-at-larger-issueof-illegal-resource-exploitation-4129181.html.

[47] Pramond Ganapathiraju, 3 Chinese Squid Jiggers in South African Waters – Illegal Fishing or Innocent Passage, IUU Risk Intelligence, https://iuuriskintelligence.com/chinese-squid-jiggers-south-african-waters-illegal-fishing-innocent-passage/.

[48] INDIAN STATES WITH LONGEST COASTLINE OF SEA, Walk Through India, http://www.walkthroughindia.com/ offbeat/ 9-indian-states-with-longest-coastline-of-sea/ (last visited Nov. 18, 2022).

[49] INDIA ACCOUNTS FOR 6.3% OF GLOBAL FISH PRODUCTION: FISHERIES DEPT, Business Standard,https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/india-accounts-for6-3-of-global-fish-production-fisheries-dept-119061800013_1.html.

[50] Geoffrey Migiro, Countries with the Largest Exclusive Economic Zone, World Atlas, https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/countries-with-the-largest-exclusive-economic-zones.html.

[51] Marine Fisheries Regulation and Management (MFRM) Bill 2019.

[55] Government of India, National Fisheries Policy, 2020, http://nfdb.gov.in/ PDF/National_Fisheries_Policy_2020.pdf (last visited Dec. 8, 2022).

[57] The Territorial Waters, Continental Shelf, Exclusive Economic Zone and Other Maritime Zones Act, 1976, No. 80, Acts of Parliament, 1976.

[58] . U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea, opened for signature Dec. 10, 1982, 1833 U.N.T.S. 397.

[59] The Maritime Zones of India (Regulation of Fishing by Foreign Vessels) Act, 1981, No. 42, Acts of Parliament, 1981.

[60] The Coast Guard Act, 1978, No. 30, Acts of Parliament, 1978 (India).

[61] Council Regulation [EC] No 1005/2008 and Commission Regulation [EC] No 1010/2009.

[62] Regulation 19 of International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974.

[63] Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter, and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing, opened for signature Nov. 22, 2009, 55 INTERNATIONAL LEGAL MATERIALS 1159 (2016) (entered into force June 5, 2016).

[65] INDIAN OCEAN RIM ASSOCIATION ACTION PLAN 2017–2021, https:// www.iora.int/media/1031/iora-action-plan-7-march-2017.pdf (last visited Dec. 8, 2022).

[1] Titan Industries Ltd. v. Prashant Koorapati & Others,

[2] Designs Act, 2000, Section 3, Act No. 16 of 2000.

[3] Advovate Namrata Pahwa, Namah Bose, NEED FOR FASHION LAW IN INDIA, RGNUL Student Research Review (RSRR): rsrr.in/2021/01/28/need-for-fashion-law-in-india/

[4]The Consumer Protection Act, 2019, No.35 of 2019 (India)

[5] Ritika Private Limited v. Biba Apparels Pvt. Ltd. (2016) https://indiankanoon.org/doc/20292476/

[6] Copyrights Act, 1957, Section 15, No.14 of 1957 (India).

[7] Apparel Export Promotion Council v. A.K.Chopra, AIR 1999 SC 625.

[8] Equal Remuneration Act, 1976, Act 25 of 1976 amended by Act 49 of 1987 (India)

[9] Maternity Benefit Act, No. 53 of 1961 (India)

[10] Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal), 2013 (India)

[11] Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986, Act No. 60 of 1986 (India)

[12] Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956, Act No.104 of 1956 (India)

[13] EEOC v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores, Inc, 575US_(2015)

[1] UNEP, ‘Environmental Assessment of Ogoniland’ (2011). Retrieved from www.wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/25282/ogoniland> Accessed 5^th December, 2022.

[3] E. Lopez-Lucia, Fragility, violence and criminality in the Gulf of Guinea (Rapid Literature Review) (United Kingdom: GSDRC, University of Birmingham, 2015) 45.

[4] C. Ezeozue, ’Piratical Challenges in the Nigeria Ocean Space: Implication for National Security’, (2019) 4(10) International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science, 57.

[5] W.A Balogun, ‘Crude Oil Theft, Petro-Piracy and Illegal Trade in Fuel: An Enterprise-Value Chain Perspective of Energy-Maritime Crime in the Gulf of Guinea’ (A dissertation submitted to the Department of Politics, Philosophy and Religion, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom, 2018)

[6] International Maritime Bureau, Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships: Annual Report for the period of 1 January to 30 September 2009 ( London: International Maritime Bureau)

[9] N. Zabbey, F.D Giadom & B.B Babatunde, ‘Nigerian Coastal Environments’ (2019). In: C. Sheppard (Ed), World seas: An environmental evaluation (United Kingdom: Elsevier Academic Press) 64.

[10] O. Adeaga, ‘Morphology Analysis of Niger Delta Shoreline and Estuaries for Ecotourism Potentials’ (2014). In: C. Descamps, Jean –Paul Barusseau, and S. Diop (Eds), The Land/Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone of West and Central Africa (Berlin: Springer International Publishing) 108-118

[13] A.A Amadi, The coastal and marine environment of Nigeria: Aspect of ecology and management’ (1991) Nigeria Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research (NIOMR), Technical Paper No. 76

[17] World Economic Forum, ‘State of the Illicit Economy’ (Global Agenda, 2015)

[18] M. Orakwusi, ‘Legal Tools for Combating Piracy in Nigerian Waters' (2010). Being a paper presented at the 25^th Annual Conference of the Fisheries Society of Nigeria held between 25^th and 29^th October in Lagos, Nigeria.

[19] Section 101 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

[21] U.L Okoronkwo, E.N Okpara and C.E Onyinyechi, ‘National Security and Maritime Piracy in Nigeria: A Sociological Discourse’ (2014) 2(1) Humanities and Social Sciences Letters, 60.

[24] International Maritime Bureau, ‘Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships: Annual Report for 2009-2014’ London: International Maritime Bureau 2014)

[27] O. Godwin & A. Onyegbadue, ‘Nigeria, Indonesia others Rank high in Piracy’ (2013). Retrieved from www.vanguardngr.com/2013/10/nigeria-indonesia-others-rank-high- piracy/> Accessed 5^th December 2022.

[28] A. Jimoh, ‘Maritime Piracy and Lethal Violence Offshore in Nigeria’ (2015) IFRA-Nigeria working paper series, no, 15

[32] G. Nicoloso, ‘Increase of Piracy Activities in the Gulf of Guinea: First attack in 2019 off the Coasts of Benin’ (2019). Retrieved from https://criticalmaritimeroutes.eu/2019/01/07/increase-of-piracy> Accessed 7^th December, 2022.

[33] S.O Aghalino and O.S James ‘Mapping the Security, Environmental and Economic Costs of Pipeline Vandalisation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria.’ (2014). In: U.M Nwankwo et al (eds.) Towards Peace, Security and Sustainable Development in Africa (Berlin Mediateam IT Educational Publishers) 35-51

[34] Okafor-Yarwood and Pigeon, ‘Stable Seas: Gulf of Guinea. In: One Earth Future.’ (2020). Retrieved from https://safety4sea.com/wp.content,uploads/2020/04/gulf-guinea-executive-summary>Accessed on 6^th December, 2022.

[35] J.O Olalekan & W.G Ojebiyi, ‘Marine Fisheries in Nigeria: A Review’ (2018) Marine Ecology - Biotic and Abiotic Interactions. Available at <www.intechopen.com/books/marine-ecology-biotic-and-abiotic-. Accessed 4th December, 2022.

[38] A.A Adewumi, ‘Aquaculture in Nigeria: Sustainability Issues and Challenges’ (2015) 3(12) Direct Research Journal of Agriculture and Food Science Research, 223.

[42] S.O Aghalino, ‘Oil Exploitation and the Accentuation of Intergroup Conflicts in the Niger Delta, Nigeria’ (2009) 28(3) Journal of Human Ecology, 153

[46] H.N Scheiber, ‘Economic Uses of the Oceans and the Impacts on Marine Environments: Past Trends and Challenges Ahead’ (2011). In: D. Vidas and P. J. Schei (Eds.), The World Ocean in Globalization: Climate Change, Sustainable Fisheries, Biodiversity, Shipping, Regional Issues (Leiden/Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers) 53.

[47] United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime 2000, Art 3.

[48] Pathfinders Justice Initiatives, ‘Nigeria: Human Trafficking Factsheet’ (2022). Retrieved from https://pathfindersji.org/nigeria-human-trafficking-factsheet/> accessed 15^th December, 2022.

[50] R. Serge, ‘Piracy and Maritime in the Gulf of Guinea: Experience –Based Analysis of the Situation and Policy Recommendations’ (Kiel: Institut fur Sicherheits Politik an der Christian, Albrechts-Universitat zu, kiel, 2015) 12

[52] Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999 (as amended), s. 44(3)

[53] J. Asuni, Blood Oil in the Niger Delta, (USIP Special Report, 229, Washington DC: United States, 2009)

[54] International Crisis Group (ICG) African Report). The Gulf of Guinea: The New Danger Zone’ (2012). Retrieved from www.crisisgroup.org/media/files/central-africa/195-the-gulf-of-guinea> Accessed 10^thDecember 2022

[55] F. Christina and A. Sayne, Nigeria’s Criminal Crude: International Options to Combat the Export of Stolen Crude (London: Chatham House, 2013) 1.

[56] Bolaji, B.B.; Nenibarini, Z., Ijeoma F.V.A., and Gabriel O.M.2018. Bunkering Activities in Nigerian Waters and Their Eco-Economic Consequences. In: Emeka Ndimele (ed). The Political Ecology of Oil and Gas Activities in the Nigerian Aquatic Ecosystem, (Cambridge, Massachusetts, Elsevier) 439-446

[57] A.A. Osinowo, ‘Combating Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea’ (2015) 30 Africa Security Brief; Nigeria Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (NEITI) ‘$42 billion Lost to Crude Oil Theft in Ten Years’, (2020). Retrieved from https://neiti.gov.ng/index.php/media-centre-news/487-net-neiti-42b-lost-to-crude-oil-and-products-theft-in-ten-years> Accessed 10^th December, 2022.

[59] M. Watts and S. Ibaba, ‘Turbulent Oil: Conflict and Insecurity in the Niger Delta’, (2011) 4(1) African Security, 1.

[60] P.A Igbinovia, Oil Thefts and Pipeline Vandalisation in Nigeria, (Ibadan: Safari Books Ltd, 2014) 143

[64] C. Ukeje & W. Mvomo-Ela, African Approach to Maritime Security; The Gulf of Guinea. (Abuja: Friedrich –Ebert-Stiftung, 2013) 76.

[68] Amnesty International, Clean it up: Shell’s False Claims about Oil Spill Response in the Niger Delta (London: Amnesty International, 2015)

[69] C. Barrio, Fighting piracy in the Gulf of Guinea Offshore and Onshore. (Paris: EUISS 2013) Available online at <www.liberary.fes,de/pdf-files/bueros/nigeria/08607pdf. Accessed 7th December, 2022

[70] Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999 as amended, s. 44(3)

[75] S.C Dike and P.G Gininwa ‘An Appraisal of the Nigerian Legislation and Institutions Governing Maritime Environment’ (2019) SSRN Electronic Journal 10.2139/ssrn.3514479

[86] E.E Gerald, ‘Oil Crimes, National Security, and the Nigerian State, 1999-2015’, (2018) 19(1) Japanese Journal of Political Science, 80.

[88] C. Okafor & K. Tsokar, ‘Navy launches Operation Tsare Teku to end Piracy in the Niger Delta’ (2017) The Guardian News.

[90] Premium Times, ‘Military destroys 23 illegal refineries, apprehends 42 oil thieves in N/Delta’ (2022). Retrieved from https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/560697-military-destroys-23-illegal-refineries-apprehends-42-oil-thieves-in-n-delta.html> accessed 12^th December, 2022.

[101] Y. Babalola, ‘Anti-Piracy: As NIMASA Triumphs Against 10 Pirates’ (2020). Retrieved from www.leadership.ng/2020/05/22/anti-piracy-as-nimasa-triumps-against-10-pirates/. Accessed 17^th December, 2022

[102] I. Emewu, ‘Anti-Piracy War: Nigerian Court Convicts 3 under SPOMO Act.’ (2020). Retrieved from https://africachinapresscentre.org/2020/08/anipiracy-war-nigeria. Accessed 17^thDecember, 2022.

[103] F.C Onuoha, ‘Report on Piracy and Maritime Security in the Gulf of Guinea: Nigeria as a Microcosm’ (2012) Aljazeera Center for Studies. Available at www.studies.aljazeera.ne/report.>Accessed 20^th December, 2022.

[104] T. Haastrup & E. Lopez-Lucia, Nigeria and Regional Security (Badia, Fiesolana : European University Institute, 2014) 87.

[107] Africa Centre for Strategic Studies (2015). Fundamental Security Challenges Nigeria Must Face, Part 7: Maritime Security. (2015). Retrieved from https://africacenter.org/spotlight/fundamental-security-challenges-n accessed 18^th December, 2022.

[1] Rishi, Dev Dass, Drug abuse and illicit trafficking a critical analysis of the law and enforcement in India, shodhganga,

[2] Pramit Bhattacharya, Drug laws in India, ipleaders,

[3] Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) G.A. Res. 1989;44(25)

[4] Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. 520 U.N.T.S. 204. 1961. (as amended by the Protocol Amending the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1972, 976 U.N.T.S. 3)Convention on Psychotropic Substances. 1019 U.N.T.S. 175. 1971. Convention Against the Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. UN Doc. E/CONF.82/15. 1988;493 reprinted in 28 I.L.M.

[5] Barrett D. The impact of drug policies on children and young people. New York: Open Society Foundations; 2015. For an overview,

[6] Report of the Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel. Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. UN Doc. A/HRC/10/44. Manfred Nowak. 2009 See, for example. January 14.Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Right of Everyone to the Enjoyment of the Highest Attainable Standard of Physical and Mental Health. U.N. Doc. A/65/255. Anand Grover. 2010 August 6.Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. UN Doc. A/HRC/30/65. Study on the Impact of the World Drug Problem on the Enjoyment of Human Rights. 2015 September 4.

[7] Orford A. “On international legal method,” London Review of International Law. 2013;1(1):166–197. p. 175.

[8] . International Opium Convention. 81 L.N.T.S. 319. 1925. Convention for Limiting the Manufacture and Regulating the Distribution of Narcotic Drugs. 139 L.N.T.S. 303. 1931.

[9] Agreement Concerning the Suppression of the Manufacture of, Internal Trade in, and Use of, Prepared Opium. 51 L.N.T.S. 337. 1925. Arts. II and III.Agreement Concerning the Suppression of Opium Smoking. 177 L.N.T.S. 375. 1931. Art. II (referring to those under the age of 21)

[10]Convention of 1936 for the Suppression of the Illicit Traffic in Dangerous Drugs. 198 L.N.T.S. 301. 1936

[11] Lines R. Drug control and human rights in international law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2017

[12] Barrett D., Tobin J. For a discussion. “Article 33: Protection from narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. In: Alston P., Tobin J., editors. Commentary on the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. Oxford University Press; 2017.

[13] Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, UN General Assembly. Youth and dependence-producing drugs. G.A. Res. 1971;2859(XXVI):711

[15] Some of the more intrusive elements of the treaties are subject to each State’s ‘constitutional principles and the basic concepts of its legal system’ Art. 3(2) Vienna Convention. Asset forfeiture under the Vienna Convention is recognised in its official commentary as being ‘deliberately Draconian.’ UN Doc. E/CN.7/590. Commentary on the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 1988.

[16] Barrett D. The impact of drug policies on children and young people. New York: Open Society Foundations; 2015.

[17] Takahashi S. “Human rights and the international drug control regime: Myths and realities. In: Nilsson L., Lejonmark E., editors. Future of drug policy: Real solutions grounded in global evidence. Drug Policy Futures, World Federation Against Drugs, European Cities Against Drugs; 2016. pp. 41–46.

[18] Jhamman Ram Chauhan, Enforcement of drug laws in India: A critical Study, Kurukshetra University, 2014 retrieved from http://inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/38108

[19] Press Information Bureau ,Ministry of Women and Child Development Substance Abuse & Drug Addiction among Children 24-April-2015 16:36 IST

Right To Adoption To All Religious Communities By - Barry Thukral

Child Rights Protection In India: Issues and Challenges By - Barry Thukral

Kumari, The ‘Living Goddess’ Of Nepal: Divine Tradition Or Human Rights Violation By - SAKSHI SONI

Emergency Provisions In The Indian Constitution: A Study Of The “Internal Disturbance” Of 1975 By - J.NISSHA

RIGHT AGAINST SELF INCRIMINATION AS A FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT By - Aswathy Elsa Varghese

Tackling Iuu To Achieve Sustainable Fisheries By - S. Yeseswini

Glamour under the lens of Law: Intellectualizing Fashion Law By- Nandini Rao Budhagavi

The Legal Framework For The Nigerian Maritime Vis-À-Vis The Illicit Activities In The Sector By - Samuel Ekpokeme Epouwei

DRUG ABUSE AMONG CHILDREN SPROUTS BONSAI CULTURE-A SOCIO-LEGAL ANALYSIS BY: DR NL SAJIKUMAR

Case Commentary - Mangala Waman Karandikar (D) TR. LRS. vs. Prakash Damodar Ranande 2021 [C.A.No. 10827/2010]” By - Arpit Garg

LAW JOURNAL

IMPORTANT LINKS

ETHICS & POLICY

Citation 2

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation