All research articles published INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS are fully open access. i.e. immediately freely available to read, download and share. Articles are published under the terms of a Creative Commons license which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Disclaimer:

The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not purport to reflect the opinions or views of the INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS or its members. The designations employed in this publication and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

[1] Kihoto Hollohan Vs Zachillhu And Others 1992 SCR (1) 686, 1992 SCC Supl. (2) 651

[2] Kihoto Hollohan Vs Zachillhu And Others 1992 SCR (1) 686, 1992 SCC Supl. (2) 651

[4] Kihoto Hollohan Vs Zachillhu And Others 1992 SCR (1) 686, 1992 SCC Supl. (2) 651

[7] Kihoto Hollohan Vs Zachillhu And Others 1992 SCR (1) 686, 1992 SCC Supl. (2) 651

[8] Gupta, Ruchi. “Ruchi Gupta Writes: The Crisis In Maharashtra Shows The Anti-Defection Law To Be Ineffective, Even Counterproductive.” The Indian Express, June 27, 2022. Https://Indianexpress.Com/Article/Opinion/Columns/Maharashtra-Political-Crisis-Anti-Defection-Law-Ineffective-7992778/.

[1] Stephen R. Arnott, Family Law: Autonomy, Standing, and Children’s Rights, 33 William Mitchell Law Review 809 (2007). Arnott notes that “the very term ‘children’s rights’ is both broad and loose,” id. at 808

[2] The U.N. Declaration of the Rights of the Child comprises a Preamble and ten principles; G.A. Res. 1386 (XIV) 14 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 16) at 19, U.N. Doc. A/4354

[3] Geraldine Van Bueren, The International Law on the Rights of the Child 10-11 (Dordrecht/Boston, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1995)

[4] The 1924 Declaration stated children “must be the first to receive relief”; the DRC specifies more pragmatically that they are to be “among the first” to receive protection and relief (principle 8).

[5] The Convention on the Rights of the Child, with a Preamble and 54 articles, was adopted by the U.N. General Assembly on November 20, 1989, and entered into force on September 2, 1990. G.A. Res. 44/25, annex, 44 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 49) at 167, U.N. Doc. A/44/49 (1989); 28 I.L.M. 1448 (1989)

[6] Jean Koh Peters, How Children Are Heard in Child Protective Proceedings, in the United States and Around the World in 2005: Survey Findings, Initial Observations, and Areas for Further Study [Special Issue on Legal Representation of Children], 6 Nevada Law Journal 971 (Spring 2006)

[7] Article 1

[8] Articles 7 and 8

[9] Articles 20 and 22

[10] Articles 8 and 30

[11] Article 13

[12] Article 40

[13] Article 12

[14] Articles 21 and 23

[15] Articles 28(3) and 39

[16] Ursula Kilkelly, The Best of Both Worlds for Children’s Rights? Interpreting the European Convention on Human Rights in the Light of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, Human Rights Quarterly 311 (2001)

[17] The Sex Trafficking Protocol comprises a preamble and 17 articles. G.A. Res. A/RES/54/263 of 25 May 2000. It entered into force on January 18, 2002

[18] Article 9(4)

[19] Article 12

[20] The Child Soldiers Protocol, comprising a Preamble and 13 articles, entered into force on February 12, 2002. G.A. Res. A/RES/54/263 of 25 May 2000.

[21] Ibid.

[22] Articles 1 and 2

[23] Article 4

[24] Article 3(1-3)

[25] Article 6(1) and (3)

[26] Organization of African Unity (OAU), Declaration on the Rights and Welfare of the African Child, AHG/St. 4 (XVI) Rev. 1 1979, Declaration and Resolutions Adopted by the Sixteenth Ordinary Session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government (July 17-20, 1979)

[27] Article 2

[28] Articles 3-5

[29] Articles 6-12

[30] Articles 13-14

[31] Article 15

[32] Article 16

[33] Article 21

[34]Article 27

[35] Article 28

[36] Article 29

[37] Article 13(1)

[38] Article 13(2a)

[39] Article 14(4)

[40] Article 10(3)

[41] Article 23(1)

[42] Article 18(4)

[43] Article 23(4)

[44] Article 1

[45] Article 5

[46] Article 6

[47] Article 5, paragraph 1

[48] Article 13

[49] Article 3

[50] Article 16

[51] Article 7

[52] Article 8(1)

[53] Article 9

[54] Article 10 (3) and (5)

[55] Article 15

[56] Article 20(1)

[57] Article 20(2)

[58] Article 1

[59] Article 12

[60] Article 2

[61] Article 12

[62] Article 3

[63] Article 7

[64] Article 11

[65] Article 13, paragraph 2

[66] Article 14

[67] Article 19

[68] Article 18

[69] Article 1

[70] Article 4(d)

[71] Article 30

[72] Article 31

[73] Article 1

[74] Article 3, paragraph 1

[75] Article 1(a)

[76] Article 1(d)

[77] Article 11

[1] Prachi Darji, Sept 12, 2019, Prostitution in India,

[2] Raj Bahadur v. Legal Remembrancer, Laws Cal–1953- 2-18

[3] Kiran Bhatty, November, 2019, A Review of the Immoral Traffic Prevention Act 1986

[4] Krishnadas Rajagopal; March 25, 2022; Supreme Court recognises sex work as a ‘profession’; The Hindu

[5] The Supreme Court Order On Sex Work: How It Changes Things, And Laws On Sex Work; The Outlook; June 2, 2022

[6] Prachi Darji, Sept 12, 2019, Prostitution in India,

[7] Yashi Verma; July, 2022; Legalization of Prostitution in India; Legal Service India

[1] ] Yougal Joshi and Ananda Singh, “A Study of Cyber Crime and Security Scenario”,International Journal of Engineering and Management Research, vol.3 (3) June, 2013, pp.13-18.

[2] Rohit k Gupta, “An Overview of Cyber law vs. Cybercrimes”, 2013. Prabhat Dalei and Tannya Brahme, “Cyber Crime and Cyber law in India: An Analysis” ‘International journal of humanities and Applied science’ Vol.2 (4), 2014. Aashish Kumar Purohit, “Role of Metadata in Cyber Forensic and Status of Indian Cyber Law”, International Journal of computer technology application, vol.2(5) sepoct, 2011.

[3] Yougal Joshi and Ananda Singh, “A Study of Cyber Crime and Security Scenario”,International Journal of Engineering and Management Research, vol.3 (3) June, 2013, pp.13-18. ,Ravikumar S. Patel and Dr.Dhaval Kathiriya, “Evolution of Cybercrimes in India” International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science, vol.2 (4) July – August 2013. Talwant Singh, “Cyber Law and IT” pp. 1-4.Rohitk.Gupta, “An Overview of Cyber laws vs. Cybercrimes: In Indian Perspective”, 2013.

[4] Angshuman Jana and Kunal Kumar Mondal, “A survey of India Cyber Crime and Law and its prevention approach” ‘International journal of Advance Computer Technology’.

David Satola and Henry L.July , “Towards a Dynamic Approach to Enhancing International cooperation and collaboration in Cyber Security Framework”, ‘The MW. Mitchell law journal’

[1]https://www.stopbullying.gov/cyberbullying/what-is-it#:~:text=Cyberbullying%20includes%20sending%2C%20posting%2C%20or,into%20unlawful%20or%20criminal%20behavior.

[2]https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cyberbullying

[3]https://www.unicef.org/egypt/protecting-children-cyberbullying

[4]https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2022/12/15/teens-and-cyberbullying-2022/

[5]https://www.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_8_mediums_that_cyber_bullying_takes_place_within

[6]https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332314949_Cyberbullying_and_its_influence_on_academic_social_and_emotional_development_of_undergraduate_students

[7]https://kids.kaspersky.com/10-forms-of-cyberbullying/

[9]https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jocc.12055

[10]https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316938700_Prevalence_of_Cyberbullying_among_Students_in_Malaysian_Higher_Learning_Institutions

[1] Definition derived from the Council of Europe Convention against Trafficking in Human Organs (2015), the Declaration of Istanbul on Organ Trafficking and Transplant Tourism, available at: https://www.declarationofistanbul.org/images/Policy_Documents/2018_Ed_Do/2018_Edition_of_the_Declaration_of_Istanbul_Final.pdf (last visited on 5/2/2023)

[2] Definition derived from the Protocol to prevent, suppress and punish trafficking in persons, especially women and children, supplementing the united nations convention against the transnational organized crime (2000)

^{^[3]} Immuno suppressant therapy, available at: https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/immuno (last visited on: 5/2/2023)

^{^[4]} Coalition for Organ Failure Solution is a non-profit international health and human rights organisation with a mission to end the organ trade, especially trafficking in persons for the removal of organs.

^{^[5]} Statement by Aimee Comrie, project coordinator, GLO.ACT at United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.

^{^[6]}Section 2(f) of Transplantation of Human Organs and tissues Act, 1994.

^{^[7]} Section 2(m) of Transplantation of Human Organs Act, 1994.

^{^[8]} Section 3 (1A) (i) of Transplantation of Human Organs Act, 1994.

^{^[9]} Section 3 (2) of Transplantation of Human Organs Act, 1994

^{^[10]} Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994, (Act No. 42 of 1994), s.3

^{^[11]} Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994, (Act No. 42 of 1994), s.2(i), s.9

^{^[12]}B.L. Nagaraj and others vs Dr. Kantha and others, AIR 1996 Kant 82, ILR 1995 KAR 2050

^{^[14]}Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994, (Act No. 42 of 1994),s.2(d)

^{^[15]} Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994, (Act No. 42 of 1994), s.3(6)

^{^[16]} Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994, (Act No. 42 of 1994), s.2(f)

^{^[17]} Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994, (Act No. 42 of 1994),s.9(1B)

^{^[18]} Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994, (Act No. 42 of 1994), s.9(1C)

^{^[19]} Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994, (Act No. 42 of 1994), s. 3(7)

^{^[20]} Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994, (Act No. 42 of 1994), s.11

^{^[21]}Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994, (Act No. 42 of 1994), s.12

^{^[22]} Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994, (Act No. 42 of 1994), s.18

^{^[23]} Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994, (Act No. 42 of 1994), s.19, s.19A

^{^[24]} Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994, (Act No. 42 of 1994), s.19(f)

^{^[25]} Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994, (Act No. 42 of 1994), s.19(g)

^{^[26]} Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994, (Act No. 42 of 1994), s.21

^{^[27]} Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994, (Act No. 42 of 1994), s.2(b)

^{^[28]}Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994, (Act No. 42 of 1994), s.2(c)

[1] An algorithm is a set of ordered instructions or commands used to carry out a particular work in a pre-defined manner. A trading strategy is basically a plan or a set of rules which are defined to conduct the process of buying and selling while trading in order to achieve a particular outcome like increasing profitability, better execution, etc.^{^[1]}

[2] Algorithmic trading is trading by using computer programmes, which follow a defined set of instructions for doing a trade so as to generate fast and frequent profits.

[3] High Frequency Trading (HFT) is a subset of Algo-Trading. It is done within time-frames of nano & milli seconds. Some HFT strategies depend on price discrepancies & make profit taking their advantage. Others function by forecasting movements on the basis of trends, using Machine Learning & Artificial Intelligence.

[4] Front-running is described as utilizing the information on a big, incoming order to take a trading decision which can put the trader in a better position than others in respect of that incoming order. The two principal methods by which HFT firms obtain a speed, and thus informational advantage, is by utilizing direct data feeds and co-location.

[5] A co-location is a data centre facility in the exchange premises where the exchange’s servers are on the same network. It is used to rent space to trading firms to locate their servers and other computing hardware. Co-location facility provides the power, bandwidth, IP address and cooling systems. Space is generally rented in terms of racks and units. Co-location helps in reducing the latency by minimizing the travel time between your server and the exchange’s matching engine.

[6] The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance Volume 84, May 2022, Pages 337-344

[7] What’s hidden behind bulk deals? A study on Indian stock market, Managerial Finance, ISSN: 0307-4358

[8] A comprehensive study on bid-ask spread and its determinants in India, Cogent Economics & Finance, 9:1, DOI: 10.1080/23322039.2021.1898735

[9] Does time-varying illiquidity matter for the Indian stock market? Evidence from high-frequency data, Australian Journal of Management, Volume: 47 issue: 2, page(s): 251-272.

[10] Algorithmic Trading Efficiency and its Impact on Market-Quality. Asia-Pac Financ Markets (2021).

[11] Purba Mukerji, Christine Chung, Timothy Walsh and Bo Xiong, The Impact of Algorithmic Trading in a Simulated Asset Market, 12, Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 68 (2019).

[12] See, e.g., Computerized Trading: What Should the Rules of the Road Be?:

Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Sec., Ins. and Inv. of the S. Comm. on Banking

and Urban Affairs, 112th Cong. 20 (2012) (statement of David Lauer)

[16] See, e.g., Holly A. Bell, High Frequency Trading: Do Regulators Need to

Control this Tool of Informationally Efficient Markets?, CATO INSTITUTE

POLICY ANALYSIS (July 22, 2013)

[22]. CA Aseema Dake Kulkarni, High Frequency Trading: Review of Regulatory Initiatives in the Indian Capital Market, International Journal of Money, Banking and Finance, IJMBF/Volume 7/ Issue 3 /July-December 2018.

[23] CA Aseema Dake Kulkarni, High Frequency Trading: Review of Regulatory Initiatives in the Indian Capital Market, International Journal of Money, Banking and Finance, IJMBF/Volume 7/ Issue 3 /July-December 2018.

[26] Holly A. Bell and Harrison Searles, An analysis of Global HFT regulation, motivations, market failures, and alternative outcomes; Working Paper, Mercatus Center, George Mason University, No. 14-11, April 2014

[27] Holly A. Bell and Harrison Searles, An analysis of Global HFT regulation, motivations, market failures, and alternative outcomes; Working Paper, Mercatus Center, George Mason University, No. 14-11, April 2014

[30] Holly A. Bell and Harrison Searles, An analysis of Global HFT regulation, motivations, market failures, and alternative outcomes; Working Paper, Mercatus Center, George Mason University, No. 14-11, April 2014

[34] Holly A. Bell and Harrison Searles, An analysis of Global HFT regulation, motivations, market failures, and alternative outcomes; Working Paper, Mercatus Center, George Mason University, No. 14-11, April 2014

[4] Peter Drahos- Regulatory Theory: Foundations and Applications, OAPEN Library, ANU Press, 2017,

ISBN no.-1760461016

[8] Spring Meadows Hospital Vs. Harjol Ahluwalia [(1998) 4 SCC 39]

[11] Union of India and Ors. Vs. N.K. Srivasta and Ors. [2020]SC 636

[12] M/S Pyaridevi Chariraj Steels Pvt. Ltd. Vs National Insurance Company Ltd. and 3 Ors, [2020] 833

[15] According to the Judge in Ambrish Kumar Shukla & Ors. vs. Ferrous Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd. [ [2016] SCC 1117]

[17] Maria Cristina De Souza Sodder v. Amria Zurana Percira Pinto [(1979) 1 SCC 92]

[19] National Insurance Company Ltd. Vs. Hindustan Safety Glass Works Ltd. [(2017) 5 SCC 776]

[21] Gurshinder Singh Vs. Shriram General Company Ltd. [2020] 653

[26] K.A. Bhandula and another Vs Indraprastha Apollo Hospital and ors. [? (2009)CPJ 164 (NC)]

[27] Samira Kohli v. Dr. Prabha Manchanda and Others [2004] 1949

Case Commentary Kihoto Hollohan vs Zachillhu And Others Supreme Court of India by- Saahen Sharma

UNDER DIFFERENT HUMAN RIGHTS INSTRUMENTS By- Dr.Adv.V.V.Ratheeshkumar

CRITICAL ANALSYIS OF FALSE IMPRISONMENT LAW OF TORTS By- Soumya Pandey

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND INDIA’S ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS By- Manish Tripathi

Legal Aspects of Prostitution in India Authored By- Vaibhavjeet Singh

A Study On Emerging Issue On Cyber Law By - Yash Saxena & Amber Kumar

A STUDY ON EMERGING ISSUE OF CYBERCRIME: CYBERBULLYING By- Prakhar Khemani

BODY AS A COMMODITY: A COMMENT ON ORGAN TRAFFICKING By- Swetha A & Rithika SS

SEBI’s QUEST TO CURB FRONT-RUNNING IN INDIAN STOCK MARKET – A COMPARATIVE STUDY WITH USA, UK, & EU By- Ujjawal Anand, Aditi Manya & Prof. S.P. Srivastava

Role Of NCDRC In Consumer Welfare: Critical Analysis Of Landmark Judgements By- Alisha Sagar

LAW JOURNAL

IMPORTANT LINKS

ETHICS & POLICY

Citation 2

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

[4] Krishnadas Rajagopal; March 25, 2022; Supreme Court recognises sex work as a ‘profession’; The Hindu

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation