[5] Elizabeth Rocha, "Sophia: Exploring the Ways Al May Change Intellectual Property, Protections", 28 Dr PAUL J. ARt, TECH. & INTELL. PROP. 1. 126 (2018).
[9] Sujith Ravi, "On-Device Machine Intelligence", Google Research Blog (Feb. 9, 2017) Available At Https://Perma.Cc/WQ8L-WS5D (Visited On Feb 13, 2025).
[10] Brendan Mcmahan & Daniel Ramage, "Federated Learning: Collaborative Machine Learning Without Centralized Training Data", Google Research Blog Available At Https://Perma.Cc/XVA2- J96J(Visited On Feb 13, 2025).
[11] Andres Guadamuz, "Artificial Intelligence And Copyright", 23 WIPO MAG (2017) Http:/Www.Wipo.Inti Stpo Magazinerenl20l7/05/Article_0003.Html [Https:/Iperma.Cc/SD4Q-KE9E (Visited On Feb 13, 2025).
[12] R Chesney, DK Citron, "Deep Fakes: A Looming Challenge For Privacy, Democracy, And National Security" 107 California Law Review 17 (2019.)
[13] Ravindra Kumar & Pankaj Kumar, Training AI And Copyright Infringement: Where Does The Law Stand?, 2 INDIAN J. INTEGRATED RSCH. L. 1 (January-February 2022).
[15] Thushar V. Senan, Abey Augustine & Aswathy Krishnan, AI, Creativity, And Copyright Law In India: Navigating The Boundaries Of Originality And Authorship, 6 INT'l J.L. MGMT. & HUMAN. 2941 (2023).
[28] Ravindra Kumar & Pankaj Kumar, Training AI And Copyright Infringement: Where Does The Law Stand?, 2 INDIAN J. INTEGRATED RSCH. L. 1 (January-February 2022).
[29] Section 107 Of US Copyrights Act:-Notwithstanding The Provisions Of Sections 106 And 106A, The Fair Use Of A Copyrighted Work, Including Such Use By Reproduction In Copies Or Phonorecords Or By Any Other Means Specified By That Section, For Purposes Such As Criticism, Comment, News Reporting, Teaching (Including Multiple Copies For Classroom Use), Scholarship, Or Research, Is Not An Infringement Of Copyright. In Determining Whether The Use Made Of A Work In Any Particular Case Is A Fair Use The Factors To Be Considered Shall Include—
(1) The Purpose And Character Of The Use, Including Whether Such Use Is Of A Commercial Nature Or Is For Nonprofit Educational Purposes;
(2) The Nature Of The Copyrighted Work;
(3) The Amount And Substantiality Of The Portion Used In Relation To The Copyrighted Work As A Whole; And
(4) The Effect Of The Use Upon The Potential Market For Or Value Of The Copyrighted Work.
[30] Authors Guild, Inc. V. Hathitrust, 755 F.3d 87, 103 (2d Cir. 2014)
[31] NXIVM Corp. V. Ross Inst., 364 F.3d 471 (2d Cir. 2004)
[32]Oracle America, Inc. V. Google LLC 886 F.3d 1179 (Fed. Cir. 20a18).
[34] Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. V. Sarony, Ill U.S. 53 (1884).
[35] Sega Enterprises Ltd. V. Accolade, Inc., 977 F.2d 1510 (9th Cir. 1992)
[36] Kelly V. Arriba Soft Corp., 336 F.3d 811 (9th Cir. 2003); Perfect 10, Inc. V. Amazon.Com, Inc., 508 F.3d 1146 (9th Cit. 2007).
[37] Authors Guild V. Google Inc., 804 F.3d 202 (2d Cir. 2015).
[38] Harper & Row Publ V. Nation Enters 471 U.S. 539, 560 (1985).
[39] Edward Rex, "Jukedeck: Building A Creative Al Business", Available At Https:// Entrepreneurship.Blog.Jbs.Cam.Ac.Uk/Author/Ed-Newton-Rex/(Visited On Feb. 14, 2025)
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[61] Section 52(1) Of Indiasn Copyrights Act Of 1957 The Following Acts Shall Not Constitute An Infringement Of Copyright, Namely,--
1[(A) A Fair Dealing With Any Work, Not Being A Computer Programme, For The Purpose Of--
(I) Private Or Personal Use, Including Research;
(Ii) Criticism Or Review, Whether Of That Work Or Of Any Other Work;
(Iii) The Reporting Of Current Events And Current Affairs, Including The Reporting Of A Lecture Delivered In Public;
Explanation.-- The Storing Of Any Work In Any Electronic Medium For The Purposes Mentioned In This Clause, Including The Incidental Storage Of Any Computer Programme Which Is Not Itself In Infringing Copy For The Said Purposes, Shall Not Constitute Infringement Of Copyright.]
[62] Section 52(1)(A) A Fair Dealing With A Literary, Dramatic, Musical Or Artistic Work Private Use Including Research
[63]Saregama India Ltd. & Ors. V. Alkesh Gupta & Ors. (2013)
[64] Tips Industries Ltd. V. Wynk Music Ltd AIRONLINE 2019 BOM 1452
[1]Md. Farhan Rashed, Lecturer, Department of Law, Uttara University, Bangladesh & Advocate, District Session Judges Court Dhaka, Bangladesh, LLB & LLM University of Dhaka.
** Dr. Mafruza Sultana Assistant Professor & Chairman, Department of Law, Uttara University, Bangladesh& Advocate Supreme Court of Bangladesh, LLM& PhD South Asian University, New Delhi, India.
[4]Hossain Mahabub, ‘Food Security in Bangladesh Achievement and challenges’ The Daily Star (Dhaka, March 20, 2013). See also, Debashis Roy et al., ‘Food Security in Bangladesh: Insight from Available Literature’, ( 2019) 4 (1) Journal of Nutrition and Food Security 75.
[5] Rafael Pérez-Escamilla, ‘Food Security and the 2015–2030 Sustainable Development Goals: From Human to Planetary Health: Perspectives and Opinions’, (2017) 1 (7) Current Developments in Nutrition.
[6] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, ‘The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2001’, Rome, Italy, 2001. See also, Mark Gibson, ‘Food Security a Commentary: What Is It and Why Is It so Complicated?’ (2012) 1(1) Foods 27; See also, George-André Simon, ‘Food Security’ (University of Roma Tre: Rome, Italy 2012) ; Per Pinstrup-Andersen, ‘Food Security: Definition and Measurement.’ Food Security (2009) 1 (1) 7.
[7] Anderson Sue Ann, ‘Core Indicators of Nutritional State for Difficult-to-Sample Populations’ The Journal of Nutrition (1990) Volume 120, Supplement 11, Pages 1555-1598
[13] Report of the Secretary General for the World Humanitarian Summit, ‘One Humanity: Shared Responsibility’ UN Doc. A/70/709, 2 February 2016, at 25. ?
[14] Security Council Reporter, Monthly Forecast: Conflict and Hunger (28 February 2018) available at ?https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/monthly-forecast/2018-03/conflict_and_hunger.php, accessed on 4th February 2024.
[15] The Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I),1977, Article 54 , Article 48 ; Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II), 1977, Article. 14; The Rome Statute 1998, Article 8(2)(b)(xxv).Read further, Dapo Akande, Emanuela-Chiara Gillard, ‘Conflict-induced Food Insecurity and the War Crime of Starvation of Civilians as a Method of Warfare: The Underlying Rules of International Humanitarian Law’ (2019) 17 (4) Journal of International Criminal Justice 753; George Alfred Mudge, ‘Starvation as a Means of Warfare’, (1970) 4 (2) The International Lawyer 228.
[17] Abdullah Mamun, Josheph Glauber And David Laborde, 'How the war in Ukraine threatens Bangladesh’s food security' (Issue Post, IFPRI, 20 April 2022) Accessed on 6 June 2023
[18] Sha Mohammad Fahim et al, ‘Nutrition and Food Security in Bangladesh: Achievements, Challenges, and Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic’ The Journal of Infectious Diseases S901 (2021), at 224
[19] In many situations parties to conflicts engage in deliberate practices that cause civilians to starve. The UN Commission of Inquiry on Syria, for example, has concluded that civilians are routinely denied medical evacuations, the delivery of vital foodstuffs, health items, and other essential supplies, all in an effort to compel their surrender, and has documented this conduct as being widespread in connection to sieges.
[20] Federica D’Alessandra, Matthew Gillett, ‘The War Crime of Starvation in Non-International Armed Conflict’, Journal of International Criminal Justice, (2019) Volume 17 ( 4), September 2019, Pages 815–847, https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqz042
[21] Mohiuddin Alamgir, Famine in South Asia: Political Economy of Mass Starvation (Oelgeschlager, Gunn and Hain, Cambridge, MA, 1980) .See also Amartya Sen, ‘Starvation and Exchange Entitlements: A General Approach and its Application to the Great Bengal Famine, Cambridge Journal of Economics, (March 1977),Volume 1, Issue 1, , Pages 33–59, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349
[22] Salil Tripathi , ‘Bangladesh’s Long Journey From ‘Basket Case’ to Rising Star’ (Foreign Policy, April 10, 2021)
[23] Dr Md Saidur Rahman, ‘From Hunger to Plenty’ (The Business Standard, December 16, 2020)
[24] Rehman Sobhan, ‘Politics of Food and Famine in Bangladesh’, Economic and Political Weekly, (1979) Vol. 14, No. 48 (Dec. 1, 1979), pp. 1973-1980
[25] Caf Dowlah, ‘The Politics and Economics of Food and Famine in Bangladesh in the early 1970s–with Special Reference to Amartya Sen's Interpretation of the 1974 Famine’ International Journal of Social Welfare 15.4 (2006): 344-356.
[26] Caf Dowlah, ‘The Politics and Economics of Food and Famine in Bangladesh in the Early 1970s – with Special Reference to Amartya Sen’s Interpretation of the 1974 Famine’ International Journal of Social Welfare (2006) Vol. 15 at 344
[27]Nurul Huda, ‘Floods Devastate Bangladesh’ Washington Post (1987 ); Also See, Carlo Del Ninno, Paul Dorosh and others, ‘Public Policy, Markets and Household Coping Strategies in Bangladesh: Avoiding a Food Security Crisis Following the 1998 Floods,’ World Development, Elsevier, (2003) Vol. 31(7), pages 1221-1238 ; Carlo Del Ninno and Paul Dorosh , ‘The 1998 Floods in Bangladesh Disaster Impacts, Household Coping Strategies, and Response’ International Food Policy Research Institute , Research Report (2001) at 122, .
[28] Tahmida Hadi and others, ‘Seeking Shelter: The Factors That Influence Refuge since Cyclone Gorky in the Coastal Area of Bangladesh’ Progress in Disaster Science 100179, (2021) at 11
[31] Caf Dowlah, ‘The Politics and Economics of Food and Famine in Bangladesh in the early 1970s–with Special Reference to Amartya Sen's Interpretation of the 1974 Famine’ International Journal of Social Welfare 15.4 (2006): 344-356.
[34] Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh [Bangladesh], 4 November 1972, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b5684.html [accessed 15 June 2023]Article 15
[35] Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh 1972, Article 11, 16, 18, and 32.
[41]Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (The Gambia v. Myanmar) (Preliminary Objections) [2022] ICJ GL No. 178
“Bangladesh: Rohingya Refugees Flee to Largest Camp” (World Food Program USA, August 1, 2017)
[42] Amani Shahan , ‘Rohingya: The Most Persecuted Minority in the World’ (Global Village Space, January 31, 2020)
[43] Asraful Alam and others, ‘Impact of Rohingya Refugees on Food Prices in Bangladesh: Evidence from a Natural Experiment’ (2022) World Development 105873. at154
[46]Bhajan Chandra Barman, ‘Impact of Refugees on Host Developing Countries, in S.K. Das, and N. Chowdhary, (eds) Refugee Crises and Third-World Economies ( Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, 2020) 103.
[47]Alix-Garcia et al. ‘The Economics of Hosting Refugees: A Host Community Prespective From Turkana’ (UNHCR and World Bank Publication, 2017). See also, Isabel Ruiz, and Carlos Vargas-Silva,’The Consequences of Forced Migration for Host Communities in Africa’ (2017) 31 (3) Revue D’économie Du Développement 135.
[48] Zaidi Sattar, ‘Rohingya Crisis and the Host Community” (The Financial Express, 2019)
[49]Athur Mabiso, et al. Refugees, Food Security, and Resilience in Host Communities: Transitioning from Humanitarian Assistance to Development in Protracted Refugee Situations’ (Vol. 2. Intl. Food Policy Research Institute 2014. However, only cross country study cannot show the exact correlation, it require holistic approach.
[50]Ashraful Alam,, et al. ‘Impact of Rohingya Refugees on Food Prices in Bangladesh: Evidence from a Natural Experiment’. World Development 154 (2022): 105873.
[53] “Rohingya Refugees Test Bangladeshi Welcome as Prices Rise and Repatriation Stalls,” 28 February 2018. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-rohingya-banglade shtensions/rohingya-refugees-test-bangladeshi-welcome-as-pric es-riseand-repatriation-stalls-idUSKCN1GC08Y.
[54]Alix-Garcia, at el. ‘Displaced Populations, Humanitarian Assistance and Hosts: A framework for Analyzing Impacts on Semi-urban Households’, (2012) Vol. 40(2) World Development 373-386.
[55] Emese Laura László, The Impact of Refugees on Host Countries: A Case Study of Bangladesh under the Rohingya Influx, Aalborg University, Demnark.
[57]Imtiaz Sakib, ‘Ecological Impact of Rohingya Refugees on Forest Resources: Remote Sensing Analysis of Vegetation Cover Change in Teknaf Peninsula in Bangladesh’ (2018) 4 (1) Ecocycles 16. According to UNDP Bangladesh and UN Women Bangladesh . 2018. Report on Environmental Impact of Rohingya Influx, Dhaka, Bangladesh.UN Woman data, the camp expansion has caused damage to approximately 2000 ha of forest after the arrival of over 750,000 Rohingya refugees just in August 2017. Read Further, UNDP Bangladesh and UN Women Bangladesh , ‘Report on Environmental Impact of Rohingya Influx, 2018. Dhaka, Bangladesh.
[58] Ibid, See also, Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery Rohingya crisis 2017–2018 Draft Rapid Impact, Vulnerability and Needs Assessment: Executive Summary, 2018. https://www.gfdrr.org/sites/default/files/Rohingya%2520crisis%2520exec%2520summary-2.pdf (accessed 06 February, 2024).
[59] ‘Bangladesh Rohingya Refugees: Overview’, ACAPS portal, (30 December 2022). Accessed on 05 June 2024 https://www.acaps.org/country/bangladesh/crisis/ rohingya-refugees
[60] Humanitarian Response to the Fire in Rohingya Refugee Camp 11, 5 March 2023 Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh, 6 March 2023. (Online) accessed on 05 June 2024. last accessed on 22 December 2024
[61] Jamshed M Kazi, ‘Who Will Bear the Financial Burden of Supporting the Rohingyas in Bangladesh?’, The Diplomat, October 30, 2021) last accessed on 22 December 2024
[63] Palma P, ‘Funding on Decline, Challenges Up’ (The Daily Star, August 24, 2021) last accessed on 22 December 2024
[64] ‘The Growing Cost of Doing Right by the Rohingya’ (Dhaka Tribune, August 27, 2021)
[65] ‘Lack of Funds Forces WFP to Cut Rations for Rohingya in Bangladesh’ (World Food Programme, February 17, 2023) last accessed on 22 December 2024
[66]Tom Andrews, UN Special Rapporteur on Myanmar. “I have spoken with desperate families in the camps who have already had to cut back on essential food items due to a spike in prices. Reversing these cuts in food aid is literally a matter of life and death for Rohingya families.”UN News, Global perspective Human Stories, Food Rationing for Rohingya Refugees a ‘matter of life and death’: Rights Expert, 2March, 2023.https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/03/1134052, last accessed on 22 December 2024
[68] T. F. Joehnk, How the Rohingya Crisis is Changing Bangladesh’ (The New York Times, Oct. 6, 2017). https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/06/opinion/rohin gya-bangladesh-myanmar.html, last accessed on 22 December 2024
[69]Kudrat-E-Khuda (Babu), ‘The Impacts and Challenges to Host Country Bangladesh Due to Sheltering the Rohingya Refugees’ (2020) 6 (1) Cogent Social Sciences.
[70] UNHCR, Refugee Policy Review Framwork, Country Summery as 30 Jun at 2020, available at RPRF-Country-Summary-Bangladesh. See also, Roger Zetter, and Héloïse Ruaudel. "Refugees’ right to work and access to labor markets–An assessment." World Bank Global Program on Forced Displacement (GPFD) and the Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD) Thematic Working Group on Forced Migration. KNOMAD Working Paper. Washington, DC: World Bank Group (2016).
[71] Considering refugees as foreigners they are regulated by the Foreigners Act of 1946. And their entry, stay and exit are regulated by the Registration of Foreigners Act 1939; Passport Act 1920; Bangladesh Citizenship (Temporary Provision) order 1972 •; Extradition Act 1974; Naturalization Act 1926 etc. While Muslim Family Ordinance 1961 is applicable for all Muslim Citizen of Bangladesh, this has been interpreted as non-applicability to refugee and non-citizen resident. Even marriage between Rohingya refugees and Bangladeshis are prohibited.Read further, Ban on marriage with Rohingya refugees, 11 July 2024, The Daily Star, https://www.thedailystar.net/ban-on-marriage-with-rohingya-refugees-32826. Babul Hossain v. the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, HCD , Writ Petition 2017.
[72] Bangladesh ratified core Human Rights instruments, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 (UDHR), Article 25 states that everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for their own health and wellbeing and that of their family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in the circumstances beyond their control. ICCPR, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966 ( ICSCER) , CRC, CAT, CEDAW, etc.
[73] The Prevention of Oppression Against Women and Children Act 2000; The Domestic Violence Act 2010; The Child Marriage Restraint Act 2017; The Children Act 2013.
[74] The Constitution of the People???'s Republic of Bangladesh 1972, Article 32
[75] The Constitution of the People???'s Republic of Bangladesh 1972, Article 33
[76]Alam, Ashraful, et al. "Impact of Rohingya refugees on food prices in Bangladesh: Evidence from a natural experiment." World Development 154 (2022): 105873.
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[83] Von Grebmer et al. ‘Global Hunger Index: Hunger and Food Systems in Conflict Settings’, FAO, 2022; Impact of the Ukraine-Russia Conflict on Global Food Security and Related Matters under the Mandate of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (Issue 8 April 2022). https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/EN_125.pdf. sue October), 2021; Commodity Markets Outlook: the Impact of the War in Ukraine on Commodity Markets, (2022)World Bank Group, available at https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/4f55f6a4-a780-5119-8bbf-be6990042c4b, last accessed on 22 December 2024.
[84] Oseph Glauber and David Laborde, ‘How Will Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine Affect Global Food Security?’(2022), IFPRI Blog : Issue Post. https://www.ifpri.org/blog/how-will-russias -invasion-ukraine-affect-global-food-security, last accessed on 22 December 2024
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[92] The scholarship assumed that if the conflict did not block Ukraine’s wheat export, the global price would increase by up to 0.5% as a result of the decrease in Ukraine’s wheat production. Read further, Faqin Lin et al., ‘The Impact of Russia-Ukraine Conflict on Global Food Security’, (2023) 36 Global Food Security.
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[97]Sanctions were adopted in many sectors. In the trade sector, the export and import of arms was forbidden, as was the export of dual-use goods for military use. In addition, exports of certain types of goods related to oil exploration and production were banned. Read further, Gohar Samvel Sedrakyan, ‘Ukraine War-Induced Sanctions against Russia: Consequences on Transition Economies’, (2022) 44 (5) Journal of Policy Modeling 863.
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[1] The Legacy of Imperialism on Gender Law in India, available at https://scholarcommons.scu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1154&context=historical-perspectives.
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[5] Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, No. 43 of 2005, § 3 (India).
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[1] Student at CHRIST Deemed to be University, Central Campus, Bangalore, LLM Intellectual Property and Trade Law.
[2]Priya Adlakha, [The Viewpoint] The Doctrine of Exhaustion of IPRs in India, (Nov. 16, 2022), https://www.barandbench.com/law-firms/view-point/the-doctrine-of-exhaustion-of-iprs-in-india.
[3] Archi Jain, Parallel Imports In India: Laws, Doctrine Of Exhaustion, And Market Impact, India (June 12, 2024), https://www.mondaq.com/india/trademark/1477778/parallel-imports-in-india-laws-doctrine-of-exhaustion-and-market-impact.
[4] Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights art. 6, Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh
[6] WIPO secretariat, E Standing Committee on the Law of Patents, (2022), Available at: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/mdocs/en/scp_34/scp_34_3.pdf (last visited Oct 11, 2024).
[8] K. Saggi, Regional Exhaustion of Intellectual Property, 10 Int'l J. Econ. Theory 125 (2014). Available at DOI : https://doi.org/10.1111/ijet.12031(last visited October 14, 2024)
[9] Priya Adlakha, [The Viewpoint] The Doctrine of Exhaustion of IPRs in India, (Nov. 16, 2022), https://www.barandbench.com/law-firms/view-point/the-doctrine-of-exhaustion-of-iprs-in-india
[10] John Wiley & Sons Inc. v Prabhat Chander Kumar Jain 2010 SCC OnLine Del 2000: ILR
(2010) 5 Del 510
[11] Aparajita Lath, Permanent Downloads and the Resale of Digital Content: Another
Exhausting Journey?, 16 INDIAN J. L. & TECH. 1 (2020).
[12] Tips Indus. Ltd. v. Wynk Ltd., AIR 2019 Bom 1452 (India).