INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF NON-FORCIBLE MEASURES WITHIN THE LAW OF SELF-DEFENCE BY- RAJIB CHANDRA DAS

Authors : RAJIB CHANDRA DAS

Registration ID : 108222 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8232

Year : Aug-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : rajibchandradas@nalsar.ac.in

Page No : 15 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2024-83417764/A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF NON-FORCIBLE MEASURES WITHI

LEGAL EVOLUTION: THE RULE OF LAW IN HISTORICAL CONTEXT AND CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE BY - DEBANJAN CHATTOPADHYAY & PURBALI SENGUPTA

Authors : DEBANJAN CHATTOPADHYAY & PURBALI SENGUPTA

Registration ID : 108230 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8230 & IJLRA8231

Year : Aug-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : chatterjeedebanjan74@gmail.com & purvalisenguptavis@gmail.com

Page No : 24 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2024-29574477/LEGAL EVOLUTION: THE RULE OF LAW IN HISTORICAL CON

SHOULD GENDER NEUTRAL LAWS BE IMPLEMENTED BY: M. SRISHA & UME AYMAN

Authors : M. SRISHA & UME AYMAN

Registration ID : 108228 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8228 & IJLRA8229

Year : Aug-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : srishamurthy74@email.com

Page No : 14 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2024-43988677/SHOULD GENDER NEUTRAL LAWS BE IMPLEMENTED

THE LEGAL STATUS OF NON- COMPETE AGREEMENTS IN CONTRACT LAW- A COMPARATIVE STUDY BY - ANSHIKA DHINGRA

Authors : ANSHIKA DHINGRA

Registration ID : 108227 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8227

Year : Aug-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : anshika130502@gmail.com

Page No : 14 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2024-66764918/THE LEGAL STATUS OF NON- COMPETE AGREEMENTS IN CON

MARITAL RAPE AND ENTANGLEMENT IN LEGAL FRAMEWORK BY - SNEHA JHA

Authors : SNEHA JHA

Registration ID : 108226 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8226

Year : Aug-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : snehajha1212005@gmail.com

Page No : 11 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2024-73383857/MARITAL RAPE AND ENTANGLEMENT IN LEGAL FRAMEWORK

UNVEILING THE PLIGHT OF MARITAL RAPE BY - SHREERANGAM BARAI

Authors : SHREERANGAM BARAI

Registration ID : 108225 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8225

Year : Aug-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : shreebarai2118@gmail.com

Page No : 17 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2024-47585213/UNVEILING THE PLIGHT OF MARITAL RAPE

BEHIND THE MASK: ETHICAL DIMENSIONS OF DEEPFAKE TECHNOLOGY IN INDIAS LEGAL SPHERE BY - R. SHARMILA

Authors : R. SHARMILA

Registration ID : 108224 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8224

Year : Aug-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : rjsharmila4@gmail.com

Page No : 11 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2024-51989169/BEHIND THE MASK: ETHICAL DIMENSIONS OF DEEPFAKE TE

CYBER SQUATTING: THE PARADIGM AND LEGAL REGIME VIS-A-VIS INDIA AND USA BY - MR. SHUBHAM GOSWAMI

Authors : MR. SHUBHAM GOSWAMI

Registration ID : 108223 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8223

Year : Aug-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : advshubhamgoswami11@gmail.com

Page No : 15 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2024-46978785/CYBER SQUATTING: THE PARADIGM AND LEGAL REGIME VIS

“EXPLORING HIT AND RUN INCIDENTS IN INDIA: LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK AND JUDICIAL RESPONSE

Authors : MR. SIDDHARTH NAGAR

Registration ID : 108222 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8222

Year : Aug-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : siddharth1267909@gmail.com

Page No : 16 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2024-23529749/EXPLORING HIT AND RUN INCIDENTS IN INDIA: LEGISLAT

CROSSING THE THIN LINE: LEGAL LIMITS OF FREE SPEECH AND THE REALITY OF HATE SPEECH BY - KHAJA SHEREEN

Authors : KHAJA SHEREEN

Registration ID : 108221 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8221

Year : Aug-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : shereen.khaja@gmail.com

Page No : 19 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2024-84691167/CROSSING THE THIN LINE: LEGAL LIMITS OF FREE SPEEC

International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

ISSN:2582-6433

Website:https://www.ijlra.com/

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IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

[1] Corn, Geoffrey S. “The Essential Link between Proportionality and Necessity in the Exercise of Self-Defense.” Necessity and Proportionality in International Peace and Security Law, by Geoffrey S. Corn, Oxford University Press, 2020, pp. 79–112. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197537374.003.0004.

[2] ICJ/Israel, Separation Wall/Security Fence in the Occupied Palestinian Territory | How Does Law Protect in War? - Online Casebook. https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/icjisrael-separation-wallsecurity-fence-occupied- palestinian-territory.

[3] Falk, Richard A. “Toward Authoritativeness: The ICJ Ruling on Israel’s Security Wall.” The American Journal of International Law, vol. 99, no. 1, 2005, pp. 42–52. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3246088.

[4] Franck, Thomas M. “On Proportionality of Countermeasures in International Law.” The American Journal of International Law, vol. 102, no. 4, 2008, pp. 715–67. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/20456680.

[5] International Law Commission. https://legal.un.org/ilc/guide/annex3.shtml.

[6] Editor_4. “The Use of Force Vis-à-Vis Self-Defence in the United Nations Charter.” SCC Times, 10 June 2023, https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2023/06/10/the-use-of-force-vis-vis-self-defence-in-the-united-nations- charter/.

[7] “A Short History of the Falklands Conflict.” Imperial War Museums, https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/a-short- history-of-the-falklands-conflict.

[8] O’Connell, Mary Ellen. “Unilateral Countermeasures.” The Power and Purpose of International Law, by Mary Ellen O’Connell, 1st ed., Oxford University PressNew York, 2008, pp. 229–64. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195368949.003.0007.

[1] Aristotle, Politics, trans. Benjamin Jowett (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1885), Book III, Part 16

[2] Hansen, M H, 'The Rule of Law in Ancient Greek Thought' (2004) 99 Classical Philology 94

[3] Ober, J, 'Law and Political Theory in Classical Athens' in Michael Gagarin and David Cohen (eds), The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005) 394

[4] Lane, M S, 'Mixed Government, the Rule of Law, and the Idea of Balance' in Marguerite Deslauriers and Pierre Destrée (eds), The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle's Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013) 228

[6] Simpson, P L P, A Philosophical Commentary on the Politics of Aristotle (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998) 78

[7] Nussbaum, M C, The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986) 357

[8] Finley, M I, Democracy Ancient and Modern (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1973) 23

[9] Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws (Cambridge University Press, 1989) 10 (Book I, Chapter 3)

[10] M.J.C. Vile, Constitutionalism and the Separation of Powers (Liberty Fund, 1998) 67

[11] H.L.A. Hart, The Concept of Law (Clarendon Press, 1994) 88

[12] Tom R. Tyler, Why People Obey the Law (Princeton University Press, 2006) 112

[13] Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws (Cambridge University Press, 1989) 212 (Book XVIII, Chapter 11)

[14] Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (W.W. Norton & Company, 1997) 135

[15] Thomas L. Pangle, Montesquieu’s Philosophy of Liberalism: A Commentary on The Spirit of the Laws (University of Chicago Press, 1973) 78

[16] Jon Elster, Ulysses Unbound: Studies in Rationality, Precommitment, and Constraints (Cambridge University Press, 2000) 93

[17] A.V. Dicey, Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (Liberty Fund, 1982) 202

[18] Dicey, Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (Liberty Fund, 1982) 137

[19] M. Elliott, Public Law (Oxford University Press, 2018) 98

[20] T.R.S. Allan, Law, Liberty, and Justice: The Legal Foundations of British Constitutionalism (Oxford University Press, 1993) 83

[21] Dicey, Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (Liberty Fund, 1982) 176

[22] S. Unger, The Critical Legal Studies Movement (Harvard University Press, 1986) 60

[23] Commission on Global Governance, Our Global Neighbourhood, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995, p.303.

[24] See: Dicey, A.V., An Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution, 10th edition,

London: MacMillan,1959, chapter4; Raz, J. ‘The Rule of Law and its Virtue’, p.195; Summers, R. ‘A Formal Theory of the Rule of Law’, Ratio Juris, vol. 6, no. 2, July 1993, p. 127

[25] Tom Bingham “The Rule of Law” 2011, p. 47

[27] Fuller, Lon, Morality of Law, rev. ed. (New Haven: Yale University Press.1969), p. 39

[28] Joseph Raz “The authority of law: Essays on law and morality” 1979

[29] Colleen Murphy “Law and Philosophy” 2005, p.241

[30] Joseph Raz “The Authority of Law Essays on Law and morality” oxford university press 1979

[32] Bingham centre for the rule of law: Annual Bingham Lecture 2017

[33] Andre Beteille, “Experience of governance: A sociological View.” In R.K Darr (ed.) Governance and the IAS (New Delhi Tata McGraw Hill 1999, p.200

[37] Upendra Baxi, “Kar seva of Indian Constitution? Reflections on proposals for review of the Indian Constitution.” Economic and political weekly March 11, 2000, p.892

[39] . Maitra, S. (2005). "The Impact of British Rule on Indian Legal System." Economic and Political Weekly, 40(1), 1-10.

[44] Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973) 4 SCC 225.

[45] Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978) 1 SCC 248.

[46] Rajagopal, S. (2017). "The Role of the Legislature and Executive in Upholding the Rule of Law in India." Journal of Indian Law and Society, 8(1), 45-67.

[47] Ghosh, R. (2020). "Challenges and Reforms in the Indian Legal System." International Journal of Law, 15(2), 85-101.

[48] Law Commission of India Reports on judicial reforms.

[49] Central Vigilance Commission Reports on anti-corruption.

[50] National Legal Services Authority Reports on legal aid.

[51] Supreme Court of India Reports on police reforms.

[1] In the Deshpande v. Arbind Mills Co. case, a service agreement includes two types of clauses. Firstly, there's a positive covenant, wherein the employee agrees to dedicate their full-time attention to serving the employers. Secondly, there's a negative covenant, which prohibits the employee from engaging in employment elsewhere for the duration of the agreement.

[3] Regarding employees, Indian courts generally consider restrictions during employment valid and necessary for protecting the employer's business interests. However, controversies arise regarding the enforceability of such restrictions beyond the employment period. Courts have tended to prioritize employees' right to livelihood over employers' interests in such cases. For instance, the Delhi High Court in Affle Holdings Pte Limited v Saurabh Singh ruled that a negative covenant preventing an employee from engaging in a competing business after the employment contract's expiration is void and unforceable.

[4] Protectable interests: Customer contacts, trade secrets and other confidential information are interests protectable by a covenant not to compete.

[1] Cybersquatting, WIKIPEDIA, < https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybersquatting >, accessed April 4, 2023.

[2] Manish Vij & Ors. vs Indra Chugh & Ors., (2002) AIR (Delhi) 243.

[5] Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125(d).

[6] Federal Trademark Dilution Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1051 (Supp. I 1995).

[7] WIPO, WIPO Internet Domain Name Process, THE MANAGEMENT OF INTERNET NAMES AND ADDRESSES: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ISSUES (1999).

[8] Avery Dennison Corporation vs Jerry Sumpton, (9th Cir. 1999) 189 F.3d 868.

[9] Rule 15(e) UDRP states that, “the panel shall declare in its decision that the complaint was brought in bad faith and constitutes an abuse of the administrative proceeding” if, “after considering the submissions the panel finds the complaint was brought in bad faith, for example in an attempt at Reverse Domain Name Hijacking or was brought primary to harass the domain-name holder”

[10] ICANN, Rules for Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy, <https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/udrp-rules-2015-03-11-en?routing_type=path >, accessed April 9, 2023

[12] Institution of a suit by litigants in a court, wherein they can get a favourable judgement.

[13] WIPO, “WIPO's Anti-Cybersquatting” Service Surpasses 50,000 Cases amid COVID-19 Surge, (November 30, 2020), <https://www.wipo.int/pressroom/en/articles/2020/article_0026.html >, accessed on June 15, 2024.

[14] Yahoo! Inc. vs Akash Arora & Anr., (1999) IIAD (Delhi) 229.

[15] Rediff Communication Ltd. Vs Cyberbooth & Anr., 1999 (4) BomCR 278

[16] TATA Sons Ltd. Vs Mr. Manu Kishori & Ors., (2001) IIIAD (Delhi) 545.

[21] Panavision International, L.P. vs Toppen, 141 F.3d 1316 (9th Cir. 1998).

[22] Sporty's Farm L.L.C. v. Sportsman's Mar., Inc., 202 F.3d 489 (2d Cir. 2000).

[23] Virtual Works, Inc. v. Volkswagen of America, 238 F.3d 264 (4th Cir. 2001).

[24] Acad. of Motion Picture Arts v. GoDaddy.Com, Inc., Case No. CV 10-03738 AB (CWx) (C.D. Cal. Sep. 10, 2015).

[1] Cahyani, M.P.L. and Kurniasari, E., 2024. Legal Analysis of the Decision on a Hit-and-Run Traffic Accident Case in Semarang: Case Study of District Court Decision No. 386/Pid. Sus/2023/PN. Smg. Arkus, 10(3), pp.561-565.

[3] Bhartiya Nyay Sanhita, 2023 (No. 45 of 2023).

[4] Shilpa Mittal vs. State of NCT of Delhi (2020).

[7] Alister Anthony Pareira vs. State of Maharashtra (2012).

[8] Theethi vs. Motor Accidents Claims Tribunal, 1996 (1) ACJ 609

[11] Majumder, A., A Critical Analysis of the Concept of No-Fault Liability in a Welfare State in Accordance with the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988.

[1] Neisser, E. (1994). Hate speech in the New South Africa: Constitutional consideration for a land recovering from decades of racial repression and violence. South African Journal on Human Rights, 10(3), 333-356.

[2] Basu, D. D. (2018). Introduction to the Constitution of India (24th ed.). LexisNexis.

[3] Tsesis, A. (2009). Dignity and Speech: The Regulation of Hate Speech in a Democracy. Wake Forest Law Review, 44, 497-532.

[4] Parekh, B. (2005). Hate speech: Is there a case for banning?. Public Policy Research, 12(4), 213-223.

[5] Information Technology Act, 2000. (2011). Universal Law Publishing.

[6] Gelber, K., & Stone, A. R. (2007). Hate Speech and Freedom of Speech in Australia. University of Queensland Law Journal, 26(1), 1-7.

[7] Waldron, J. (2012). The Harm in Hate Speech. Harvard University Press.

[8] Benesch, S. (2014). Countering Dangerous Speech: New Ideas for Genocide Prevention. Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal, 9(3), 23-32.

[9] Citron, D. K., & Norton, H. W. (2011). Intermediaries and Hate Speech: Fostering Digital Citizenship for Our Information Age. Boston University Law Review, 91, 1435-1484.

[10] Basu, D. D. (2018). Introduction to the Constitution of India (24th ed.). LexisNexis.

[11] Indian Penal Code, 1860. (2019). Universal Law Publishing.

[12] Information Technology Act, 2000. (2011). Universal Law Publishing.

[13] Article 19, The Constitution of India. (2021). National Portal of India. Retrieved from https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/articles

[14] Article 19(2), The Constitution of India. (2021). National Portal of India. Retrieved from https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/articles

[15] Subramanian Swamy v. Union of India, (2016). Supreme Court of India. Retrieved from https://www.sci.gov.in/judgments

[16] Shreya Singhal v. Union of India, (2015). Supreme Court of India. Retrieved from https://www.sci.gov.in/judgments

[17] Pravasi Bhalai Sangathan v. Union of India, (2014). Supreme Court of India. Retrieved from https://www.sci.gov.in/judgments

[18] Ramji Lal Modi v. State of Uttar Pradesh, (1957). Supreme Court of India. Retrieved from https://www.sci.gov.in/judgments

[19] Waldron, J. (2012). The Harm in Hate Speech. Harvard University Press.

[20] Gelber, K., & Stone, A. R. (2007). Hate Speech and Freedom of Speech in Australia. University of Queensland Law Journal, 26(1), 1-7.

[21] Parekh, B. (2005). Hate speech: Is there a case for banning?. Public Policy Research, 12(4), 213-223.

[22] Citron, D. K., & Norton, H. W. (2011). Intermediaries and Hate Speech: Fostering Digital Citizenship for Our Information Age. Boston University Law Review, 91, 1435-1484.

[23] Benesch, S. (2014). Countering Dangerous Speech: New Ideas for Genocide Prevention. Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal, 9(3), 23-32.

[24] Heinze, E. (2016). Hate Speech and Democratic Citizenship. Oxford University Press.

[25] Gelber, K. (2002). Speaking Back: The Free Speech versus Hate Speech Debate. John Benjamins Publishing Company.

[26] Matsuda, M. J. (1989). Public Response to Racist Speech: Considering the Victim's Story. Michigan Law Review, 87(8), 2320-2381.

[27] Citron, D. K. (2014). Hate Crimes in Cyberspace. Harvard University Press.

[28] Parekh, B. (2006). Hate Speech: Is There a Case for Banning?. Public Policy Research, 12(4), 213-223.

[29] Network Enforcement Act (NetzDG), Germany. (2017). Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection. Retrieved from https://www.bmjv.de/EN/Topics/FokusThemen/NetzDG/NetzDG_EN_node.html

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[31] Gillespie, T. (2018). Custodians of the Internet: Platforms, Content Moderation, and the Hidden Decisions That Shape Social Media. Yale University Press.

[32] Klonick, K. (2018). The New Governors: The People, Rules, and Processes Governing Online Speech. Harvard Law Review, 131, 1598-1670.

[33] Dixon, L., & Schell, T. (2004). Community-Based Programs to Address Hate Crimes. RAND Corporation. Retrieved from https://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/TR455.html

[34] Crown Prosecution Service. (2018). Hate Crime: Public Statement on Prosecuting Racist and Religious Hate Crime. Retrieved from https://www.cps.gov.uk/publication/hate-crime-prosecution-guidance

A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF NON-FORCIBLE MEASURES WITHIN THE LAW OF SELF-DEFENCE BY- RAJIB CHANDRA DAS

LEGAL EVOLUTION: THE RULE OF LAW IN HISTORICAL CONTEXT AND CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE BY - DEBANJAN CHATTOPADHYAY & PURBALI SENGUPTA

SHOULD GENDER NEUTRAL LAWS BE IMPLEMENTED BY: M. SRISHA & UME AYMAN

THE LEGAL STATUS OF NON- COMPETE AGREEMENTS IN CONTRACT LAW- A COMPARATIVE STUDY BY - ANSHIKA DHINGRA

MARITAL RAPE AND ENTANGLEMENT IN LEGAL FRAMEWORK BY - SNEHA JHA

UNVEILING THE PLIGHT OF MARITAL RAPE BY - SHREERANGAM BARAI

BEHIND THE MASK: ETHICAL DIMENSIONS OF DEEPFAKE TECHNOLOGY IN INDIAS LEGAL SPHERE BY - R. SHARMILA

CYBER SQUATTING: THE PARADIGM AND LEGAL REGIME VIS-A-VIS INDIA AND USA BY - MR. SHUBHAM GOSWAMI

“EXPLORING HIT AND RUN INCIDENTS IN INDIA: LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK AND JUDICIAL RESPONSE

CROSSING THE THIN LINE: LEGAL LIMITS OF FREE SPEECH AND THE REALITY OF HATE SPEECH BY - KHAJA SHEREEN

LAW JOURNAL

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[4] 1952 SCR 284

[5] AIR 2018 SUPREME COURT 4898

[6]AIR 2018 SUPREME COURT 4321

[7] 1996 AIR 922

[8] 2000CRILJ1793

[9] AIR 2018 SC (SUPP) 1841

[10] AIR 1997 SUPREME COURT 3011

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