INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

JUSTICE UNDER SIEGE: HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE SHADOW OF POLICE TORTURE IN INDIA BY - DIVYA.M

Authors: DIVYA.M

Registration ID: 108812 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8812

Year : Dec -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: divyamurugesan555@gmail.com

Page No : 25 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/12.2024-28744873/JUSTICE UNDER SIEGE: HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE SHADOW OF

THE INTERSECTION OF GENDER AND REFUGEES: ADDRESSING THE UNIQUE CHALLENGES FACED BY FEMALE REFUGEES. BY - DHINESH KUMAR P & SUMETHA M

Authors: DHINESH KUMAR P & SUMETHA M

Registration ID: 108810 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8810 & IJLRA8811

Year : Dec -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: dhineshpugal18@gmail.com & sumethamaruthachalam@gmail.com

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DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/12.2024-75257962/THE INTERSECTION OF GENDER AND REFUGEES: ADDRESSIN

MEDICIAL EXAMINATION OF RAPE VICTIMS IN INDIA BY: SNEHA MUKHERJEE

Authors: SNEHA MUKHERJEE

Registration ID: 108809 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8809

Year : Dec -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: sunita.mukherjee2015@gmail.com

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DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/12.2024-29386185/MEDICIAL EXAMINATION OF RAPE VICTIMS IN INDIA

IPR: INTRODUCING STUDENT - IP NEXUS FOR LIMITLESS INNOVATION. BY - MS. ANJALI RAM & MR. ANURAG DAS

Authors: MS. ANJALI RAM & MR. ANURAG DAS

Registration ID: 108805 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8807 & IJLRA8808

Year : Dec -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: anjaliram613@gmail.com & anuragdas0219@gmail.com

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DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/12.2024-95513647/IPR: INTRODUCING STUDENT - IP NEXUS FOR LIMITLESS

ANTI-COMPETITIVE PRACTICES OF E-COMMERCE GIANTS: THE IMPACT OF AMAZON AND FLIPKART ON MARKET COMPETITION AND SME RETAILERS BY: SURESH

Authors: SURESH

Registration ID: 108806 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8806

Year : Dec -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: suresh@law.christuniversity.in

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DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/12.2024-11621136/ANTI-COMPETITIVE PRACTICES OF E-COMMERCE GIANTS: T

COMMENT: IN RE: DIRECTIONS IN THE MATTER OF DEMOLITION OF STRUCTURES BY - JARIN JOSEPH

Authors: JARIN JOSEPH

Registration ID: 108805 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8805

Year : Dec -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: advjarin569@gmail.com

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DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/12.2024-61535595/COMMENT: IN RE: DIRECTIONS IN THE MATTER OF DEMOLI

THE S IN ESG- WHY COMPANIES STANCE ON SOCIAL ISSUES MATTER BY - SNIGDHA KHANDELWAL & KARNICA BHATIA

Authors: SNIGDHA KHANDELWAL & KARNICA BHATIA

Registration ID: 108803 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8803 & IJLRA8804

Year : Dec -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: snigdhakhandelwal@nalsar.ac.in & karnicabhatia@nalsar.ac.in

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DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/12.2024-76976494/THE S IN ESG- WHY COMPANIES STANCE ON SOCIAL ISSUE

PATENTING OF STEM CELLS: NEED TO RETHINK FOR REGULATORY FRAMEWORK BY - K. AMULYA & DR.P.R.L.RAJAVENKATESAN

Authors: K. AMULYA & DR.P.R.L.RAJAVENKATESAN

Registration ID: 108801 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8801 & IJLRA8802

Year : Dec -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: amulyareddy.k2024@vitstudent.ac.in & rajavenkatesan.prl@vit.ac.in

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DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/12.2024-35469961/PATENTING OF STEM CELLS: NEED TO RETHINK FOR REGUL

REVISITING LEGAL IMMUNITY: LAWYERS EXEMPTED FROM CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT AND CONTEMPORARY JUDICIAL RAMIFICATIONS BY - ADI JAIN & VANDAN PAREEK

Authors: ADI JAIN & VANDAN PAREEK

Registration ID: 108799 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8799 & IJLRA8800

Year : Dec -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: adijain892@gmail.com & vandanpareek4800@gmail.com

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DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/12.2024-26145217/REVISITING LEGAL IMMUNITY: LAWYERS EXEMPTED FROM C

REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN IN MEDIA; A PERSPECTIVE BY - ARYA SURESH

Authors: ARYA SURESH

Registration ID: 108798 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8798

Year : Dec -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: aryasuresh317@gmail.com

Page No : 14 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/12.2024-83478957/REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN IN MEDIA; A PERSPECTIVE

International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

ISSN:2582-6433

Website:https://www.ijlra.com/

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[1] Talal Asad, The Anthropology of the Body and the Medical Anthropology of 'Torture' (New York: Random House, 1987), 323.

[4] Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), Article 5.

[5] Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Article 1 (1984).

[6] Article 21, Indian Constitution – Right to life and personal liberty.

[7] Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), Article 5.

[8] Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Article 1 (1984).

[9] Salus populi est suprema lex – The welfare of the people is the supreme law.

[10] D.K. Basu v. State of West Bengal, AIR 1997 SC 610.

[11] Nilabati Behera v. State of Orissa, AIR 1993 SC 1960.

[12] Raghubir Singh v. State of Haryana, AIR 1980 SC 1087

[13] Code of Hammurabi, circa 1754 BCE, Article 8.

[14] Roman Legal Procedures, Torture as a means of obtaining testimony.

[15] The Inquisition, methods of torture used during the medieval period.

[16] Cesare Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishments, 1764.

[17] Eighth Amendment, United States Constitution, 1791.

[18] Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), Article 5, 1948.

[19] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), 1966.

[20] Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT), Article 1, 1984.

[21] War on Terror, resurgence of state-sponsored torture after 2001.

[23] D.K. Basu v. State of West Bengal, AIR 1997 SC 610.

[25] Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT), Article 2(2).

[26] Amnesty International, "Torture in India," 2022.

[27] Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, Chapter 12.

[28] Raghubir Singh v. State of Haryana, AIR 1980 SC 1087.

[29] Human Rights Watch, Broken System: Torture in Custody, 2021.

[30] Smt. Shakila Abdul Gafar Khan v. Vasant Raghunath Dhoble, AIR 2003 SC 4567.

[31] A.S. Anand, VIIIth International Symposium on Torture, (1999), SCC (Journal) p. 11.

[32] Transparency International, "Corruption and Custodial Practices in India," 2020.

[33] People’s Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) v. Union of India, AIR 1997 SC 568

[35] National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), Crime in India Report, 2022

[36] Indian Penal Code, 1860, Sections 330 and 331

[37] Criminal Procedure Code, Sections 46, 50, 57.

[38] Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023, Section 88.

[39] Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023, Section 88.

[40] Article 21, Indian Constitution – Right to life and personal liberty.

[41] Article 22, Indian Constitution – Protection against arrest and detention.

[42] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 5, 1948.

[43] Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Article 1 (1984).

[44] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 7 (1966).

[48] J.S. Verma, "Judicial Activism and its Impact on Criminal Justice System," Speech delivered on 26th April, 1997 at Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy, Hyderabad, in New Dimensions of Justice, p. 85-86 (2000 Edn., Universal Law Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., Delhi).

[49] National Crimes Record Bureau (NCRB) Annual Report, 2018.

[50] National Crimes Records Bureau (NCRB), Annual Report 2019

[51] NITI Aayog, India's Criminal Justice System Report, 2020

[53] Criminal Procedure Code, Sections 46, 50, 57.

[54] Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023.

[55] Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), Article 5.

[56] Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Article 1 (1984).

[57] Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE), 1984, United Kingdom.

[59] The Torture Victim Protection Act, 1991, United States.

[61] Independent Police Complaints Commission, Germany.

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[7] The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, § 184.

[9] The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, § 184

[10] National Human Rights Commission, Manual on Human Rights for Police Officers, available at https://nhrc.nic.in/sites/default/files/Manual_On_Human_Rights_for_Police_Officers.pdf.

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[13] Megha Bindal, Importance Of Medical Examination Of Rape Victims: From The Perspective Of CrPC, LawyersClubIndia(September 4, 2021), available at: https://www.lawyersclubindia.com/articles/importance-of-medical-examination-of-rape-victims-from- the-perspective-of-crpc-14314.asp

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[18] Tukaram v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1979 SC 185

[19] Mukesh and anr Vs State for Nct of Delhi and ors , AIR 2017 SUPREME COURT 2161

[20] Lillu alias Rajesh & Anr. v. State of Haryana, (2013) 14 SCC 643.

[21] U.S. Department of Justice, Office on Violence Against Women, A National Protocol for Sexual Assault Medical Forensic Examinations: Adults/Adolescents (2nd ed. 2013).

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[38] Taylor, Principles and Practice of Medical Jurisprudence, Vol. II, at 64.

[39] Manual on Human Rights for Police Officers, National Human Rights Commission, India, 2011.

[40] Vageshwari Deswal, “Rights of Rape Victims in India: A Legal Analysis,” University of Delhi, LL.M. Syllabus.

[1] Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion, ‘Annual Report 2021-2022’ Ministry of Commerce and Industry <https://ipindia.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/Final_Annual_Report_Eng_for_Net.pdf> accessed 29 October 2009

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[17] Barros J and others, ‘The Cell Biology of Lignification in Higher Plants’ (2015) 115 Annals of Botany 1053 <https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcv046>

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^{^[1]} International Labour Organization (ILO), Global Wage Report 2020-21: Wages and Minimum Wages in the Time of COVID-19 (2021)

^{^[2]} Confederation of All India Traders (CAIT), White Paper on Unfair Practices in E-commerce (2023).

^{^[3]} MCX Stock Exchange Ltd. v. National Stock Exchange of India Ltd., Case No. 13/2009 (CCI)

^{^[4]} Competition Commission of India (CCI), Market Impact of Deep Discounting and Preferential Practices (2023)

^{^[5]} OECD, E-commerce Challenges and Policy Considerations for Competition Regulators (2020).

^{^[6]} Statista, Consumer Behavior in E-commerce During Festive Seasons (2022)

^{^[7]} Delhi Vyapar Mahasangh v. Flipkart Internet Private Limited & Amazon Seller Services Private Limited, Case No. 40 of 2019 (CCI).

^{^[8]} The Competition Act, No. 12 of 2003, INDIA CODE (2003).

^{^[9]} Alliance Bernstein, E-commerce in India: Market Dynamics and Competitive Strategies (2021).

^{^[10]} Statista, India’s Festive Sales Report 2021

^{^[11]} Guidelines on Abuse of Dominance, Competition Commission of India (2019)

^{^[13]} Regulation (EU) 2022/1925, on Contestable and Fair Markets in the Digital Sector (Digital Markets Act).

^{^[14]} Empirical data collected through surveys with 200 SMEs and retailers (2023).

^{^[15]} Maharashtra State Power Generation Co. Ltd. v. Coal India Ltd. & Ors., Case No. 3/2012 (CCI).

^{^[16]} Draft E-commerce Rules, 2021, Ministry of Consumer Affairs.

^{^[17]} UNCTAD, Growing the Digital Economy for SMEs: A Policy Guide (2022).

^{^[18]} Alliance Bernstein, E-commerce in India: Market Dynamics and Competitive Strategies (2021).

^{^[19]} Statista, India's E-commerce Traffic Report (2023).

^{^[20]} Competition Commission of India (CCI), Market Impact of Deep Discounting and Preferential Practices (2023).

^{^[21]} MCX Stock Exchange Ltd. v. National Stock Exchange of India Ltd., Case No. 13/2009 (CCI)

^{^[22]} Confederation of All India Traders (CAIT), White Paper on Unfair Practices in E-commerce (2023).

^{^[23]} Maharashtra State Power Generation Co. Ltd. v. Coal India Ltd. & Ors., Case No. 3/2012 (CCI).

^{^[24]} Statista, India’s Smartphone Market Performance (2022).

^{^[25]} Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Digital India Programme (2021)

^{^[26]} UNCTAD, Impact of COVID-19 on Digital Trade in Developing Economies (2021).

^{^[27]} The Competition Act, No. 12 of 2003, INDIA CODE (2003).

^{^[28]} Guidelines on Abuse of Dominance, Competition Commission of India (2019).

^{^[29]} Competition Commission of India v. Bharti Airtel Ltd., (2021) 2 SCC 675 (India).

^{^[30]} Statista, Monthly User Traffic for Leading E-commerce Platforms in India (2024).

^{^[32]} European Commission v. Google (Android Case), Case AT.40099 (2018).

^{^[33]} Consumer Protection Act, No. 35 of 2019, INDIA CODE (2019)

^{^[34]} Confederation of All India Traders (CAIT), White Paper on Consumer Safety in E-commerce (2023).

^{^[35]} OECD, E-commerce Challenges and Policy Considerations for Competition Regulators (2020).

^{^[36]} Amazon India Export Report, Vision for 2025 (2023).

^{^[37]} Draft Digital Competition Bill, 2024, Ministry of Corporate Affairs, India.

^{^[38]} Confederation of All India Traders (CAIT), White Paper on Deep Discounting Practices in E-commerce (2023).

^{^[39]} Statista, Impact of Cashback Offers on Consumer Behavior in E-commerce (2022).

^{^[40]} OECD, E-commerce Challenges and Policy Considerations for Competition Regulators (2020).

^{^[41]} Statista, E-commerce Festive Sales Analysis (2023).

^{^[42]} Competition Commission of India (CCI), Market Study on Discounting Practices by E-commerce Platforms (2023).

^{^[43]} AllianceBernstein, E-commerce in India: Market Dynamics and Competitive Strategies (2021)

^{^[44]} Consumer Protection Act, No. 35 of 2019, INDIA CODE (2019).

^{^[45]} Draft E-commerce Rules, 2021, Ministry of Consumer Affairs.

^{^[46]} The Competition Act, No. 12 of 2003, INDIA CODE (2003).

^{^[47]} Maharashtra State Power Generation Co. Ltd. v. Coal India Ltd. & Ors., Case No. 3/2012 (CCI).

^{^[48]}Confederation of All India Traders (CAIT), Recommendations to Promote Fair Competition in E-commerce (2023).

^{^[49]} Guidelines on Abuse of Dominance, Competition Commission of India (2019)

^{^[50]} Competition Commission of India (CCI), Market Impact of Preferential Agreements in E-commerce (2023).

^{^[51]} Confederation of All India Traders (CAIT), White Paper on Preferential Treatment in E-commerce (2023).

^{^[52]} Statista, Analysis of Exclusive Product Launches in E-commerce (2023).

^{^[53]} Maharashtra State Power Generation Co. Ltd. v. Coal India Ltd. & Ors., Case No. 3/2012 (CCI).

^{^[54]} Guidelines on Abuse of Dominance, Competition Commission of India (2019).

^{^[55]} OECD, Anti-Competitive Practices in E-commerce: A Global Review (2020).

^{^[56]} UNCTAD, E-commerce Logistics and Distribution in Developing Economies (2022).

^{^[57]} Statista, Impact of Subsidized Delivery on Small Vendors in E-commerce (2023).

^{^[58]} Alliance Bernstein, E-commerce in India: Market Dynamics and Competitive Strategies (2021).

^{^[59]} Sharma, Ramesh. “The Role of E-commerce in Marginalizing Indian SMEs.” Journal of Small Business Studies, vol. 12, no. 3, 2022.

^{^[60]}Sharma, Ramesh. “The Role of E-commerce in Marginalizing Indian SMEs.” Journal of Small Business Studies, vol. 12, no. 3, 2022.

^{^[61]}European Commission v. Google (Android Case), Case AT.40099 (2018).

^{^[62]} Delhi Vyapar Mahasangh v. Flipkart Internet Private Limited & Amazon Seller Services Private Limited, Case No. 40 of 2019 (CCI).

^{^[63]}Draft Digital Competition Bill, 2024, Ministry of Corporate Affairs, India.

^{^[64]}UNCTAD, Growing the Digital Economy for SMEs: A Policy Guide (2022).

^{^[65]} Confederation of All India Traders (CAIT), White Paper on Preferential and Exclusionary Practices in E-commerce (2023).

^{^[66]}Competition Commission of India (CCI), Algorithms and Market Distortions: An Analysis of E-commerce Practices (2023).

^{^[67]}UNCTAD, E-commerce and Its Impact on SMEs in Developing Countries (2022).

^{^[68]} Sharma, Ramesh. “Data Exploitation and the Rise of Private Labels in E-commerce.” Indian Competition Law Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, 2022.

^{^[69]} Consumer Protection Act, No. 35 of 2019, INDIA CODE (2019)

^{^[70]} OECD, Anti-competitive Advertising Practices in E-commerce (2020).

^{^[71]} Statista, Analysis of Penalties and Operational Hazards for E-commerce Sellers (2023).

^{^[72]} Maharashtra State Power Generation Co. Ltd. v. Coal India Ltd. & Ors., Case No. 3/2012 (CCI).

^{^[73]} Guidelines on Abuse of Dominance, Competition Commission of India (2019).

^{^[74]} Draft Digital Competition Bill, 2024, Ministry of Corporate Affairs, India.

^{^[75]} Draft E-commerce Rules, 2021, Ministry of Consumer Affairs.

^{^[76]} UNCTAD, Growing the Digital Economy for SMEs: A Policy Guide (2022).

^{^[77]} UNCTAD, E-commerce and Its Impact on Traditional Retail in Developing Economies (2022).

^{^[78]} Statista, Fast Commerce Market Growth and GMV Analysis (2023).

^{^[79]} Confederation of All India Traders (CAIT), Impact of E-commerce on Offline Retail in Metropolitan Areas (2023).

^{^[80]} OECD, E-commerce and FMCG: Competitive Strategies in Emerging Markets (2021).

^{^[81]} Empirical survey conducted with 300 SMEs and small businesses in 2023.

^{^[82]} Alliance Bernstein, E-commerce and Changing Consumer Behavior in India (2021).

^{^[83]} NASSCOM, Digital Transformation Challenges for SMEs in India (2022).

^{^[84]} Statista, Consumer Wallet Share Analysis in E-commerce and Fast Commerce (2023).

^{^[85]} Competition Commission of India (CCI), Urban Retail Dynamics and the Rise of E-commerce (2023).

^{^[86]} UNCTAD, The Impact of Quick Commerce on Urban Retail (2022).

^{^[87]} OECD, Retail Apocalypse: Global Trends in E-commerce and Brick-and-Mortar Stores (2020).

^{^[88]} Akamai, The State of E-commerce and Its Impact on Brick-and-Mortar Retail in Global Markets (2023).

^{^[89]} Sharma, Ramesh. “The Economics of Quick Commerce: Opportunities and Risks.” Indian Journal of Retail Studies, vol. 8, no. 2, 2023.

^{^[90]} Draft Digital Competition Bill, 2024, Ministry of Corporate Affairs, India.

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^{^[92]} Confederation of All India Traders (CAIT), Recommendations for Sustainable Growth in Retail Markets (2023).

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^{^[2]} Aveek Sarkar & Anr vs State of West Bengal And Anr, AIR (2014) SCC 257

^{^[3]} THE INDECENT REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN (PROHIBITION) ACT,1986, Section 2(c)

^{^[4]} THE INDECENT REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN (PROHIBITION) ACT, 1986, Section 3

^{^[5]} THE INDECENT REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN (PROHIBITION) ACT, 1986, Section 4

^{^[6]} THE INDECENT REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN (PROHIBITION) ACT, 1986, Section 4

^{^[7]} THE INDECENT REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN (PROHIBITION) ACT, 1986, Section 5(1)(a)

^{^[8]} THE INDECENT REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN (PROHIBITION) ACT, 1986, Section 5(1)(b)

^{^[9]} THE INDECENT REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN(PROHIBITION) ACT, 1986, Section 5(1)(c)

^{^[10]} THE INDECENT REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN(PROHIBITION) ACT, 1986, Section 5(2), 5(3)

^{^[11]} THE INDECENT REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN(PROHIBITION) ACT, 1986, Section 6

^{^[12]} Ajay Goswami v. Union of India (2007) 1 SCC 143

^{^[13]} Ranjit. D. Udeshi v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1965

^{^[14]} Ranjit. D. Udeshi v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1965

^{^[15]} Felix M.A vs P.B Gangadharan, (2018) Ker HC, 7778

IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

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