DRUG ABUSE AMONG CHILDREN SPROUTS BONSAI CULTURE-A SOCIO-LEGAL ANALYSIS BY: DR NL SAJIKUMAR
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EDITORIAL TEAM
EDITORS
Megha
Middha
Megha Middha,
Assistant Professor of Law in Mody University of Science and Technology,
Lakshmangarh, Sikar
Megha Middha, is
working as an Assistant Professor of Law in Mody University of Science and
Technology, Lakshmangarh, Sikar (Rajasthan). She has an experience in the
teaching of almost 3 years. She has completed her graduation in BBA LL.B (H)
from Amity University, Rajasthan (Gold Medalist) and did her post-graduation
(LL.M in Business Laws) from NLSIU, Bengaluru. Currently, she is enrolled in a
Ph.D. course in the Department of Law at Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur
(Rajasthan). She wishes to excel in academics and research and contribute as
much as she can to society. Through her interactions with the students, she
tries to inculcate a sense of deep thinking power in her students and enlighten
and guide them to the fact how they can bring a change to the society
Dr.
Samrat Datta
Dr. Samrat
Datta Seedling School of Law and
Governance, Jaipur National University, Jaipur. Dr. Samrat Datta
is currently associated with Seedling School of Law and Governance, Jaipur
National University, Jaipur. Dr. Datta has completed his graduation i.e.,
B.A.LL.B. from Law College Dehradun, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal
University, Srinagar, Uttarakhand. He is an alumnus of KIIT University,
Bhubaneswar where he pursued his post-graduation (LL.M.) in Criminal Law and
subsequently completed his Ph.D. in Police Law and Information Technology from
the Pacific Academy of Higher Education and Research University, Udaipur in
2020. His area of interest and research is Criminal and Police Law. Dr. Datta
has a teaching experience of 7 years in various law schools across North India
and has held administrative positions like Academic Coordinator, Centre
Superintendent for Examinations, Deputy Controller of Examinations, Member of
the Proctorial Board
Head
& Associate Professor
School
of Law, JECRC University, Jaipur Ph.D. (Commercial Law) LL.M., UGC -NET Post
Graduation Diploma in Taxation law and Practice, Bachelor of Commerce.
Teaching
Experience: 12 years, AWARDS AND RECOGNITION of Dr. Namita Jain are - ICF
Global Excellence Award 2020 in the category of educationalist by I Can
Foundation, India.India Women Empowerment Award in the category of “Emerging
Excellence in Academics by Prime Time & Utkrisht Bharat Foundation, New
Delhi.(2020). Conferred in FL Book of Top 21 Record Holders in the category of
education by Fashion Lifestyle Magazine, New Delhi. (2020).Certificate of
Appreciation for organizing and managing the Professional Development Training
Program on IPR in Collaboration with Trade Innovations Services, Jaipur on
March 14th, 2019
Mrs.S.Kalpana
Assistant professor of Law
Mrs.S.Kalpana, presently
Assistant professor of Law, VelTech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R & D
Institute of Science and Technology, Avadi.Formerly Assistant professor of
Law,Vels University in the year 2019 to 2020, Worked as Guest Faculty, Chennai
Dr.Ambedkar Law College, Pudupakkam. Published one book. Published 8Articles in
various reputed Law Journals. Conducted 1Moot court competition and
participated in nearly 80 National and International seminars and webinars
conducted on various subjects of Law. Did ML in Criminal Law and Criminal
Justice Administration.10 paper presentations in various National and
International seminars. Attended more than 10 FDP programs. Ph.D. in Law
pursuing.
Avinash
Kumar
Avinash Kumar has
completed his Ph.D. in International Investment Law from the Dept. of Law &
Governance, Central University of South Bihar. His research work is on
“International Investment Agreement and State's right to regulate Foreign
Investment." He qualified UGC-NET and has been selected for the
prestigious ICSSR Doctoral Fellowship.He is an alumnus of the Faculty of Law,
University of Delhi. Formerly he has been elected as Students Union President
of Law Centre-1, University of Delhi.Moreover, he completed his LL.M. from the
University of Delhi (2014-16), dissertation on "Cross-border Merger &
Acquisition"; LL.B. from the University of Delhi (2011-14), and B.A.
(Hons.) from Maharaja Agrasen College, University of Delhi. He has also
obtained P.G. Diploma in IPR from the Indian Society of International Law, New
Delhi.He has qualified UGC – NET examination and has been awarded ICSSR –
Doctoral Fellowship. He has published six-plus articles and presented 9 plus
papers in national and international seminars/conferences. He participated in
several workshops on research methodology and teaching and learning.
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DRUG ABUSE AMONG CHILDREN SPROUTS BONSAI CULTURE-A
SOCIO-LEGAL ANALYSIS
AUTHOR BY: DR NL SAJIKUMAR
“Drugs is suicide, paid in instalments.”
— Titus Lenk
Human population are undergoing many
challenges for a conducive survival. Some of the greatest threats to our
survival are sweeping epidemics which adversely affects people globally. Drug
addiction, although often regarded as a disorder among children , may also be
seen as a worldwide epidemic which regulates, physiological behaviour. Globally, the use of drugs has
reached at its peak. On average, drug popularity differs from nation to nation.
The menace of drug abuse
among juveniles is at an alarming rise. The nexus between health and social problems makes it
the need of the hour to wipe out the drug abuse from its root The World Drug
Report 2018 highlights the importance of gender- and age-sensitive drug
policies, exploring the particular needs and challenges of women and young
people. Drug use among young people differs in countries and is dependent upon
multifarious factors. . Drugs are used for different sensations. Most
prominently it is used in recreational settings to add excitement and enhance
the experience; on the other hand it is used in extreme climatic conditions to
cope with the situation.. The use of
such substances is reportedly much higher among young people. Many street
children are exposed to physical and sexual abuse, and substance use is part of
their coping mechanism in the harsh environment. The path from initiation to the aggravated use
of substances among young people is controlled by several factors which later
leads to addiction. There are mainly three different factors at three levels.
They are personal level, micro level and macro level.
Factors at the personal level (including behavioural and mental health,
neurological developments and gene variations resulting from social
influences), the micro level (parental and family functioning, schools and peer
influences) and the macro level (socioeconomic and physical environment) can
render adolescents vulnerable to drug use. . Early mental and behavioural health
problems, poverty, lack of opportunities, isolation, lack of parental
involvement and social support, negative peer influences and poorly equipped
schools are more common among those who develop problems. Youngsters may also
crave for economic upliftment and they end up in dealing drugs . Children are the targets of mafias for drug trafficking
and even organised crimes and they are used as “mules”, to smuggle illegal substances in
International trade.
The problem of drug addiction and trafficking
has become a global phenomenon with the rapid expansion of trade and business.
Despite the plethora of legislations there are
rampant use of drugs by youngsters which retards them psychologically and leads
them to grave. Hence it is the need of the hour to intrude into these evils which
destroys the budding generations which ultimately retards the development of a
powerful nation
Methodology
The present study is purely doctrinal study.
The doctrinal method is used to study the relevant literatures dealing with the
factors influencing Children which leads to drug abuse and the socio-legal
implications regarding the abuse.
Objectives
1 To probe into the factors that
influences children to dug abuses which retards their neurocognitive as well as
psychological development.
2 To unravel the International as
well as national legislations to mitigate the problems of Drug abuse among
children
3 To find out the loopholes in
various levels for curbing the misuse of drugs among Children
4 To suggest suitable mechanisms for
moulding a powerful youth who are not entagled under the clutches of drugs
The use of drugs has been in vogue
since time immemorial. Drugs are rampantly used for medicinal, recreational, social
and various other purposes. The pleasurable feelings derived from marijuana
were discovered by the Chinese around 2800 B.C. There is a sharp escalation in
the use of psychoactive or mood alleviating drugs in our society. The misuse outweigh the use. Traditionally, dependence
signified psychological reliance on a particular drug, while addiction was
reserved for physiological dependence, as indicated by withdrawal symptoms when
stopped. The modern concept denotes physiological and psychological dependence.
The term 'drug abuse* is used to indicate the excessive consumption of
non-prescribed drug. The most commonly used problem drugs are heroin,
barbiturates, amphetamines, LSD, marijuana and alcohol. Drug trafficking and abuse are closely related to the
geographical location of the Indian subcontinent. Opium use was known to have
existed almost 6000 years, used by Sumerians and then passed on to Babylonians
and then to Persians[1]he
problem of drug abuse in India mostly started in the colonial British era.
During the early 1800s, the British East India Company used to export opium
from different regions of India, precisely Bengal, Benaras to China. As to
fight this drug problem in China, it banned the export of opium and as a
result, the infamous opium wars took place[2].
The gamut of .International as well as
National legislations curbing the drug menace is in operation. The
International Opium Convention called the Hague Convention on Narcotics was
held in 1912 which was the first drug traffic control treaty at the
international level. One of the most important conventions in this regard was
the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961(SCND) which codified all the
existing multi-national treaties and merged the Permanent Central Board and
Drug Supervisory Board into a Single International Unit of Drug Control.
The United Nations Commission on
Narcotic Drugs and the International Narcotic Control Board are the
international organizations which are seized with the problem of eradication of
drug addiction. The main function of the international bodies is to provide
machinery for giving full effect to the international conventions relating to
narcotic drugs and to provide for continuous review and progress in the
international control of these drugs.Despite the adoption of the International
Conventions in national legislations the menace of drug trafficking in children
remains a nightmare and it is hightime that we combat against this evil which
crumbs a nation..An introspection into the legal framework and its loopholes
can unravel the mysteries of combating this menace.
INTERNATIONAL
FRAMEWORK FOR DRUG CONTROL IN CHILDREN
The UN
Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) stands alone among the core UN
human rights treaties in setting out a human right to protection from drugs.
Article 33 provides that “States Parties shall take all appropriate measures,
including legislative, administrative, social and educational measures, to
protect children from the illicit use of narcotic drugs and psychotropic
substances as defined in the relevant international treaties, and to prevent
the use of children in the illicit production and trafficking of such
substances.”[3]
There are two points to note here; first, Article 33 contains two clauses: one
relating to drug use and one to involvement in the drug trade. And second, the
CRC is connected via Article 33 to the three UN drug control conventions: the
Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961 (“Single Convention”), the Convention
on Psychotropic Substances 1971 (“1971 Convention”), and the Convention against
Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 1988 (“Vienna
Convention”[4].
States have an obligation to protect children from drugs and concurrent
obligations to control those drugs in certain ways. The drug supply chain
imperils children at each stage, from production to use. Children are harmed
through drug use, parental drug dependence, drug-related violence, exploitation
in trafficking, and a range of other ways[5]Article
33 requires action in a legal and policy area long characterized by
considerable human rights risks[6].According
to Anne Orford, law “is inherently genealogical.The past, far from being gone,
is constantly being retrieved as a source or rationalisation of present
obligation.”[7]
In 1919, the League of Nations was entrusted with mandates relating to both
opium (and other drugs) and child welfare under Article 23(c) of its covenant.
Two major international conventions on drugs were adopted in 1925 and 1931[8]Children,
minors, and young people are not mentioned in these conventions; they appear
only in treaties of lesser scope adopted in the same years, and which refer to
prohibitions of opium sales and smoking in colonial territories[9]In
1936, the League of Nations adopted a treaty against drug trafficking, but it
was very unpopular, reaching as it did too far into national sovereignty.[10]
It also omitted mention of children unlike its counterpart, the Vienna
Convention, adopted 50 years later. By the end of the 1960s, synthetic drugs
were becoming a major concern at the UN and weaknesses in the Single Convention
were identified. The Convention on Psychotropic Substances was adopted in 1971
to address the former concern, and the Protocol amending the Single Convention
in 1972 to address the latter. concurrent drafting of the CRC and the
Vienna Convention illustrates the political environment from which the right to
protection from drugs emerged. As we have seen, the concept of drugs as a
threat to children first appears in international discourse in 1971. Most
working in drug policy recognize the importance of that year: President Nixon
declared drugs as public enemy number one, beginning the “war on drugs” as we
now know it. In the years that followed, the narrative of threat became more
prominent in drug diplomacy[11]The
war on drugs was at full steam. It is at this stage that drug control and child
rights law converge on the international stage for the first time, in the form
of new obligations in a drugs treaty, and a new human right. The CRC creates
obligations independent of the drugs conventions. So what, in other words, does
the child’s right to protection from drugs add, independent of its apparent
connection to the those treaties[12] While
drugs entered into international human rights law through what is rightly
recognized as a milestone in the development of child rights, this seems to have
been done with little discussion as to what it meant in practical terms for
children to have a human right to protection from drugs. Meanwhile, children
entered into international drug control law via the most punitive and
repressive drugs treaty to date, a characterization justified by its own terms.
Despite their apparent coherence, the CRC and the drugs conventions are
different kinds of laws. The former is a rights document. The latter put in
place a system of market control and transnational criminal law with very
little regard for human rights. The case of incitement illustrates the
importance of this basic difference. In the drafting of the CRC, incitement to
become involved in the drug trade was rejected.[13] But
it was included in the Vienna Convention at around the same time.[14]
t was easier, in effect, to include a measure raising clear freedom of
expression concerns and other legal problems in a treaty the drafters knew
contained elements that could be unconstitutional for some states, than in one
focused on protecting human rights.[15]
Some see the CRC as an important check on state actions in drug control.[16]Others
see it as a child rights confirmation of the existing drug control apparatus,
with the concurrent development of the Vienna Convention and the CRC providing
support for this view.[17] Given
the human rights risks associated with drug control, this is a serious debate
for child rights scholars and advocates. Protecting children from drugs will be
carried out in the context of drug policies, not some abstract realm of child
rights implementation. States parties must take appropriate measures to
prevent the use of children in the illicit drug trade.
LEGISLATIONS IN
INDIA
The Directive Principle of State
Policy under Article 47 of the Indian Constitution which directs the State to
bring about prohibition of the consumption of intoxicating drugs injurious to
health, except for medicinal purpose has unravelled a spectrum of legislation in India which is directed against illicit trafficking in
drugs and alcoholic substances National Policy on Narcotic Drugs and
Psychotropic Substances is based on[18]
India is also a signatory to the 1961 single convention in Narcotic Drugs as
amended by the 1972 protocol, Convention
In view of the alarming increase in drug menace in India, the Parliament
enacted the Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 which was
later amended and was called the Prevention of Illicit Traffic in Narcotic
Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Amendment) Act, 1988 and came into force on
July 4, 1988. The Act emphasizes on the preventive aspect of drugs evil and
covers a wide list of substances that are recognized as narcotic drugs. The
National Committee on Drug Addiction was set up by the Government of India in
1976 to enquire into- the extent of addiction to drugs in the country, to
determine motivation for drug addiction, to recommend the suitable de-addiction
and suggest steps to prevent misuse.
The Opium
Act of 1857, which was to regulate
the cultivation and manufacturing of opium in India, The Opium Act of 1878 was
established that controlled opium use on a domestic basis. In 1920, possession
of 10 grams of opium was considered illegal banning opium partially by the then
Indian government. The then government also enacted different Acts like
the Dangerous Drugs Act of 1930 and other legislation, but the truth was it only banned
these substances on a partial basis, and many illegal drug and other
trafficking still happened in different Indian borders. n 2019, the Ministry of
Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India in its report titled,
“Magnitude of Substance Use in India”, stated that alcohol was considered the
most commonly used substance and 19% of the use. The NDPS act is considered to
be the prime legislation of the Indian subcontinent which regulates Narcotics
Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. The NDPS act replaced the other old acts,
i.e., the Opium Acts, 1857 and 1878, and the Dangerous
Drugs Act of 1930, and came into force
on 14 November 1985. This Act is in consideration of the international treaties
of which India is part of, more specifically the Convention on Narcotic Drugs,
1961, Convention on Psychotropic Substances, 1971, Convention against Illicit
Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, 1988, Transnational
Crime Convention, 2000. Keeping these conventions, international, domestic
setup, and criminal activities in focus, India further amended the NDPS act in
1989, 2001, and 2014. Prevention
of Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1988.This Act was introduced
supplementary to the above-mentioned NDPS act. This Act covered the grounds on
detention, powers of an absconding person, etc. This is also the second core
legislation after the NDPS Act. National Commission for Protection of Child Rights
(NCPCR) set up a Working Group in July 2011 for “Substance Abuse and Drug
Addiction among Children”.
Based on the recommendation of
the Working Group, a study was commissioned by NCPCR titled “Assessment of
pattern, profile and correlates of substance use among children in India”,
conducted through the National Dependent Treatment Centre (NDTC), All India
Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi in the year 2012-13,
covering 135 sites across 27 States/2 UTs with a sample size of 4024 substance
using children. The objective of the study was to collect information on
pattern of substance use and profile of children using substances; and to
collect information on family, peer, stress, psychological, physical health and
legal aspects associated with substance use among children. Some major
findings of the study are as under:-
(i) More
than 50% children living on the streets reported bad or very bad relationship
or no relationship with the family;
(ii) Tobacco
and alcohol were the most common substances used by children, followed by
cannabis and inhalants, pharmaceutical opioids, sedatives, heroin and opium;
(iii) The percentage
of inhalant users (lifetime, last one year and last one month) was higher in
the children living on the street than in children living at home;
(iv) The
lifetime and last one year use of opium was higher in the children living on
the street than in children living at home.
The Ministry of Women and Child Development is implementing a
Centrally Sponsored Scheme, namely, Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS)
from 2009-10 for children in difficult circumstances including children who are
victims of substance abuse. Under ICPS, financial assistance is provided to
State Governments/UT Administrations, inter-alia, for setting up and
maintenance of various types of Homes, including, Shelter Homes, Open shelters
etc. These Homes provide inter-alia, shelter, food, education, medical
attention, vocational training, counseling, detoxification and treatment etc.
to such children so that they can ultimately reintegrate into the mainstream
society.
ICPS also provides Specialised Services for Children with Special
Needs including children affected by substance abuse. These services cater to
individual specific needs like substance abuse, behavioural problems and social
deviant behaviours and require specialized institutional care and treatment
including medical, nutritional, and psychological support. Each State/UT has to
notify and designate at least one shelter home for care, detoxification and
counseling of children affected by substance abuse. These Shelter Homes shall
offer day and night shelter facilities to the children in need of support
services for a temporary period, while efforts are made to rehabilitate them.
Further, the Ministry of Social
Justice and Empowerment implements Central Sector Scheme of Assistance for
Prevention of Alcoholism and Substance (Drugs) Abuse under which financial
assistance is provided to NGOs /Voluntary organizations for running Integrated
Rehabilitation Centres for Addicts (IRCAs), organizing de-addiction camps and
conducting awareness programmes about the ill effects of Alcoholism and
Substance (Drugs) Abuse on the individual. Family, workplace and the society at
large. The IRCAs (de-addiction centres) provides counselling, treatment, after
care and rehabilitation of drug dependent persons including children.
The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment has taken the following
steps to create awareness in society about the ill-effects of alcoholism and
drug abuse:-
(i)
International Day against Drug Abuse
& Illicit Trafficking is observed on 26th June each year. As part of this
programme, rallies, paintings campaign, workshops, seminars etc are organized
at the National as well as State level. On this occasion, National Awards for
outstanding services in the field of Prevention of Alcoholism and Substance
(Drugs) Abuse are conferred to the Individuals and Institutions to encourage
them and recognize their efforts.
(ii) The National Institute for
Social Defence, an Autonomous Organization under the Ministry of
Social Justice and Empowerment in collaboration with Regional Resource and
Training Centres and other collaborating partners organizes sensitization
programmes in Schools/Colleges and skill development programmes in the field of
social defence including counselling and drug de-addiction.
(iii) Information
regarding ill-effects of alcoholism and drug abuse is also disseminated in
regional languages through the All India Radio programme “Sanwarti Jayen Jeevan
Ki Rahen” and also through advertisements in news papers.
(iv) In the year
2011-12, the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment had conducted
an awareness generation programmes in some districts of Punjab and Manipur through Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan (NYKS), an Autonomous Organization under the Ministry of Youth Affairs. In October 2014, the Ministry has again assigned the task of awareness generation in Punjab to cover all districts to NYKS.[19]
an awareness generation programmes in some districts of Punjab and Manipur through Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan (NYKS), an Autonomous Organization under the Ministry of Youth Affairs. In October 2014, the Ministry has again assigned the task of awareness generation in Punjab to cover all districts to NYKS.[19]
The right of the child is a part of
Human Rights is guaranteed and protected
by law, both international law and national law. Child rights should even be
treated differently than adults, which are specifically regulated in specific
conventions. The concept of
restorative justice becomes one of a
number of important approaches to crime and justice that are constantly being
considered in the judicial system and in the law. Restorative Justice aims to
empower victims, perpetrators, families and communities to remedy an act
against the law, using awareness and insight as a foundation for improving
community life. The crime of drug abuse perpetrated by a child, seen as a
violation of humanity and the relationship between human beings, creates an
obligation to make things better by involving themselves and the community in
finding solutions to reconciliation and
reassurance. Restorative justice is an effort to support and implement the
provisions set forth in Article 16 paragraph 3 of Law No.23 of 2002 on Child
Protection, namely "that arrest, detention or imprisonment of children is
only Legal Protection of Children[20]
if it is in accordance with applicable law and can only be done as a last
resort ". The criminal prosecution of the public prosecutor, rarely found
any criminal charges, but the act that if the defendant is found guilty, the
action is returned to his parents or the breath in accordance with the duration
of the defendant's child is in temporary detention. Efforts to execute the law
order for prison imprisonment of children is the last attempt, the best
decision is the action to return children to their parents or social service to
be educated and nurtured properly. There are several reasons for the
implementation of restorative justice to the child should be imposed the act of
return to the parents. Children
have the right to be protected from all exploitative and vulnerable situations
that have been discussed. But that is possible only if you make yourself
aware of the real problems and risks that children face and of the remedies that
are available in law and policy to change the situation in the best interest of
children.
There are multifarious
initiatives taken by the Government to curb this evil
The
National Commission for Protection of Child Rights has decided to conduct
fact-finding inquiries on the availability of drugs through the internet,
social media and the darkweb. The
commission is planning to create a team at its headquarters for regular fact
finding wherein experts would also be involved in the analysis. The information
will be shared with the Narcotics Control bureau (NCB)
and other law enforcement agencies.
“Joint Action Plan on
Prevention of Drugs and Substance Abuse among Children and Illicit Trafficking”
is an attempt to standarise practices
that can help stop selling drugs and substances in surroundings areas of
schools and other educational institutes through enforcing existing laws.School-going children who use
substances are mostly using legal but harmful substances in the form of tobacco
and/or alcohol.
However, the out-of-school children,
especially those on the streets or slums and vulnerable populations, are at
risk of experimenting with more hazardous substances, both “licit as well as
illicit” in nature.
The introspection into the legal
framework and its effectiveness in curbing the menace has urged to draw certain
suggestions which plug in loopholes to build a healthy nation empowered with
healthy children
SUGGESTIONS
There should be an initiative from
the part of government to implement the regulations of drug abuse strictly. There
should be a joint effort of school authorities to have surveillance upon
children in observing their behavioural pattern. Cameras should be installed in
educational premises to track any unwarranted use of narcotics in the premise. Periodical
visits of excise department is inevitable for
monitoring the drug use among children. Moreover
a conducive family relationship should be created so as to retard the
deviational behaviour of children, This
should be strengthened by fostering the talents of children in educational
institutions .Finally a deterrent policy should be implemented against the habitual
offenders and curb the menace of this social evil. Thus we can prevent a Bonsai
culture sprouted among children due to
drug abuse .
[1] Rishi, Dev Dass, Drug abuse and
illicit trafficking a critical analysis of the law and enforcement in India,
shodhganga,
[3] Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) G.A. Res. 1989;44(25)
[4] Single Convention on Narcotic
Drugs. 520 U.N.T.S. 204. 1961.
(as amended by the Protocol Amending the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs
1972, 976 U.N.T.S. 3)Convention on Psychotropic Substances. 1019 U.N.T.S.
175. 1971. Convention Against the Illicit Traffic in
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. UN Doc. E/CONF.82/15. 1988;493 reprinted
in 28 I.L.M.
[5] Barrett D. The impact of drug
policies on children and young people. New York: Open Society
Foundations; 2015. For an overview,
[6] Report of the Special Rapporteur on
Torture and Other Cruel. Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. UN Doc.
A/HRC/10/44. Manfred Nowak. 2009 See,
for example. January 14.Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Right of
Everyone to the Enjoyment of the Highest Attainable Standard of Physical and
Mental Health. U.N. Doc. A/65/255. Anand Grover. 2010 August
6.Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. UN Doc. A/HRC/30/65. Study on the
Impact of the World Drug Problem on the Enjoyment of Human Rights. 2015 September
4.
[7] Orford A. “On international legal method,” London Review of International Law. 2013;1(1):166–197. p. 175.
[8] . International Opium
Convention. 81 L.N.T.S. 319. 1925. Convention for Limiting the Manufacture
and Regulating the Distribution of Narcotic Drugs. 139 L.N.T.S. 303. 1931.
[9] Agreement Concerning the Suppression of
the Manufacture of, Internal Trade in, and Use of, Prepared Opium. 51 L.N.T.S.
337. 1925. Arts. II and III.Agreement Concerning the
Suppression of Opium Smoking. 177 L.N.T.S. 375. 1931.
Art. II (referring to those under the age of 21)
[10]Convention
of 1936 for the Suppression of the Illicit Traffic in Dangerous Drugs. 198 L.N.T.S. 301. 1936
[11] Lines R. Drug control and
human rights in international law. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press; 2017
[12] Barrett D., Tobin J. For a discussion. “Article 33:
Protection from narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. In: Alston P.,
Tobin J., editors. Commentary on the UN
Convention on the Rights of the Child. Oxford University Press;
2017.
[13] Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, UN General
Assembly. Youth and dependence-producing drugs. G.A.
Res. 1971;2859(XXVI):711
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[19] Press Information Bureau ,Ministry of Women and Child Development
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