INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

THE IMPORTANCE OF ARTICLE 21: THE RIGHT TO LIFE AND PERSONAL LIBERTY IN THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION BY - TWINKLE LINGA

Authors : TWINKLE LINGA

Registration ID : 108241 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8241

Year : Aug-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : twinklelinga221@gmail.com

Page No : 09 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2024-62553626/THE IMPORTANCE OF ARTICLE 21: THE RIGHT TO LIFE AN

THE REGULATION OF CRYPTOCURRENCY IN CORPORATE TRANSACTIONS: AN OVERVIEW BY - GONU SHANTHI SHREYA

Authors : GONU SHANTHI SHREYA

Registration ID : 108240 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8240

Year : Aug-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : shreya2021@nalsar.ac.in

Page No : 16 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2024-38271619/THE REGULATION OF CRYPTOCURRENCY IN CORPORATE TRAN

PRESERVING FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES: ANALYSING CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS AND BASIC STRUCTURE DOCTRINE BY - TRIVENI HAZRA

Authors : TRIVENI HAZRA

Registration ID : 108239 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8239

Year : Aug-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : trivenihazra2001@gmail.com

Page No : 16 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2024-75357219/PRESERVING FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES: ANALYSING CONST

FROM DISPARITIES TO OPPORTUNITIES: ANALYSING GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMENS EMPOWERMENT IN INDIAN SPORTS AND LEGAL SYSTEMS BY- BARSHA RANI DAS

Authors : BARSHA RANI DAS

Registration ID : 1082386 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8238

Year : Aug-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : sunubarsha@gmail.com

Page No : 18 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2024-11562839/FROM DISPARITIES TO OPPORTUNITIES: ANALYSING GENDE

PUBLIC OPINION SHIFTS: EVOLUTION OF ATTITUDES TOWARDS SAME SEX MARRIAGE IN INDIA BY: KUSURU. ARCHANA

Authors : KUSURU. ARCHANA

Registration ID : 108237 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8237

Year : Aug-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : archanakusuru@gmail.com

Page No : 19 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2024-36139696/PUBLIC OPINION SHIFTS: EVOLUTION OF ATTITUDES TOWA

ARE INDIAN MEN PROTECTED? ANALYZING INDIA’S NEW CRIMINAL LAWS BY - YAJAT DHAVLE

Authors : YAJAT DHAVLE

Registration ID : 108236 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8236

Year : Aug-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : ydee2004@gmail.com

Page No : 11 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2024-48147416/ARE INDIAN MEN PROTECTED? ANALYZING INDIA’S NEW

IMPACT OF ESG (ENVIRONMENT, SOCIAL AND GOVERNANCE) FACTORS ON CORPORATE EVALUTION BY: DHOBALE SANKET NARAYAN

Authors : DHOBALE SANKET NARAYAN

Registration ID : 108235 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8235

Year : Aug-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : sanket.dhobale123@gmail.com

Page No : 18 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2024-23645712/IMPACT OF ESG (ENVIRONMENT, SOCIAL AND GOVERNANCE)

CASE COMMENTARY ON THE CASE “VELLORE CITIZEN WELFARE FORUM AND CONSUMER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH SOCIETY V. UNION OF INDIA AND OTHERS” BY - P. SAI GANESH & K. SRI HARSHA DEEP

Authors : P. SAI GANESH & K. SRI HARSHA DEEP

Registration ID : 108234 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8233 & IJLRA8234

Year : Aug-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : sperla@gitam.in & skoila@gitam.in

Page No : 16 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2024-62267525/CASE COMMENTARY ON THE CASE “VELLORE CITIZEN WEL

A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF NON-FORCIBLE MEASURES WITHIN THE LAW OF SELF-DEFENCE BY- RAJIB CHANDRA DAS

Authors : RAJIB CHANDRA DAS

Registration ID : 108222 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8232

Year : Aug-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : rajibchandradas@nalsar.ac.in

Page No : 15 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2024-83417764/A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF NON-FORCIBLE MEASURES WITHI

LEGAL EVOLUTION: THE RULE OF LAW IN HISTORICAL CONTEXT AND CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE BY - DEBANJAN CHATTOPADHYAY & PURBALI SENGUPTA

Authors : DEBANJAN CHATTOPADHYAY & PURBALI SENGUPTA

Registration ID : 108230 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8230 & IJLRA8231

Year : Aug-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : chatterjeedebanjan74@gmail.com & purvalisenguptavis@gmail.com

Page No : 24 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2024-29574477/LEGAL EVOLUTION: THE RULE OF LAW IN HISTORICAL CON

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[8] Admeimf. (2020, June 11). The Impact of good Corporate Governance - European Institute of Management and Finance. European Institute of Management and Finance. https://eimf.eu/the-impact-of-good-corporate-governance/

[9] Gnandiger, J. H., Ludwig, S., Purkott, T., & Herold, T. (2021, May 25). Corporate Governance & Compliance.

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[10] Friedman, N., & Ormiston, J. (2022). Blockchain as a sustainability-oriented innovation?: Opportunities for and resistance to Blockchain technology as a driver of sustainability in global food supply chains. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 175, 121403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121403

[11] Friedman, N., & Ormiston, J. (2022). Blockchain as a sustainability-oriented innovation?: Opportunities for and resistance to Blockchain technology as a driver of sustainability in global food supply chains.

Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 175, 121403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121403

[2] Kesavananda Bharati Sripadagalvaru ... vs State Of Kerala And Anr, (1973) 4 SCC 225.

[3] The Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951, s. 3.

[4] The Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951, s. 5.

[5] The Constitution (Fourth Amendment) Act, 1955, s. 3.

[6] The Constitution (Twenty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1951, s. 2.

[7] The Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1951, s. 55.

[8] Shankari Prasad v. Union of India, AIR 1951 SC 458.

[9] Sajjan Singh v. State of Rajasthan, AIR 1965 SC 845.

[10] Golak Nath v. State of Punjab, AIR 1967 SC 1643.

[11] J.N. PANDEY, CONSTITUTIONAL LAW OF INDIA 844 (Central Law Agency 2020)

[12] Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain. AIR 1975 SC 2299.

[13] PRITHIVI RAJ1 AND MURTAZA S. NOORANI- Constitutional Amendment: A Critical Analysis, volume 2| issue 3, 2020, https://www.ijlsi.com/wp-content/uploads/Constitutional-Amendment-A-Critical-Analysis.pdf, (last visited 21^st July. 2024, 23:41).

[14] Minerva Milk v. Union of India, (1980) 2 SCC 591.

[16] S.P. Sampath Kumar Etc vs Union of India & Ors, 1987 SCC SUPL. 734.

[17] L. Chandra Kumar vs Union Of India And Others, 1997 (3) SCC 261.

[20] Minerva Mills Ltd. & Ors vs Union Of India & Ors, 1981 SCR (1) 206.

[21] Waman Rao v. Union of India, AIR 1981, 2 SCC 362, 1981 2 SCR 1.

[22] I.R.Coelho (Dead) By Lrs vs State Of Tamil Nadu & Ors, AIR 2007 SC 861.

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[13] “All that glitters is gold: Athletics biggest gainer in govt funding for Paris Olympics preparations” The Economic Times (Economic Times, 2024) available at: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/all-that-glitters-is-gold-athletics-biggest-gainer-in-govt-funding-for-paris-olympics-preparations/articleshow/111753310.cms?from=mdr (last visited August 9, 2024).

[14] Akshay Sawai, “Sexual Harassment: The Chronic Illness Of Indian Sport” Outlook India (Outlook India, 2023) available at: https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/sexual-harassment-the-chronic-illness-of-indian-sport-news-281578 (last visited August 9, 2024).

[16] Tiffanie Turnbull, “Bob Ballard: Olympics commentator axed over sexist remark” Bbc.com (BBC News, 2024) available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cprq880yz0xo (last visited August 1, 2024).

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[18] Mendra Dorjey Sahni, “For How Long Will India Refuse to Provide Maternity Benefits to Its Sportswomen?” TheQuint (The Quint, 2023) available at: https://www.thequint.com/sports/why-doesnt-indian-sports-have-maternity-benefits-for-female-athletes-sportswomen#read-more (last visited August 10, 2024).

[19] Shivani Naik, “Manipur is sporting powerhouse, but 48 % female athletes travel over 10km to reach practice facility: Pilot survey” The Indian Express (The Indian Express, 2023) available at: https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/manipur-is-sporting-powerhouse-but-48-female-athletes-travel-over-10km-to-reach-practice-facility-pilot-survey-8374019/ (last visited August 10, 2024).

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[1] Human Rights Campaign, "Marriage Equality Around the World," Human Rights Campaign, 2021

[3] S. Chatterjee, "The Struggle for LGBTQ+ Rights in India," Journal of Human Rights, vol. 12, no. 3, 2019, pp. 45-67.

[4] Kama Sutra, ancient Indian text discussing various aspects of sexuality.

[5] Hindu mythology and spiritual practices recognizing diverse sexualities.

[6] Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, criminalizing homosexual acts.

[7] Supreme Court of India ruling on the decriminalization of homosexuality in 2018.

[8] Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, introduced in 1860.

[9] Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018) 10 SCC 1, decriminalizing homosexuality.

[10] Nalsa v. Union of India (2014) 5 SCC 438, recognizing transgender rights.

[11] Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017) 10 SCC 1, affirming the right to privacy.

[12] Ongoing Supreme Court petitions on same-sex marriage rights.

[13] Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018) 10 SCC 1.

[14] Surveys and studies on societal attitudes in India.

[15] Same-sex marriage legalized in Canada in 2005.

[16] Same-sex marriage legalized in the Netherlands in 2001.

[17] Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), U.S. Supreme Court decision on marriage equality.

[18] Hindu texts and traditions emphasizing heterosexual marriage for lineage.

[19] Cultural importance of family honor and societal approval in India.

[20] Conservative religious views on same-sex relationships in Hinduism, Islam, and Christianity.

[21] Challenges in shifting public opinion amidst traditional norms and religious beliefs.

[22] Manusmriti's emphasis on heterosexual marriage and lineage in Hinduism.

[23] Qur'anic and Hadith references to same-sex relationships in Islam.

[24] Biblical interpretations regarding homosexuality in Christianity.

[25] Impact of religious beliefs on societal attitudes towards same-sex marriage in India.

[26] Aligarh (2015) and its impact on public discourse.

[27] Representation of LGBTQ+ characters in The Family Man.

[28] Media coverage of the Section 377 decriminalization.

[29] Influence of social media on LGBTQ+ rights and same-sex marriage discussions.

[30] Pew Research Center. (2014). The Global Divide on Homosexuality.

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[48] International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA). (2024). Global Overview on Same-Sex Marriage.

[1] Third year student of B.B.A LLB (H) At Sister Nivedita University, Kolkata

[2] Ijsr. Available at: https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v12i4/SR23421231503.pdf (Accessed: 12 August 2024).

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[5] 2016 (5) Recent Apex Judgments (R.A.J.) 664: 2016 (4) R.C.R. (Civil) 706 (9) JT 564: 2016 (3) DMC 429: 2016 (9) Scale 681

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[2] Suki Roy, Lubbnaz Nagarchi, Ishita Das, Jayasri Mangalam Achuthananthan, Suthindhiran Krishnamurthy, "Cytotoxicity, Genotoxicity, and Phytotoxicity of Tannery Effluent Discharged into Palar River Basin, Tamil Nadu, India", Journal of Toxicology, vol. 2015, Article ID 504360, 9 pages, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/504360

[3] Ageyo, J., Ageyo, J., & Muchunku, I. (2020). Beyond the Right of Access: A Critique of the Legalist Approach to Dissemination of Climate Change Information in Kenya. Sustainability, 12(6), 2530.

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[5] vellore Citizens' Welfare Forum v. Union of India, AIR 1996 SCC 647

[6] Suki Roy, Lubbnaz Nagarchi, Ishita Das, Jayasri Mangalam Achuthananthan, Suthindhiran Krishnamurthy, "Cytotoxicity, Genotoxicity, and Phytotoxicity of Tannery Effluent Discharged into Palar River Basin, Tamil Nadu, India", Journal of Toxicology, vol. 2015, Article ID 504360, 9 pages, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/504360

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[1] Corn, Geoffrey S. “The Essential Link between Proportionality and Necessity in the Exercise of Self-Defense.” Necessity and Proportionality in International Peace and Security Law, by Geoffrey S. Corn, Oxford University Press, 2020, pp. 79–112. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197537374.003.0004.

[2] ICJ/Israel, Separation Wall/Security Fence in the Occupied Palestinian Territory | How Does Law Protect in War? - Online Casebook. https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/icjisrael-separation-wallsecurity-fence-occupied- palestinian-territory.

[3] Falk, Richard A. “Toward Authoritativeness: The ICJ Ruling on Israel’s Security Wall.” The American Journal of International Law, vol. 99, no. 1, 2005, pp. 42–52. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3246088.

[4] Franck, Thomas M. “On Proportionality of Countermeasures in International Law.” The American Journal of International Law, vol. 102, no. 4, 2008, pp. 715–67. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/20456680.

[5] International Law Commission. https://legal.un.org/ilc/guide/annex3.shtml.

[6] Editor_4. “The Use of Force Vis-à-Vis Self-Defence in the United Nations Charter.” SCC Times, 10 June 2023, https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2023/06/10/the-use-of-force-vis-vis-self-defence-in-the-united-nations- charter/.

[7] “A Short History of the Falklands Conflict.” Imperial War Museums, https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/a-short- history-of-the-falklands-conflict.

[8] O’Connell, Mary Ellen. “Unilateral Countermeasures.” The Power and Purpose of International Law, by Mary Ellen O’Connell, 1st ed., Oxford University PressNew York, 2008, pp. 229–64. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195368949.003.0007.

[1] Aristotle, Politics, trans. Benjamin Jowett (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1885), Book III, Part 16

[2] Hansen, M H, 'The Rule of Law in Ancient Greek Thought' (2004) 99 Classical Philology 94

[3] Ober, J, 'Law and Political Theory in Classical Athens' in Michael Gagarin and David Cohen (eds), The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005) 394

[4] Lane, M S, 'Mixed Government, the Rule of Law, and the Idea of Balance' in Marguerite Deslauriers and Pierre Destrée (eds), The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle's Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013) 228

[6] Simpson, P L P, A Philosophical Commentary on the Politics of Aristotle (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998) 78

[7] Nussbaum, M C, The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986) 357

[8] Finley, M I, Democracy Ancient and Modern (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1973) 23

[9] Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws (Cambridge University Press, 1989) 10 (Book I, Chapter 3)

[10] M.J.C. Vile, Constitutionalism and the Separation of Powers (Liberty Fund, 1998) 67

[11] H.L.A. Hart, The Concept of Law (Clarendon Press, 1994) 88

[12] Tom R. Tyler, Why People Obey the Law (Princeton University Press, 2006) 112

[13] Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws (Cambridge University Press, 1989) 212 (Book XVIII, Chapter 11)

[14] Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (W.W. Norton & Company, 1997) 135

[15] Thomas L. Pangle, Montesquieu’s Philosophy of Liberalism: A Commentary on The Spirit of the Laws (University of Chicago Press, 1973) 78

[16] Jon Elster, Ulysses Unbound: Studies in Rationality, Precommitment, and Constraints (Cambridge University Press, 2000) 93

[17] A.V. Dicey, Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (Liberty Fund, 1982) 202

[18] Dicey, Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (Liberty Fund, 1982) 137

[19] M. Elliott, Public Law (Oxford University Press, 2018) 98

[20] T.R.S. Allan, Law, Liberty, and Justice: The Legal Foundations of British Constitutionalism (Oxford University Press, 1993) 83

[21] Dicey, Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (Liberty Fund, 1982) 176

[22] S. Unger, The Critical Legal Studies Movement (Harvard University Press, 1986) 60

[23] Commission on Global Governance, Our Global Neighbourhood, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995, p.303.

[24] See: Dicey, A.V., An Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution, 10th edition,

London: MacMillan,1959, chapter4; Raz, J. ‘The Rule of Law and its Virtue’, p.195; Summers, R. ‘A Formal Theory of the Rule of Law’, Ratio Juris, vol. 6, no. 2, July 1993, p. 127

[25] Tom Bingham “The Rule of Law” 2011, p. 47

[27] Fuller, Lon, Morality of Law, rev. ed. (New Haven: Yale University Press.1969), p. 39

[28] Joseph Raz “The authority of law: Essays on law and morality” 1979

[29] Colleen Murphy “Law and Philosophy” 2005, p.241

[30] Joseph Raz “The Authority of Law Essays on Law and morality” oxford university press 1979

[32] Bingham centre for the rule of law: Annual Bingham Lecture 2017

[33] Andre Beteille, “Experience of governance: A sociological View.” In R.K Darr (ed.) Governance and the IAS (New Delhi Tata McGraw Hill 1999, p.200

[37] Upendra Baxi, “Kar seva of Indian Constitution? Reflections on proposals for review of the Indian Constitution.” Economic and political weekly March 11, 2000, p.892

[39] . Maitra, S. (2005). "The Impact of British Rule on Indian Legal System." Economic and Political Weekly, 40(1), 1-10.

[44] Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973) 4 SCC 225.

[45] Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978) 1 SCC 248.

[46] Rajagopal, S. (2017). "The Role of the Legislature and Executive in Upholding the Rule of Law in India." Journal of Indian Law and Society, 8(1), 45-67.

[47] Ghosh, R. (2020). "Challenges and Reforms in the Indian Legal System." International Journal of Law, 15(2), 85-101.

[48] Law Commission of India Reports on judicial reforms.

[49] Central Vigilance Commission Reports on anti-corruption.

[50] National Legal Services Authority Reports on legal aid.

[51] Supreme Court of India Reports on police reforms.

IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
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