A STUDY OF WOMENS REPRODUCTIVE AUTONOMY IN INDIA: LEGAL FRAMEWORKS AND CHALLENGES BY - MS. SUNITA SHARMA & DR. JOGIRAM SHARMA

Authors: MS. SUNITA SHARMA & DR. JOGIRAM SHARMA

Registration ID: 109266 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9266 & IJLRA9267

Year: Mar-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: sunitasharma6485@gmail.com

Page No: 17 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/03.2025-36777466/A STUDY OF WOMENS REPRODUCTIVE AUTONOMY IN INDIA:

UNEQUAL BURDEN - WHY WOMEN BEAR THE BRUNT OF WITCH HUNTS BY - DEEKSHA KUMARI

Authors: DEEKSHA KUMARI

Registration ID: 109265 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9265

Year: Mar-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: deekumari2020@gmail.com

Page No: 15 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/03.2025-26776261/IMPACT OF FORENSIC PATHOLOGY ON CHILD PROTECTION I

IMPACT OF FORENSIC PATHOLOGY ON CHILD PROTECTION ISSUES BY - MR. KAPIL BHATI & DR. AVNISH SINGH

Authors: MR. KAPIL BHATI & DR. AVNISH SINGH

Registration ID: 109263 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9263 & IJLRA9264

Year: Mar-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: L23SOLP0007@bennett.edu.in & Avnish.Singh@bennett.edu.in

Page No: 18 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/03.2025-26776261/IMPACT OF FORENSIC PATHOLOGY ON CHILD PROTECTION I

THE ETHICS OF PERPETUAL COPYRIGHT: SHOULD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY EVER BE PERMANENT? BY - ARYA P

Authors: ARYA P

Registration ID: 109262 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9262

Year: Mar-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: aryaprasad2510@gmail.com

Page No: 21 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/03.2025-84756334/THE ETHICS OF PERPETUAL COPYRIGHT: SHOULD INTELLEC

DATA PRIVACY INFRINGED BY MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHM DRIVEN PERSONALIZED ADVERTISEMENTS BY - MOHAMMED SHEHIN S S

Authors: MOHAMMED SHEHIN S S

Registration ID: 109261 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9261

Year: Mar-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: mohammed.ss@law.christuniversity.in

Page No: 17 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/03.2025-52137432/DATA PRIVACY INFRINGED BY MACHINE LEARNING ALGORIT

THE IMPACT OF "ONE NATION, ONE ELECTION" ON POLITICAL ACCOUNTABILITY AND VOTER ENGAGEMENT IN INDIA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BY - PRIYANSHI MANYURA

Authors: PRIYANSHI MANYURA

Registration ID: 109260 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9260

Year: Mar-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: priyanshimanyura@gmail.com

Page No: 18 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/03.2025-58198158/THE IMPACT OF "ONE NATION, ONE ELECTION" ON POLITI

ANALYZING INTRICACIES OF THE NORTH SEA CONTINENTAL SHELF CASE BY - K. SOHANA SRIYA VARMA & ANANYA CHAKILAM

Authors: K. SOHANA SRIYA VARMA & ANANYA CHAKILAM

Registration ID: 109258 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9258 & IJLRA9259

Year: Mar-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: sohanakosuri@gmail.com

Page No: 18 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2025-47981495/ANALYZING INTRICACIES OF THE NORTH SEA CONTINENTAL

AIR POLLUTION AND PUBLIC HEALTH: A SOCIO- LEGAL PERSPECTIVE BY - RAJEEV RAJ & DR. POONAM KUMARI

Authors: RAJEEV RAJ & DR. POONAM KUMARI

Registration ID: 109257 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9256 & IJLRA9257

Year: Mar-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: rajeevraj@cusb.ac.in & poonamkumari@cub.ac.in

Page No: 17 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/03.2025-86734336/AIR POLLUTION AND PUBLIC HEALTH: A SOCIO- LEGAL PE

GLOBAL INVESTMENT LAW: A HIGHLY CONTESTED SYSTEM BY - POOVARASAN R

Authors: POOVARASAN R

Registration ID: 109255 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9255

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: poovarasanramasamy165@gmail.com

Page No: 17 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/03.2025-92146894/GLOBAL INVESTMENT LAW: A HIGHLY CONTESTED SYSTEM

THE IMPACT OF RACISM ON HEALTH DISPARITIES. BY - PRAPTI JALPAN SHAH

Authors: PRAPTI JALPAN SHAH

Registration ID: 109254 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9254

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: Shahprapti283@gmail.com

Page No: 16 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/03.2025-48188223/THE IMPACT OF RACISM ON HEALTH DISPARITIES

International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

ISSN:2582-6433

Website:https://www.ijlra.com/

Accessibility:Open Access

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All research articles published INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS are fully open access. i.e. immediately freely available to read, download and share. Articles are published under the terms of a Creative Commons license which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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[2] Deutsche Welle. (2019, July 23). India’s witches: Victims of superstition and poverty. DW

[3] Laila Bhagaval Singh v. State (Kerala high court 2023)

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[7] Mishra, A. K. N. (2013, November 13). Mother, daughter hacked to death for 'witchcraft'. The Times of India.

[8] Zee News. (2013, November 25). Boy killed for witchcraft in Odisha.

[9] University of Cambridge. (n.d.). Witchcraft, work & women: Why the witch hunts targeted female laborers. University of Cambridge

[10] Financial Times. (n.d.). The 17th-century Swedish witch trials that led to mass hysteria. Financial Times.

[11] The Wire. (n.d.). Assam tribal woman killed over witchcraft allegations.

[12] Odisha State Commission for Women, & ActionAid India. (2021). Witch-Hunting in Odisha: A Compilation of Case Studies. ActionAid India.

[13] Court on Its Own Motion v. The State of Jharkhand, (2016, June 29).

[14] ActionAid India. (2021). Witch-Hunting in Odisha: A Compilation of Case Studies.

[15] Times of India. (2013, August 14). 2 women killed on suspicion of witchcraft in Chhattisgarh. The Times of India.

[16] rudayam, A., Mangubhai, J. P., & Lee, J. G. (2006). Dalit Women Speak Out: Violence Against Dalit Women in India. National Campaign on Dalit Human Rights.

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[21] Hindustan Times. (n.d.). Greed for property and power behind Jharkhand witch hunts.

[22] Deutsche Welle. (2019, July 25). India’s witches: Victims of superstition and poverty.

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^{^[1]} M. Yuan, Should Small and Large Information Economies Have the Same Duration of Copyright? (2009)

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^{^[1]} Gao, B., Wang, Y., Xie, H., Hu, Y., & Hu, Y. (2023). Artificial Intelligence in Advertising: Advancements, Challenges, and Ethical Considerations in Targeting, Personalization, Content Creation, and Ad Optimization. Sage Open, 13(4).

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^{^[11]} General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR): Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016.

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[1] The concept of "One Nation, One Election" (ONOE) aims to synchronize elections across India to enhance governance efficiency and reduce electoral costs. This proposal has been widely discussed in political forums and is analyzed in various studies, including Kumar, A. (2021). “The Viability of One Nation, One Election: A Comparative Study.” Journal of South Asian Studies.

[2] The impact of ONOE on federalism raises concerns about the potential marginalization of regional parties and local issues in favor of national narratives Raghavan, S. (2022). “One Nation, One Election: Implications for Indian Democracy.” International Journal of Law and Politics discusses these implications in detail.

[3] Recent Developments

The Union Cabinet approved the One Nation, One Election (ONOE) proposal in September 2024, following recommendations from a high-level committee headed by former President Ram Nath Kovind. The committee's report outlines the potential benefits and challenges of implementing ONOE. For further details, see the Lok Sabha Secretariat (2024). Report on One Nation, One Election.

The financial implications of staggered elections have been significant, with estimates suggesting that conducting elections in India costs approximately Rs 60,000 crore. This figure highlights the need for electoral reforms aimed at reducing costs. See Election Commission of India (2019). Expenditure Management in Elections: A Comprehensive Review.

[4] Implementation Timeline

If implemented by 2029, ONOE would significantly affect the terms of state assemblies, with many states facing truncated terms. This transition poses challenges for maintaining democratic principles at the state level. For insights into these implications, see Kumar, A. (2021). “The Viability of One Nation, One Election: A Comparative Study.” Journal of South Asian Studies.

The implementation of ONOE requires constitutional amendments to several articles related to elections and governance in India. For more information on these amendments, refer to the Law Commission of India (2018). One Nation, One Election: Draft Report.

[5] The comparison of electoral accountability in Germany, Sweden, and South Africa reveals diverse impacts of synchronized elections. Germany's federal system allows for separate elections for the Bundestag and state legislatures, enhancing local accountability (Lok Sabha Secretariat, 2020). Sweden conducts simultaneous elections every four years, which can overshadow local issues despite promoting transparency (Raghavan, 2022). In South Africa, concurrent elections for the National Assembly and provincial legislatures raise concerns about the accountability of provincial governments (Iyer, 2020). These cases illustrate that while synchronized elections may improve governance stability, they can also diminish local representation.

[6] The implementation of "One Nation, One Election" (ONOE) is projected to save approximately ?20,000 crore annually by reducing the frequency of elections and associated administrative costs. This financial efficiency could significantly alleviate the burden on government resources and political parties. See Lok Sabha Secretariat (2024). Report on One Nation, One Election.

[7] Comparative studies on election costs reveal significant variations among countries with simultaneous elections. While precise data for all countries is not uniformly available, estimates suggest that India's election expenses are considerably higher due to its large scale. The 2019 Indian general elections cost approximately ?55,000 crore ($7.2 billion), whereas South Africa's 2019 elections cost about $180 million. Sweden and Germany, with their smaller populations, have relatively lower costs. Australia, despite compulsory voting, spends less per capita on elections compared to India. These differences highlight the unique challenges and scale of Indian elections. For detailed analysis, see Lok Sabha Secretariat (2020), "Report on Simultaneous Elections" and International IDEA's "Cost of Registration and Elections" (CORE) Project

[1] Preamble to the United Nations Convention on the law of the sea (no date) United Nations. Available at: https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part6.htm.

[2]International Court of Justice (ICJ), Analysis of North Sea Continental Shelf Cases (Federal Republic of Germany v. Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany v. Netherlands), -, 20 February 1969, https://www.refworld.org/jurisprudence/caselawcomp/icj/1969/en/15093.

[3] Hoagland, P. (2019) Territorial sea, Territorial Sea - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/territorial-sea.

[4] 1958) Convention on the Continental Shelf, 1958. Available at: https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/8_1_1958_continental_shelf.pdf.

[5] Gunaratne, D.R. (2020) North Sea Continental Shelf Cases (summary), Public International law. Available at: https://ruwanthikagunaratne.wordpress.com/2014/02/28/north-sea-continental-shelf-cases-summary/.

[6] (1969) ICJ Rep 3, pp. 1.

[7] Conventions on the Continental Shelf, art.6, 1958.

^{^[8]} MALCOLM SHAW, INTERNATIONAL LAW, 584 (6th ed. 2008).

^{^[9]} Truman Proclamation, 10 Fed. Reg. 12,305 (1945).

^{^[10]} Supra note.

^{^[11]} Truman Proclamation, 10 Fed. Reg. 12,305 (1945).

^{^[12]} Id.

^{^[13]} Cambodia v. Thailand, Merits, 1962 I.C.J. Reports.

^[14] France v/s Turkey, 1927 P.C.I.J. (ser. A) No. 10 (Sept. 7)

^{^[15]} I.C.J. 1969 I.C.J. 3.

^{^[16]} Friedmann, Wolfgang. “The North Sea Continental Shelf Cases--A Critique.” The American Journal of International Law64, no. 2 (1970): 229–40. https://doi.org/10.2307/2198663.

^{^[17]} Colombia v Peru [1950] ICJ 6.

^{^[18]} Id.

^{^[19]} Qatar v. Bahrain, ICJ Reports, 2001.

^{^[20]} Award of 11 April 2006, pp. 230.

[21]Dhanapal, Kiruthika. Equidistance and equitable principle under the law of the sea. https://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/1686/Equidistance-and-Equitable-Principle-under-the-law-of the-Sea.html#google_vignette.

[22] Qatar v Bahrain, [1994] ICJ Rep 112.

[23] Libya v. Malta, [1985] ICJ Rep 13.

[24] Cameroon v Nigeria, [1998] ICJ Rep 275.

[25] Conventions on the Continental Shelf, art.6, 1958.

[26] Nicaragua v. United States, ICJ GL No 70, [1984] ICJ Rep 392.

[27] Ukraine v. Romania, ICJ GL No. 132.

[1] Research Scholar, School of Law and Governance, Central University of South Bihar. Email- rajeevraj@cusb.ac.in

[2] Assistant Professor, School of Law and Governance, Central University of South Bihar. Email- poonamkumari@cub.ac.in

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IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

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^[14] France v/s Turkey, 1927 P.C.I.J. (ser. A) No. 10 (Sept. 7)