PUBLIC OPINION SHIFTS: EVOLUTION OF ATTITUDES TOWARDS SAME SEX MARRIAGE IN INDIA BY: KUSURU. ARCHANA
PUBLIC OPINION SHIFTS: EVOLUTION OF
ATTITUDES TOWARDS SAME SEX
MARRIAGE IN INDIA
AUTHORED
BY: KUSURU. ARCHANA
Designation:
Student (5th year BBA LLB)
University:
KLEF College of Law, Koneru Lakshmaiah University, Guntur
Address: Kanchanaganga
Girls Hostel, KL University, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh,
522302.
ABSTRACT
Marriage is
a social and cultural institution that formalizes a committed partnership
between individuals, establishing legal and often religious rights and
obligations. The concept of marriage has evolved over time, reflecting diverse
meanings across cultures, religions, and legal systems. Contemporary
discussions include issues like gender equality, societal norms, and the debate
on same-sex marriage, which involves the recognition and legalization of unions
between individuals of the same gender.
This paper
explores the historical, legal, and cultural contexts of same-sex marriage,
focusing on its impact on individuals, families, and communities. In India,
where cultural, religious, and legal traditions play a significant role,
same-sex marriage remains unrecognized despite the decriminalization of
homosexuality in 2018. Traditional customs in India do not currently
accommodate same-gender unions, but ongoing efforts to promote LGBTQ+ rights
could lead to future changes in societal perceptions.
The
research critically examines the challenges and opportunities related to the
non-recognition of same-sex marriage in India, analyzing the legal landscape
and cultural perspectives. By situating this issue within a broader discourse
on marriage equality, the paper highlights the complex interplay between legal
frameworks, cultural norms, and societal change in India.
KEYWORDS:
Marriage, Same-sex marriage, LGBTQ+, Customs, Family.
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
of Same-Sex Marriage
Same-sex
marriage, the union between two individuals of the same gender, has become a
significant human rights issue worldwide. Its recognition reflects broader
societal shifts towards equality and acceptance of LGBTQ+ individuals.
Globally, many countries have legalized same-sex marriage, viewing it as a
fundamental right. These nations, primarily in the West, have witnessed
substantial changes in public opinion, driven by increased awareness, advocacy,
and legal reforms[1].
The legalization of same-sex marriage is often seen as a milestone in the fight
against discrimination, promoting inclusivity and equal rights under the law.
In India,
the concept of same-sex marriage is complex and deeply intertwined with cultural,
religious, and legal norms. Although homosexuality was decriminalized in 2018,
same-sex marriage remains unrecognized, reflecting the traditional views
prevalent in society[2].
The absence of legal recognition denies LGBTQ+ individuals the rights and
benefits afforded to heterosexual couples, reinforcing social stigmas. However,
there is a growing movement advocating for marriage equality, as India’s
society gradually becomes more accepting of diverse sexual orientations[3].
The ongoing debate around same-sex marriage in India highlights the tension
between tradition and modernity, as the nation grapples with evolving
definitions of family and love.
1.2 Significance
of the Study
The
significance of studying the evolution of public opinion towards same-sex
marriage in India lies in its profound implications for social justice, legal
reform, and cultural transformation. As India navigates complex cultural,
religious, and legal landscapes, understanding shifts in public attitudes
provides insight into the broader societal changes regarding LGBTQ+ rights.
This research highlights the impact of historical, cultural, and legal factors
on public opinion, offering a comprehensive view of the challenges and progress
in the recognition of same-sex marriage.
By examining
these shifts, the study contributes to the discourse on human rights and
equality, helping policymakers, activists, and scholars identify areas where
further advocacy and legal reforms are needed. Additionally, it sheds light on
the role of media and pop culture in shaping perceptions, revealing how
societal attitudes are influenced by broader cultural narratives.
Overall,
this research aids in understanding the dynamic interplay between societal
values and legal frameworks, supporting efforts to foster inclusivity and
equality. It provides a foundation for future discussions on marriage equality,
offering valuable insights into the potential trajectory of same-sex marriage
recognition in India.
1.3 Research
Questions & Objectives
Research
Questions:
- What historical factors have
influenced public attitudes towards same-sex marriage in India?
- How have legal developments,
particularly the decriminalization of homosexuality, impacted public
opinion on same-sex marriage?
- What roles do cultural and
religious beliefs play in shaping attitudes towards same-sex marriage in
India?
- How has public opinion shifted
over time regarding same-sex marriage, and what factors have contributed
to these changes?
- What are the potential future
trajectories for same-sex marriage recognition in India based on current
trends and public opinion?
Objectives:
- To analyze the historical and
legal context of same-sex marriage in India, including key milestones and
their impact on public opinion.
- To investigate the influence
of cultural and religious norms on societal attitudes towards same-sex
marriage.
- To examine shifts in public
opinion through data analysis and identify key factors contributing to
these changes.
- To evaluate the impact of
media and pop culture on public perceptions of same-sex marriage in India.
- To explore potential future
developments in the recognition of same-sex marriage in India, considering
current trends and societal changes.
LEGAL
FRAMEWORK
2.1 Historical
Attitudes Towards Homosexuality in India
In
pre-colonial India, homosexuality was often acknowledged and accepted within
various cultural contexts. Ancient texts such as the Kama Sutra and several
Hindu mythological stories feature same-sex relationships, indicating a more
nuanced and less stigmatized view of sexuality[4].
Hinduism recognized diverse forms of sexuality and gender expressions, often
integrating them into its spiritual and social practices[5].
The
colonial era marked a significant shift, with British colonial laws imposing
Western moral standards on Indian society. The introduction of Section 377 of
the Indian Penal Code in 1860 criminalized homosexual acts, reflecting
Victorian-era prejudices and reinforcing social stigma against same-sex
relationships[6].
This legal framework marginalized LGBTQ+ individuals and suppressed their
visibility and acceptance.
In the
post-colonial period, Indian attitudes towards homosexuality began to evolve.
The decriminalization of homosexuality in 2018 by the Supreme Court of India
marked a pivotal moment, acknowledging the rights of LGBTQ+ individuals and
challenging long-standing prejudices[7].
Despite this progress, societal attitudes continue to reflect a complex
interplay of traditional values and emerging progressive views.
2.2 Legal
Milestones
The legal
landscape for LGBTQ+ rights in India has undergone transformative changes,
primarily driven by landmark judgments and ongoing debates. The most
significant development was the decriminalization of homosexuality.
Historically, Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, introduced in 1860 during
British colonial rule, criminalized "carnal intercourse against the order
of nature," which was interpreted to include homosexual acts[8].
This law marginalized LGBTQ+ individuals, contributing to widespread social
stigma and legal penalties.
The turning
point came in 2018 with the Supreme Court's landmark decision in Navtej
Singh Johar v. Union of India[9].
In this case, the Court struck down Section 377 as unconstitutional, ruling
that it violated fundamental rights to privacy, equality, and dignity. The
judgment emphasized that sexual orientation is intrinsic to a person's identity
and that criminalizing it was an infringement on individual freedoms.
Despite
this significant progress, same-sex marriage remains unrecognized under Indian
law. Legal debates on this issue were prominently featured in the case of Nalsa
v. Union of India (2014)[10],
where the Supreme Court recognized transgender persons' rights but did not
address same-sex marriage explicitly. The debate continued with the Puttaswamy
v. Union of India (2017) case, which reaffirmed the right to privacy but
did not extend it to marriage equality[11].
More
recently, petitions seeking the legalization of same-sex marriage are being
considered by the Supreme Court. These cases argue that the denial of marriage
rights to same-sex couples infringes on their fundamental rights, including
equality and non-discrimination[12].
The outcome of these ongoing debates will significantly impact the legal
recognition of same-sex relationships in India.
2.3 Comparison
with Global Trends
India's
legal and societal stance on same-sex marriage contrasts sharply with that of
several other countries. In India, while homosexuality was decriminalized in
2018 through the Navtej Singh Johar case, same-sex marriage remains
unrecognized under Indian law[13].
Societal acceptance is evolving but remains mixed, influenced by traditional
values and conservative attitudes[14].
In
contrast, many countries have progressed significantly in recognizing same-sex
marriage. For instance, countries like Canada and the Netherlands have long
legalized same-sex marriage, with Canada achieving this in 2005[15]
and the Netherlands in 2001[16].
These nations have comprehensive legal frameworks supporting marriage equality,
reflecting broad societal acceptance and integration of LGBTQ+ rights into
civil law.
Similarly,
the United States, following the Obergefell v. Hodges decision in 2015,
legalized same-sex marriage nationwide, highlighting a significant shift in
both legal and social attitudes[17].
This decision was a result of growing acceptance and extensive legal battles,
marking a shift towards more inclusive practices.
In
contrast, India's ongoing debates and legal challenges on same-sex marriage
highlight a more cautious and gradual approach. While there has been progress
in LGBTQ+ rights, achieving marriage equality remains a complex issue
influenced by societal, legal, and cultural factors.
CULTURAL
AND RELIGIOUS INFLUENCES
3.1 Cultural
Attitudes
Traditional
Indian cultural norms have profoundly influenced public opinion towards
same-sex marriage, often creating resistance to its acceptance. Indian culture,
deeply rooted in Hinduism, has historically emphasized heteronormative family
structures, with marriage seen primarily as a means of procreation and
maintaining lineage[18].
This traditional view underscores the importance of heterosexual unions, which
has contributed to the resistance against recognizing same-sex marriages.
Cultural
practices and societal norms have further entrenched these views. The role of
family honor and societal approval in Indian culture often dictates conformity
to traditional values, including views on marriage[19].
As a result, non-heteronormative relationships are frequently marginalized or
viewed with suspicion.
Religious doctrines
also play a significant role. Major religions in India, including Hinduism,
Islam, and Christianity, traditionally hold conservative views on sexuality,
with many interpreting religious texts as opposing same-sex relationships[20].
These religious perspectives reinforce societal resistance to same-sex
marriage, aligning public opinion with established cultural norms.
Efforts to
advocate for LGBTQ+ rights, including same-sex marriage, face challenges due to
these entrenched cultural and religious beliefs. Despite legal progress,
changing public opinion requires addressing and transforming these deep-rooted
cultural attitudes[21].
3.2 Religious
Perspectives
In India,
major religious groups have traditionally held conservative views on same-sex
marriage, significantly influencing societal attitudes. Hinduism, with its
diverse interpretations, generally upholds traditional heterosexual marriage as
central to its social and spiritual framework. Many Hindu texts, such as the
Manusmriti, emphasize procreation and lineage, implicitly reinforcing the
traditional view that marriage should be heterosexual[22].
This perspective contributes to societal resistance to same-sex marriage within
Hindu communities.
Islamic
teachings in India also reflect conservative stances on same-sex relationships.
The Qur'an and Hadiths generally disapprove of homosexual acts, which has led
to widespread opposition within the Muslim community to same-sex marriage[23].
This religious opposition reinforces societal norms that view same-sex relationships
as contrary to traditional values.
Christianity
in India presents a similar conservative perspective, with many denominations
interpreting the Bible as condemning homosexual acts. Churches and religious
leaders often advocate for traditional heterosexual marriage, thereby
influencing public opinion to favor conventional marital norms[24].
These
religious viewpoints shape public attitudes by reinforcing traditional values
and stigmatizing same-sex relationships. Religious teachings contribute to a
broader societal resistance to same-sex marriage, creating a complex interplay
between faith-based doctrines and cultural norms. Efforts to advance LGBTQ+
rights face significant challenges due to these entrenched religious beliefs,
which continue to impact public discourse and acceptance[25].
3.3 Impact
of Media and Pop Culture
Indian
media and pop culture play a crucial role in shaping and reflecting public
opinion on same-sex marriage. Historically, mainstream media largely avoided
LGBTQ+ issues, reinforcing traditional norms and contributing to the
marginalization of same-sex relationships. However, recent years have seen a
shift towards more progressive representations.
Television
shows and films have increasingly portrayed LGBTQ+ characters and themes. For
instance, the film Aligarh (2015) brought attention to the struggles of
a gay professor in India, sparking conversations about LGBTQ+ rights and
same-sex marriage[26].
Similarly, television series like The Family Man have included LGBTQ+
characters, contributing to a more nuanced public discourse[27].
Media
coverage of legal battles, such as the decriminalization of Section 377, has
also played a significant role. Positive portrayals and supportive news
coverage have helped normalize same-sex relationships and advocate for marriage
equality[28].
Social media platforms have further amplified these discussions, allowing
LGBTQ+ voices and allies to challenge traditional views and mobilize support[29].
Overall,
Indian media and pop culture are increasingly reflecting and shaping evolving
attitudes towards same-sex marriage, contributing to a gradual shift in public
opinion.
SHIFTS IN
PUBLIC OPINION
4.1 Public
Opinion Data Analysis
Public
opinion on same-sex marriage in India has undergone significant changes over
time, reflecting broader societal shifts. Historically, same-sex relationships
were stigmatized and criminalized under Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code,
which criminalized "carnal intercourse against the order of nature"
until it was partially struck down in 2018. Surveys and polls conducted before
this landmark decision often reflected conservative attitudes towards same-sex
marriage.
A notable
survey by the Pew Research Center in 2014 found that only 15% of Indians supported
same-sex marriage, while a staggering 83% opposed it[30].
This was indicative of the traditional values prevalent in Indian society at
the time. However, attitudes began to shift following increased visibility and
advocacy for LGBTQ+ rights.
Post-2018,
surveys indicate a gradual increase in support for same-sex marriage. A 2019
Ipsos poll showed that 44% of Indians supported legalizing same-sex marriage,
while 51% opposed it[31].
This marked a significant increase in support, suggesting that the decriminalization
of homosexuality had a profound impact on public opinion.
Furthermore,
a 2021 YouGov-Mint-CPR Millennial Survey revealed that younger generations are
more accepting, with 56% of millennials supporting same-sex marriage[32].
This generational shift highlights a trend towards greater acceptance among
younger Indians, who are more likely to challenge traditional norms and embrace
progressive values.
In
conclusion, while opposition to same-sex marriage still exists, the data from
various surveys and polls suggest a notable shift towards acceptance and
support, particularly among the younger population. The decriminalization of
homosexuality and increased advocacy have played crucial roles in changing
public perception.
4.2 Factors
Influencing Shifts
The shifts
in public opinion on same-sex marriage in India can be attributed to several
key factors, including legal changes, activism, media representation, and
generational differences.
Legal
Changes: The decriminalization of homosexuality in 2018, when the Supreme Court
of India struck down Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, was a pivotal
moment. This legal victory not only removed the criminal stigma but also
sparked national and international conversations about LGBTQ+ rights,
contributing to increased acceptance and support for same-sex marriage[33].
Activism:
LGBTQ+ activism has played a crucial role in changing public opinion. Activists
and organizations have worked tirelessly to raise awareness, educate the
public, and advocate for equal rights. High-profile campaigns and public
demonstrations have brought visibility to the struggles and aspirations of the
LGBTQ+ community, fostering empathy and understanding among the broader
population[34].
Media
Representation: The representation of LGBTQ+ individuals in Indian media has
also been influential. Positive portrayals in films, television shows, and
digital platforms have helped normalize same-sex relationships and challenge
stereotypes. Stories that depict the real lives and struggles of LGBTQ+ people
contribute to a more inclusive narrative, making the idea of same-sex marriage
more relatable and acceptable[35].
Generational
Differences: Younger generations in India are more open to progressive ideas
and less bound by traditional norms. Surveys indicate that millennials and Gen
Z are significantly more supportive of same-sex marriage compared to older
generations. This shift can be attributed to greater exposure to diverse
perspectives through the internet and social media, as well as global cultural
influences[36].
In
conclusion, the evolving public opinion on same-sex marriage in India is a
result of legal advancements, persistent activism, positive media
representation, and a progressive outlook among younger generations.
4.3 Case
Studies
Significant
changes in public attitudes toward same-sex marriage in India can be
illustrated through several case studies and examples that highlight the
evolving landscape of social acceptance.
Navtej
Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018): The decriminalization of homosexuality in
the landmark Navtej Singh Johar case had a profound impact on public attitudes.
Before the ruling, same-sex relationships were largely viewed through a lens of
illegality and stigma. The Supreme Court's decision not only overturned Section
377 but also recognized the dignity and rights of LGBTQ+ individuals, leading
to increased societal acceptance and opening up conversations about same-sex
marriage[37].
Kerala's
First Transgender Marriage (2018): In a historic moment, a transgender couple
in Kerala, Ishan K. and Surya, legally married in 2018 after the Supreme
Court's ruling. This event garnered widespread media attention and was
celebrated as a victory for LGBTQ+ rights in India. It challenged traditional
notions of marriage and showcased the growing acceptance of diverse gender
identities within Indian society[38].
Delhi Queer
Pride Parade (2019): The Delhi Queer Pride Parade, held annually, has grown in
size and visibility over the years. The 2019 parade, held a year after the
decriminalization of homosexuality, saw record participation and widespread
public support. The event not only celebrated LGBTQ+ identities but also
demanded legal recognition of same-sex marriages. The increased participation
and positive public response reflected a significant shift in attitudes towards
LGBTQ+ rights and same-sex marriage[39].
Bollywood’s
Representation (2019–2021): Films like Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan
(2020), which depicts a same-sex couple fighting for their right to marry, have
played a critical role in shaping public perceptions. The film’s success and
the conversations it spurred indicate a growing acceptance of same-sex
relationships in mainstream Indian culture[40].
These
examples illustrate how legal, cultural, and social developments have
contributed to a more inclusive and accepting attitude toward same-sex marriage
in India.
PROSPECTS
AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Current
State of Public Opinion
The current
public opinion landscape regarding same-sex marriage in India is marked by a
mix of evolving acceptance and persistent conservatism. Following the 2018
Supreme Court ruling in Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India, which
decriminalized consensual same-sex relations, public discourse around LGBTQ+
rights, including same-sex marriage, has gained prominence[41].
Surveys
indicate a gradual shift toward greater acceptance, particularly among younger
generations. For instance, the 2021 YouGov-Mint-CPR Millennial Survey found
that 56% of Indian millennials support same-sex marriage, highlighting a
generational divide where younger Indians are more open to progressive social
changes compared to older generations[42].
This shift is largely influenced by increased exposure to global perspectives,
digital activism, and media representations that normalize LGBTQ+ identities[43].
However,
despite this growing acceptance, significant resistance remains. A 2019 Ipsos
poll revealed that while 44% of Indians supported the legalization of same-sex
marriage, a majority (51%) still opposed it[44].
The opposition is often rooted in traditional beliefs and societal norms, with
many viewing marriage as a union strictly between a man and a woman. Religious
and cultural factors also play a critical role in shaping these attitudes, with
conservative sections of society advocating for the preservation of traditional
marriage.
In summary,
while public opinion on same-sex marriage in India is gradually becoming more
accepting, particularly among the youth, it remains a contentious issue with
deep-seated resistance, reflecting the ongoing cultural and generational
debates over LGBTQ+ rights in the country.
5.2 Potential
Legal and Social Changes
The future
of same-sex marriage in India appears to be influenced by ongoing legal
battles, shifting societal norms, and evolving advocacy efforts. While
significant progress has been made, particularly with the decriminalization of
homosexuality in 2018, several factors will shape the trajectory of same-sex
marriage in India.
Legal
Battles: The legal landscape for same-sex marriage remains uncertain. In recent
years, petitions for the recognition of same-sex marriages have been filed in
various courts, including the Supreme Court. However, the Indian judiciary's
stance on legalizing same-sex marriage remains cautious. The outcome of these
cases will be critical in determining whether same-sex marriage will gain
formal legal recognition in India[45].
Societal
Shifts: Societal norms are gradually evolving, with increasing acceptance among
younger generations and progressive urban populations. As demonstrated by the
growing support in surveys and public events like pride parades, societal
attitudes are becoming more inclusive[46].
This shift is likely to continue as awareness and education around LGBTQ+
issues increase.
Advocacy
and Activism: Continued activism by LGBTQ+ organizations and allies will play a
crucial role in pushing for legislative changes. Advocacy efforts, public
awareness campaigns, and legal challenges are essential in maintaining momentum
and advocating for equal rights[47].
International
Influences: Global trends and pressures may also influence India's approach to
same-sex marriage. As more countries around the world legalize same-sex
marriage, India may face increased pressure to align with international human
rights standards[48].
In
conclusion, while the path to legalizing same-sex marriage in India faces
challenges, the combination of evolving societal norms, ongoing legal efforts,
and active advocacy suggests a positive trajectory towards greater acceptance
and legal recognition.
5.3 Conclusion
In
conclusion, the evolution of attitudes towards same-sex marriage in India
reflects a complex interplay of cultural, legal, and social factors.
Legal Changes:
The landmark judgment in the Navtej Singh Johar case (2018) was a pivotal
moment in this transformation. By decriminalizing consensual same-sex
relationships, the Supreme Court's decision not only removed legal barriers but
also catalyzed broader discussions about LGBTQ+ rights and same-sex marriage.
This legal shift significantly impacted public perceptions, paving the way for
increased acceptance and normalization of same-sex relationships¹.
Cultural
Representation: Media and cultural representation have played a crucial role in
shaping attitudes. Films and media portrayals that depict LGBTQ+ individuals
and their experiences contribute to a more inclusive narrative. For instance,
the success of movies like Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan (2020) underscores
how positive media representation can influence public opinion and challenge
existing stereotypes².
Social
Activism: Persistent activism and advocacy have been instrumental in advancing
public awareness and support. LGBTQ+ activists and organizations have worked
tirelessly to educate the public and fight for equal rights, contributing to a
gradual but noticeable shift in societal attitudes. Public events such as the
Delhi Queer Pride Parade also reflect growing acceptance and support³.
Generational
Shifts: Generational differences further highlight the evolving landscape.
Younger generations, exposed to diverse perspectives through the internet and
global influences, exhibit greater support for same-sex marriage compared to
older cohorts. This generational shift underscores the role of progressive
values in changing public opinion?.
Together,
these factors illustrate the dynamic and multifaceted nature of societal change
regarding same-sex marriage in India, marked by ongoing legal, cultural, and
social developments.
[1] Human Rights Campaign,
"Marriage Equality Around the World," Human Rights Campaign,
2021
[2]
Indian Penal Code, Section 377 (2018).
[3] S. Chatterjee, "The Struggle
for LGBTQ+ Rights in India," Journal of Human Rights, vol. 12, no.
3, 2019, pp. 45-67.
[4] Kama Sutra, ancient Indian text
discussing various aspects of sexuality.
[5] Hindu mythology and spiritual
practices recognizing diverse sexualities.
[6] Section 377 of the Indian Penal
Code, criminalizing homosexual acts.
[7] Supreme Court of India ruling on
the decriminalization of homosexuality in 2018.
[8] Section 377 of the Indian Penal
Code, introduced in 1860.
[9] Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of
India (2018) 10 SCC 1, decriminalizing homosexuality.
[10] Nalsa v. Union of India (2014)
5 SCC 438, recognizing transgender rights.
[11] Puttaswamy v. Union of India
(2017) 10 SCC 1, affirming the right to privacy.
[12] Ongoing Supreme Court petitions on
same-sex marriage rights.
[13] Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of
India (2018) 10 SCC 1.
[14] Surveys and studies on societal
attitudes in India.
[15] Same-sex marriage legalized in
Canada in 2005.
[16] Same-sex marriage legalized in the
Netherlands in 2001.
[17] Obergefell v. Hodges
(2015), U.S. Supreme Court decision on marriage equality.
[18] Hindu texts and traditions
emphasizing heterosexual marriage for lineage.
[19] Cultural importance of family
honor and societal approval in India.
[20] Conservative religious views on
same-sex relationships in Hinduism, Islam, and Christianity.
[21] Challenges in shifting public
opinion amidst traditional norms and religious beliefs.
[22] Manusmriti's emphasis on
heterosexual marriage and lineage in Hinduism.
[23] Qur'anic and Hadith references to
same-sex relationships in Islam.
[24] Biblical interpretations regarding
homosexuality in Christianity.
[25] Impact of religious beliefs on
societal attitudes towards same-sex marriage in India.
[26] Aligarh (2015) and its
impact on public discourse.
[27] Representation of LGBTQ+
characters in The Family Man.
[28] Media coverage of the Section 377
decriminalization.
[29] Influence of social media on
LGBTQ+ rights and same-sex marriage discussions.
[30] Pew Research Center. (2014). The
Global Divide on Homosexuality.
[31] Ipsos. (2019). Global Attitudes
Towards LGBT People.
[32] YouGov-Mint-CPR. (2021).
Millennial Survey.
[33] Supreme Court of India. (2018).
Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India.
[34] BBC News. (2018). India Supreme
Court decriminalizes gay sex.
[35] The Hindu. (2020). Representation
of LGBTQ+ in Indian Cinema.
[36] YouGov-Mint-CPR. (2021).
Millennial Survey.
[37] (2018) 10 SCC 1.
[38] The News Minute. (2018). Kerala’s
First Transgender Couple Tie the Knot.
[39] The Indian Express. (2019). Record
Turnout at Delhi Queer Pride Parade.
[40] The Hindu. (2020). Shubh Mangal
Zyada Saavdhan: Breaking Taboos with a Smile.
[41] Navtej Singh Johar & Ors. v.
Union of India, (2018) 10 SCC 1.
[42] YouGov-Mint-CPR. (2021).
Millennial Survey.
[43] The Hindu. (2020). Representation
of LGBTQ+ in Indian Cinema.
[44] Ipsos. (2019). Global Attitudes
Towards LGBT People.
[45] Supreme Court of India. (2023).
Current Status of Same-Sex Marriage Petitions.
[46] Ibid.
[47] Human Rights Watch. (2024). LGBTQ+
Rights in India: Advocacy and Challenges.
[48] International Lesbian, Gay,
Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA). (2024). Global Overview on
Same-Sex Marriage.