EXAMINING THE HURDLES IN REMOVING THE ARTICLE 370 A CLOSER LOOK AT THE CASE HEARINGS BY - HARIHARAN S

Authors : HARIHARAN S

Registration ID : 106143 Published Paper ID: IJLRA61343

Year : Oct -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : hariadvocate26@gmail.com

Page No : 19 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/10.2023-27799218/EXAMINING THE HURDLES IN REMOVING THE ARTICLE 370

EXPLORING THE EVOLUTION OF BIOSOCIAL CRIMINOLOGY: SOCIOHISTORICAL ORIGINS, CORE ASSUMPTIONS, AND ITS TRANSFORMATIVE INFLUENCE ON CRIMINAL JUSTICE PRACTICES BY - PRABHBIR SINGH MANN

Authors : PRABHBIR SINGH MANN

Registration ID : 106142 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6142

Year : Oct -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : prabhbirsinghmann@gmail.com

Page No : 17 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/10.2023-13391495/EXPLORING THE EVOLUTION OF BIOSOCIAL CRIMINOLOGY:

CONSTITUTIONAL SAFEGUARDS TO CIVIL SERVANTS BY - TARUNA NAYYAR

Authors : TARUNA NAYYAR

Registration ID : 106141 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6141

Year : Oct -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : tarunanayyar1994@gmail.com

Page No : 24 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/10.2023-22358357/CONSTITUTIONAL SAFEGUARDS TO CIVIL SERVANTS

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE INDIAN JUDICIARY IN SUPPORTING ARBITRATION: COMPREHENSIVE STUDY By: Beeda Rashmitha Rani Yadav

Authors : Beeda Rashmitha Rani Yadav

Registration ID : 106140 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6140

Year : Oct -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : rashmitha.20bal7006@vitap.ac.in

Page No : 16 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/10.2023-95556887/THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE INDIAN JUDICIARY IN SUPPO

POWER AND POSITION OF RAJYA SABHA AND THE U.S. SENATE: A COMPARATIVE STUDYBY - DEV DHAR DUBEY

Authors : DEV DHAR DUBEY

Registration ID : 106139 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6139

Year : Oct -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : devdhar.dubey23@nludelhi.ac.in

Page No : 33 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/10.2023-35997128/POWER AND POSITION OF RAJYA SABHA AND THE U.S. SEN

REMOVING THE VEIL OF THE ANTI-DEFECTION LAW IN INDIA BY - MAZIA SIDDIQUI & ABUBAKAR SHAMSI

Authors : MAZIA SIDDIQUI & ABUBAKAR SHAMSI

Registration ID : 106137 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6137 & IJLRA6138

Year : Oct -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : Maziasiddiqui0@gmail.com & Abubakarshamsi001@gmail.com

Page No : 14 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/10.2023-47735793/REMOVING THE VEIL OF THE ANTI-DEFECTION LAW IN IND

INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT ARBITRATION UNDER ICSID – ENFORCEMENT AND APPEAL MECHANISM BY - DHARUN LAKSHMAN

Authors : DHARUN LAKSHMAN

Registration ID : 106136 Published Paper ID: IJLRA61336

Year : Oct -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : dharunlakshman2001@gmail.com

Page No : 14 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/10.2023-53693831/INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT ARBITRATION UNDER ICSID ?

UNRAVELING THE LEGAL TAPESTRY: EXPLORING ABORTION LAWS IN INDIA FROM A JURISPRUDENTIAL PERSPECTIVE BY - PRATISTHA PRIYADARSHI & ARUNAV

Authors : PRATISTHA PRIYADARSHI & ARUNAV

Registration ID : 106134 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6134 & IJLRA6135

Year : Oct -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : pratistha.priyadarshi@nusrlranchi.ac.in & arunav@nusrlranchi.ac.in

Page No : 14 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/10.2023-61289915/UNRAVELING THE LEGAL TAPESTRY: EXPLORING ABORTION

THE INSTANCES AND THE IMPACT OF THE DOCTRINE OF ULTRA VIRES ON ACTS AND ORDERS OF A COMPANY AUTHORED BY - NAKUL SINGHTHE INSTANCES AND THE IMPACT OF THE DOCTRINE OF ULTRA VIRES ON ACTS AND ORDERS OF A COMPANY BY - NAKUL SINGH

Authors : NAKUL SINGH

Registration ID : 106133 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6133

Year : Oct -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : nakul219106@nujs.edu

Page No : 20 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/10.2023-11982855/THE INSTANCES AND THE IMPACT OF THE DOCTRINE OF UL

DISPUTE SETTLEMENTS UNDER THE WTO: THE ISSUES AND CHALLENGES BY - KRISHNA MAJUMDAR

Authors : KRISHNA MAJUMDAR

Registration ID : 106132 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6132

Year : Oct -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : krishnamajumdar10599@gmail.com

Page No : 70 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link :https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/10.2023-34375886/DISPUTE SETTLEMENTS UNDER THE WTO: THE ISSUES AND

International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

ISSN:2582-6433

Website:https://www.ijlra.com/

Accessibility:Open Access

License:Creative Commons 4.0

Submit Manuscript:Click here

Licensing:

All research articles published INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS are fully open access. i.e. immediately freely available to read, download and share. Articles are published under the terms of a Creative Commons license which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Disclaimer:

The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not purport to reflect the opinions or views of the INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS or its members. The designations employed in this publication and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

, accessed 13th October 2023.

[2] Gauri Kashyap, Supreme Court Hears Challenge to Abrogation of Article 370 | Day 1, SCO(2rd Aug 2023), https://www.scobserver.in/journal/supreme-court-hears-challenge-to-abrogation-of-article-370-day-1/ accessed 1st October 2023.

[3] Gauri Kashyap , Supreme Court Hears Challenge to Abrogation of Article 370 | Day 2, SCO (4th Aug 2023), https://www.scobserver.in/journal/supreme-court-hears-challenge-to-abrogation-of-article-370-day-2/ accessed 1^st October 2023.

[4] R. Sai Spandana and Gauri Kashyap , Abrogation of Article 370 | Day 5: Union Had No Authority to Dismantle Autonomy of J&K, SCO (10th Aug 2023), https://www.scobserver.in/reports/abrogation-of-article-370-day-5/ accessed 2nd October 2023.

[5] https://books.google.de/books?id=qcNAEAAAQBAJ accessed 4th October 2023.

[6] Gauri Kashyap , Supreme Court Hears Challenge to Abrogation of Article 370 | Day 6, SCO (16th Aug 2023), https://www.scobserver.in/journal/10299/ accessed 5th October 2023.

[7]Gauri Kashyap and R. Sai Spadana , Supreme Court Hears Challenge to Abrogation of Article 370 | Day 8&9, SCO (29th Aug 2023), https://www.scobserver.in/journal/supreme-court-hears-challenge-to-abrogation-of-article-370-day-8-9/ accessed 6th October 2023.

[8] Advay Vora and Gauri Kashyap , Supreme Court Hears Challenge to the Abrogation of Article 370 | Day 11, SCO (30th Aug 2023), https://www.scobserver.in/journal/supreme-court-hears-challenge-to-the-abrogation-of-article-370-day-11/ accessed 8th October 2023.

[9]Advay Vora and Sushovan Patnaik , Abrogation of Article 370: Arguments Matrix, SCO( 13th Sep 2023),

https://www.scobserver.in/reports/abrogation-of-article-370-arguments-matrix/ accessed 9th October 2023.

[10] Advay Vora and Gauri Kashyap , Supreme Court Hears Challenge to the Abrogation of Article 370 | Day 12, SCO (31th Aug 2023),https://www.scobserver.in/journal/supreme-court-hears-challenge-to-the-abrogation-of-article-370-day-12/ accessed 10th October 2023.

[11] Gauri Kashyap , Supreme Court Hears Challenge to the Abrogation of Article 370 | Day 13,, SCO (1st Sep 2023),https://www.scobserver.in/journalsupreme-court-hears-challenge-to-the-abrogation-of-article-370-day-13/ accessed 11th October 2023.

[12] Gauri Kashyap , Supreme Court Hears Challenge to the Abrogation of Article 370 | Day 14, SCO (5st Sep 2023), https://www.scobserver.in/journal/supreme-court-hears-challenge-to-the-abrogation-of-article-370-day-14/ accessed

11th October 2023.

[13] Gauri Kashyap , Supreme Court Hears Challenge to the Abrogation of Article 370 | Day 15, SCO (8^th Sep 2023), https://www.scobserver.in/journal/supreme-court-hears-challenge-to-the-abrogation-of-article-370-day-15/ accessed

12th October 2023.

[14] Maqbool Damnoo vs. State of J&K 19721972 AIR 963, 1972 SCR (2)1014

[1] Harris, K.M. and McDade, T.W., (2018). The biosocial approach to human development, behaviour, and health across the life course. RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 4(4), pp.2-26.

[2] Wright, J.P. and Boisvert, D., (2009). What biosocial criminology offers criminology. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36(11), pp.1228-1240.

[3] Beaver, K., (2017). Biosocial theories of crime. Routledge.

[5] Treiber, K., (2017). Biosocial criminology and models of criminal decision making. The Oxford handbook of offender decision making, 6, p.87.

[6] Carrier, N. and Walby, K., (2014). PTOLEMIZING LOMBROSO THE PSEUDO-REVOLUTION OF BIOSOCIAL CRIMINOLOGY. Journal of Theoretical & Philosophical Criminology, 6(1).

[7] Berryessa, C.M. and Raine, A., (2018). Neurocriminology. In The Routledge Companion to Criminological Theory and Concepts (pp. 78-82). Routledge.

[8] Goring, C., (1913). The English convict: A statistical study. HMS. p.370

[9] Bedoya, A. and Portnoy, J., (2022). Biosocial Criminology: History, Theory, Research Evidence, and Policy. Victims & Offenders, pp.1-31.

[10] Fishbein, D.H., (2017). Biological perspectives in criminology. In Biosocial Theories of Crime (pp. 3-48). Routledge.

[12] Wells, J. and Walsh, A., (2019). Biosocial theories in criminology. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice.

[14] Saunders, G. and McGue, M. (2020) “Behavioral and Molecular Genetics,” in Wright, A. G. C. and Hallquist, M. N. (eds) The Cambridge Handbook of Research Methods in Clinical Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (Cambridge Handbooks in Psychology), pp. 136–152. doi: 10.1017/9781316995808.015.

[15] Quinsey, V.L., (2002). Evolutionary theory and criminal behaviour. Legal and criminological psychology, 7(1), pp.1-13.

[16] Scerbo, A., Raine, A., O'Brien, M., Chan, C.J., Rhee, C. and Smiley, N., (1990). Reward dominance and passive avoidance learning in adolescent psychopaths. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18(4), pp.451-463.

[17] Brower, M.C. and Price, B.H., (2001). Neuropsychiatry of frontal lobe dysfunction in violent and criminal behaviour: a critical review. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 71(6), pp.720-726.

[19] Barnes, J.C. and Boutwell, B.B., (2015). Biosocial criminology: The emergence of a new and diverse perspective. Criminal Justice Studies, 28(1), pp.1-5.

[22] Jeffery, C.R., (1978). Criminology as an interdisciplinary behavioral science. Criminology, 16, p.149.

[24] Beaver, K., (2017). Biosocial theories of crime. Routledge.

[27] Besemer, S., (2014). The impact of timing and frequency of parental criminal behaviour and risk factors on offspring offending. Psychology, Crime & Law, 20(1), pp.78-99.

[28] Treiber, K., (2017). Biosocial criminology and models of criminal decision making. The Oxford handbook of offender decision making, 6, p.87.

[31] Wright, J.P., Boisvert, D. and Vaske, J., (2009). Blood lead levels in early childhood predict adulthood psychopathy. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 7(3), pp.208-222.

[32] Needleman, H., (2004). Lead poisoning. Annual review of medicine, 55(1), pp.209-222.

[33] Fox, B., (2017). It's nature and nurture: Integrating biology and genetics into the social learning theory of criminal behavior. Journal of Criminal Justice, 49, pp.22-31.

[34] Akers, R.L. (1998). Social learning and social structure: a general theory of crime and deviance, Northeastern University Press.

[35] Schwartz, J.A., (2014). Integrating mainstream criminological theory into the biosocial perspective: An empirical analysis(Doctoral dissertation, The Florida State University).

[38] Poindexter v. Mitchell (2006) 454 F.3d 564 6th Cir.

[39] United States v. Hinckley (1981) 525 F. Supp.1342

[40] People v. Weinstein (1992) 591 N.Y.S.2d 715, 156 Misc.2d 34

[41] Putkonen, A., Ryynänen, O.P., Eronen, M. and Tiihonen, J., (2007). Transmission of violent offending and crime across three generations. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 42(2), pp.94-99.

[43] Hart, D. and Marmorstein, N.R., (2009). Neighborhoods and genes and everything in between: Understanding adolescent aggression in social and biological contexts. Development and Psychopathology, 21(3), pp.961-973.

[44] Walsh A, Wright JP. (2015) Biosocial criminology and its discontents: A critical realist philosophical analysis. Criminal justice studies. Jan 2;28(1): pp.124-40.

[47] Carrier, N. and Walby, K., (2014). PTOLEMIZING LOMBROSO THE PSEUDO-REVOLUTION OF BIOSOCIAL CRIMINOLOGY. Journal of Theoretical & Philosophical Criminology, 6(1).

[49] Mobley v. The State (1995) 265 Ga. 292 S94P1271

[50] Turner, M.G., Hartman, J.L. and Bishop, D.M., (2007). The effects of prenatal problems, family functioning, and neighborhood disadvantage in predicting life-course-persistent offending. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34(10), pp.1241-1261.

[52] Guy, R. and Chomczy?ski, P.A., (2018). Bioethics and biosocial criminology: Hurdling the status quo. Ethics, Medicine and Public Health, 7, pp.95-102.

[55] Beaver, K.M., Nedelec, J.L., da Silva Costa, C. and Vidal, M.M., (2015). The future of biosocial criminology. Criminal Justice Studies, 28(1), pp.6-17.

[58] Salas-Wright, C.P. and Todic, J., (2015). Alcohol and drug misuse as a biosocial source of crime.

[60] Barnes, J.C. and Boutwell, B.B., (2015). Biosocial criminology: The emergence of a new and diverse perspective. Criminal Justice Studies, 28(1), pp.1-5.

[63] Wright, J.P. and Cullen, F.T., (2012). The future of biosocial criminology: Beyond scholars’ professional ideology. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 28(3), pp.237-253.

[1] Article 309 of The Constitution of India 1950

[2] State of Karnataka & Ors. v. Ameerbi & Ors., 2006 (13) SCALE 319

[3] Doctrine of Pleasure – An Analytical Study, Available at https://www.lawctopus.com/academike/doctrine-of-pleasure/#_ednref8 ( Last Accessed on 18^th April 2019)

[4] Prof M P JAIN Indian Constitutional Law (LEXISNEXIS Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur Fifth Ed.2008) at 1428

[5] T. K. Rangarajan V. Government of Tamil Nadu, AIR 2003 SC 3032

[7] Constitutional Protection to Civil Servants, By Dr. A. Prasanna

[8] Radin, Anglo- American Legal History, 228 (1936)

[11] Article 310(1) of The Indian Constitution, 1950

[13] Prof M P JAIN Indian Constitutional Law (LEXISNEXIS Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur Fifth Ed.2008) at 1431

[16] Sher Singh v. State of M.P, AIR 1955 Nag. 175

[18] Dr. J.N.PANDEY The Constitutional Law of India (Central Law Agency Allahabad 45th Ed. 2008) at 656

[20] Bachubha Ramsinghji v. Shivlal, AIR 1970 Guj. 180

[21]Mahesh v. State of Uttar Pradesh AIR 1955 SC 70

[23] Article 311(2) of the Constitution of India, 1950

[24] Dr. J.N.PANDEY The Constitutional Law of India (Central Law Agency Allahabad 45th Ed. 2008) at 657

[27]Divisional Personnel Officer. Western Railway V. Sunder Das AIR 1981 SC 2177

[31] Dr. J.N.PANDEY The Constitutional Law of India (Central Law Agency Allahabad 45th Ed. 2008) at 656

[32] Khem Chand V. Union of India, AIR 1958 SC 300

[34]Managing Director, ECIL v. B. Karunakar, 1993(4) SCC 727

[36] Art. 311(2) (a) of the Constitution of India, 1950

[37] Art. 311 (2) (b) of the Constitution of India, 1950

[38] Art. 311 (2) (c) of the Constitution of India, 1950

[41] Dy. Director of Collegiate education, Madras v. S. Nagoor Meera AIR 1995 SC 1364

[43] Union of India V. Tulsiram Patel, AIR 1985 SC 1416

[45] Satyavir Singh V. Union of India, 1985 (4) SCC 252

[46] People’s Union for Civil Liberties V. Union Of India, AIR 1997 SC 1203

[47] J.C. Johari, The Constitution of India, A Politico-Legal Study, p. 321

[49] Article 311(3) of the Constitution of India, 1950

[50] Union of India V. Tulsiram Patel, AIR 1985 SC 1416

[51] Jaswant Singh V. State of Punjab, AIR 1991 SC 385

[52] Union of India v. Sunil Kumar Sarkar, AIR 2001 SC 1092

[53] International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

[54] I. P. Massey, Administrative Law (2003), pp.161-212

^{^[1]} Kumar A and others, ‘Interpretation and Application of the New York Convention in India’ [2017] Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards 445

[2] National Aluminium Co. Ltd. v. Pressteel & Fabrications (P) Ltd (2004) 1 SCC 540

[3] See BALCO, (2012) 9 SCC 552, ¶¶ 194–197 (India) (this is manifest in the discussion in BALCO wherein the Court overruled Bhatia International?s position that the provisions of Part I of the Arbitration Act can be used in foreign seated arbitrations).

[4] See Bhatia Int?l v. Bulk Trading S.A., (2002) 4 SCC 105, ¶¶ 21, 32 (India) [hereinafter “Bhatia International”] (the Bhatia International principle was that the Indian Courts will exercise jurisdiction over interim applications and challenges resulting from arbitrations, unless the intention of the parties was to expressly or impliedly oust the jurisdiction of Indian courts. This means that the Indian Courts would exercise concurrent jurisdiction, along with the courts of the seat of the arbitration).

[5] Hardy Exploration, (2019) 13 SCC 472, ¶¶ 26–27 (India); See United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration, G.A. Res. 40/72, U.N. Doc. A/RES/40/72 (Dec. 11, 1985), as amended by G.A. Res. 61/33, U.N. Doc. A/RES/61/33 (Dec. 18, 2006) [hereinafter “Model Law”] (the Model Law is similar to the ICC Rules as it also gives the arbitral tribunal the right to decide the seat if the parties have not already specified it).

[6] See Ssangyong Engineering & Construction Co. Ltd. v. National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) 2019 SCC OnLine SC 677, the Supreme Court elucidated and interpreted the grounds for setting aside an award when the party was unable to present its case under Section 34(2)(a)(iii) of the Arbitration & Conciliation Act, 1996 (‘Act’), when arbitral award deals with a dispute not contemplated or falling within the terms of submission under Section 34(2)(a)(iv) of the Act, when the award is in conflict with the public policy of India as provided under Explanation 1 & 2 of Section 34(2)(b)(ii) of the Act and what constitutes patent illegality appearing on the face of the award under Section 34(2A) of the Act.

[7] 1.3 In these Rules: “Award” includes a partial, interim or final award and an award of an Emergency Arbitrator”

[8] See 2019 (8) SCC 714 “appointment of an arbitrator is a judicial power and is not a mere administrative function leaving some degree of judicial intervention; when it comes to the question to examine the existence of a prima facie arbitration agreement, it is always necessary to ensure that the dispute resolution process does not become unnecessarily protracted.”

[9] See Bharat Aluminium Co. v. Kaiser Aluminium Tech. Servs., Inc. (2012) 9 SCC 552, ¶¶ 95 (India); the term “subject matter of the arbitration” cannot be confused with “subject matter of the suit”. The term “subject matter” in Section 2(1)(e) is confined to Part I. It has a reference and connection with the process of dispute resolution. Its purpose is to identify the courts having supervisory control over the arbitration proceedings. Hence, it refers to a court which would essentially be a court of the seat of the arbitration process. In our opinion, the provision in Section 2(1)(e) has to be construed keeping in view the provisions in Section 20 which give recognition to party autonomy.

[10] See Bharat Aluminium Co. v. Kaiser Aluminium Tech. Servs., Inc. (2012) 9 SCC 552, ¶¶ 71–76, 95–117 (India) [hereinafter “BALCO”].

[11] Enercon (India) Ltd & Ors v Enercon GmBH & Anr (2014) 5 SCC 1, ¶¶20 (India); “In the present case, even though the venue of arbitration proceedings has been fixed in London, it cannot be presumed that the parties have intended the seat to be also in London. In an International Commercial Arbitration, venue can often be different from the seat of arbitration. In such circumstances, the hearing of the arbitration will be conducted at the venue fixed by the parties, but this would not bring about a change in the seat of the arbitration”.

[12] See Vijay Karia & Ors. v. Prysmian Cavi E Sistemi SRL & Ors. 2020 SCC OnLine SC 177, ¶¶ 85 (India); “if a foreign award fails to determine a material issue which goes to the root of the matter or fails to decide a claim or counter-claim in its entirety, the award may shock the conscience of the Court [and its enforcement may be refused] on the ground of violation of the public policy of India, in that it would then offend a most basic notion of justice”.

[14] See BGS SGS Soma JV vs. NHPC Ltd. [2019 SCC Online SC 1585], ¶¶ 25-30 (India)

[15] 34 Application for setting aside arbitral award. —

(2) An arbitral award may be set aside by the Court only if—

(b) the Court finds that—

(ii) the arbitral award is in conflict with the public policy of India.

Explanation. —Without prejudice to the generality of sub-clause (ii) it is hereby declared, for the avoidance of any doubt, that an award is in conflict with the public policy of India if the making of the award was induced or affected by fraud or corruption or was in violation of section 75 or section 81.

[16] 48. Conditions for enforcement of foreign awards.—

(2) Enforcement of an arbitral award may also be refused if the Court finds that—

(b) the enforcement of the award would be contrary to the public policy of India. Explanation.—Without prejudice to the generality of clause (b) of this section, it is hereby declared, for the avoidance of any doubt, that an award is in conflict with the public policy of India if the making of the award was induced or affected by fraud or corruption.

[17] See Renusagar Power Company Ltd. v. General Electric Company 1994 Supp (1) SCC 644, ¶¶ 27, (India).

[18] See Renusagar Power Company Ltd. v. General Electric Company 1994 Supp (1) SCC 644, ¶¶ 66, (India); Article V(2)(b) of the New York Convention of 1958 and Section 7(1)(b)(ii) of the Foreign Awards Act do not postulate refusal of recognition and enforcement of a foreign award on the ground that it is contrary to the law of the country of enforcement and the ground of challenge is confined to the recognition and enforcement being contrary to the public policy of the country in which the award is set to be enforced. There is nothing to indicate that the expression "public policy" in Article V(2)(b) of the New York Convention and Section 7(1)(b)(ii) of the Foreign Awards Act is not used in the same sense in which it was used in Article I(c) of the Geneva Convention of 1927 and Section 7(1) of the Protocol and Convention Act of 1937. This would mean that "public policy" in Section 7(1)(b)(ii) has been used in a narrower sense and in order to attract to bar of public policy the enforcement of the award must invoke something more than the violation of the law of India. Since the Foreign Awards Act is concerned with recognition and enforcement of foreign awards which are governed by the principles of private international law, the expression "public policy" in Section 7(1)(b)(ii) of the Foreign Awards Act must necessarily be construed in the sense the doctrine of public policy is applied in the field of private international law. Applying the said criteria it must be held that the enforcement of a foreign award would be refused on the ground that it is contrary to public policy if such enforcement would be contrary to (i) fundamental policy of Indian law; or (ii) the interests of India; or (iii) justice or morality."

[19] See ONGC v. Saw Pipes 2003 (5) SCC 705, ¶¶ 31, (India); "In our view, the phrase "public policy of India"...is required to be given a wider meaning. It can be stated that the concept of public policy connotes some matter which concerns public good and the public interest. What is for public good or in public interest or what would be injurious or harmful to the public good or public interest has varied from time to time. However, the award which is, on the face of it, patently in violation of statutory provisions cannot be said to be in public interest. Such award/judgment/decision is likely to adversely affect the administration of justice. Hence, in our view in addition to narrower meaning given to the term "public policy" in Renusagar case it is required to be held that the award could be set aside if it is patently illegal. The result would be – award could be set aside if it is contrary to:

(a) fundamental policy of Indian law; or

(b) the interest of India; or

(d) in addition, if it is patently illegal.

Illegality must go to the root of the matter and if the illegality is of trivial nature it cannot be held that award is against the public policy. Award could also be set aside if it is so unfair and unreasonable that it shocks the conscience of the court. Such award is opposed to public policy and is required to be adjudged void."

[20] Section 28(2) specifically provides that arbitrator shall decide ex aequo et bono [according to what is just and good] only if the parties have expressly authorised him to do so. Similarly, if the award is patently against the statutory provisions of law which is in force in India or is passed without giving an opportunity of hearing to the parties as provided under Section 24 or without giving any reason in a case where parties have not agreed that no reasons are to be recorded, it would be against the statutory provisions. In all such cases, the award is required to be set aside on the ground of ’patent illegality’

[21] Clause 13 which provides for the dispute redressal clause can be broadly classified into the following three parts:

1. Disputes with regards to quantum of claim shall be referred to an arbitrator, to be appointed by the procedure prescribed therein.

2. No reference to arbitration if the insurer denies its liability.

3. Obtaining of arbitral award to be condition precedent to initiating any right of action or suit against the policy.

²³See Phulchand Exports Ltd. v. O.OO. Patriot, (2011) 10 SCC 300, ¶¶ 12

[23] See Shri Lal Mahal Ltd. v. Progetto Grano Spa, (2014) 2 SCC 433,¶¶29, that expression “public policy of India” under Section 48(2)(b) is narrow and limited to the extent of[11]: (i) Fundamental policy of Indian law. (ii) Interests of India. (iii) Justice and morality. However, the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Act, 2015 with regard to enforcement of foreign awards added Explanation to Section 48(2)(b) and thereby clarifying when an award shall be considered to be in conflict with “public policy of India”.

[24]See Venture Global Engineering v. Satyam Computer Services, (2008) 4 SCC 190.

[1] National Labour Relations Board v. Noel Canning (D.C. Cir. 2013) 705 F.3d 490, cert. granted, 133 S. Ct. 2861 (2013).

[2] David J. Arkush, ‘The Senate and the Recess Appointments’ 127 Harv. L. Rev. F. 1 <The Senate and the Recess Appointments - Harvard Law Review> accessed 18 October 2022

[3] Nirmala, ‘Why and how is the US senate more powerful than the Rajya Sabha and the British House of Lords?’ <Why and how is the US senate more powerful than the Rajya Sabha and the British House of Lords? (preservearticles.com)> accessed 18 October 2022

[4] David J. Arkush, ‘The Senate and the Recess Appointments’ 127 Harv. L. Rev. F. 1 <The Senate and the Recess Appointments - Harvard Law Review> accessed 18 October 2022

[5] Abhishek Mohanty, ‘Domicile Requirement in Rajya Sabha vis-à-vis Federalism’ (February 5, 2015) < Domicile Requirement in Rajya Sabha vis-à-vis Federalism - Academike (lawctopus.com)> accessed 18 October 2022

[6] J.W. Creswell, ‘Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among various approaches’ (2nd edn, Thousand Oaks, CA Sage (2007) )

[8] Will Kenton, 'Bicameral System: What It Is, How It Works, History in U.S.' (Investopedia, 21 September 2021) accessed 1November 2022

[9] Robert Longley, 'The Great Compromise of 1787' (ThoughtCo, 2 February 2022) accessed 1 November 2022

[10] S. S. Nanda, Bicameralism in India (New Era Publications, 1st edn, 1988) <https://openlibrary.org/books/ol2168778m/bicameralism_in_india> accessed 1 November 2022

[13] M. Laxmikant, Indian Polity (Mac Graw Hill, 6 edn, 2020)

[21] The Constitution of United States of America 1789, Art 1, s 3(1)

[23] The Constitution of United States of America 1789, Art 1, s 6

[29] The Constitution of United States of America 1789, Art 1, s 3

[31] The Constitution of United States of America 1789, Art 1, s 5

[33] US Senate, ‘Power and Procedure’ <U.S. Senate: Powers and Procedures> accessed 1 November 2022

[36] Kuldip Nayar v. Union of India [2006] SC 3127

[37] US Senate, ‘Composition’ < U.S. Senate> accessed 1 November 2022

[38] The Constitution of United States of America 1789 (17^th Amendment, 1913)

[43] US Senate, ‘Composition’ <U.S. Senate> accessed 1 November 2022

[1] Author is a 2^nd Year Student of B.A. LL. B (Hons.) at Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.

[2] Author is a 3^rd Year Student of B.A. LL. B (Hons.) at Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.

[3] K.N. Singh, Anti-Defection law and Judicial Review 38 JPI 31 (1992).

[4] J.K. Mittal, Anti-Defection Act: A comment on its Constitutionality (1987) 3 SCC(J) 25 at 26.

[5] Gulab Gupta, Anti-Defection law-An Introspection, 1966 (IX) CILQ 127 at 130.

[6] The J&K Representation of Peoples Act, 1957 (Act No. IV of 1957), Sec. 24- G.

[8] The Constitution of India, Schedule X, Para. 2 & 1 (a), (b).

[9] The Constitution of India, Schedule X, Para. 2 (2).

[13] The Constitution of India, Schedule X, Para. 3.

[15] The Constitution of India, Schedule X, Para. 6

[16] The Constitution of India, Schedule X, Para. 7

[25] The Constitution of India, Schedule X, Para. 2 (1) (b).

[28] The Constitution of India, Schedule X, Para. 2 (3)

[29] The Constitution of India, Schedule X, Para. 4

[34] Law Commission of India, 170th Report on Reform of Electoral Laws, available at, http://www.lawcommissionofindia.nic.in/lc170.htm - last visited on April 8, 2010

[1] Herbert Read Quotes. BrainyQuote.com, BrainyMedia Inc, 2022. https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/herbert_read_261755, accessed October 22, 2022.

[2] ICSID Convention, Article 21 and ICSID Convention, Article 22

[6] ICSID Convention, Article 49 and ICSID Convention, Article 52

[9] ICSID Convention, Article 62 and ICSID Convention, Article 63

[13] Thomas W Walsh, 'Substantive Review of ICSID Awards: Is the Desire for Accuracy Sufficient to Compromise Finality' (2006) 24 BJIL 444 accessed on 20 October 2022.

[15] Eiser and infrastructure services v. Spain ,[2020] FCA 157

[1] Dworkin, Ronald. “Feminism and Abortion”. The New York Review of Books, June 10, 1993, 27-29.

[2] Berer, Marge,(2017), “Abortion Law and Policy Around the World: In Search of Decriminalization.” Health and Human Rights, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 13–27.

[3] Ravi Singh Chhikara and Karman Kaur, (2020), The Conflicting Jurisprudence Behind the Laws on Abortion, International Journal of Law and Jurisprudence, Vol 3, No 2, pp-13-27.

[4] Berer, Marge, (2017), “Abortion Law and Policy Around the World: In Search of Decriminalization.” Health and Human Rights, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 13–27.

[5] Grimes DA, Stuart G. Abortion jabberwocky: “The Need for Better Terminology. Contraception”.

[6] Sedgh G, Singh S, Shah IH, Åhman E, Henshaw SK, Bankole A: “Induced abortion: Incidence and Trends Worldwide from 1995 To 2008”

[7] Bankole A, Singh S, Haas T: “Reasons why women have induced abortions: evidence from 27 countries.

[8] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Dec. 10, 1948, G.A. Res. 217 A (III), U.N. Doc.A/810 (1948), availableat: http://www.un.org/Overview/rights (last visited on Dec 16, 2020).

[10] William Saunders, “The ABC of International Right to Abortion”, available at: http://www.humanlifereview.com/index.php/archives/52-2010-summer/113-the-abcs-of-an-international-right- toabortion (last visited on Dec 16, 2020).

[11] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, art. 6.

[13] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, art. 1.

[14] Bhavish Gupta Meenu Gupta, (2016), Socio Cultural Aspect of Abortion in India: Law, Ethics and Practices, ILI law Review, pg-140-150.

[15] Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, Article 12.

[16] Article 21- Protection of life and personal liberty No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.

[17] Garima Tripathi, “Legacy and Legality of Abortion in India and in USA”, Available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3636238, (last visited, 16 Dec, 202)

[18] Section 312-Causing miscarriage,

Section 313-Causing miscarriage without the consent of the woman, Section 314 -Death caused with an intent to cause miscarriage,

Section 315 -Act done with intent to prevent a child being born alive or to cause it to die after birth, Section 316(IPC): Causing death of a quick born child by act amounting to culpable homicide.

[20] Amar Jesani and Aditi Iyer, (1993) “Women and Abortion”, Economic and Political Weekly, 27.

[24] Government of India, Report of the Committee to Study the Question of Legalisation of Abortion 36 (Ministry of Health and Family, 1966).

[25] Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1972 (Act of 1971), Preamble.

[26] Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1972 (Act of 1971), s. 3.

[27] Writ Petition (C) No. 593 of 2016 (Supreme Court of India), decided on July 25, 2016, available at: http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/FileServer/2016-07-25_1469453114.pdf (last visited on Dec 16, 2020)

[28] International Federation of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, Recommendations on Ethical Issues in Obstetrics and Gynaecology 58 (Committee for the Study of Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women’s Health, Oct. 2009), available at: http://www.figo.org/docs/ Ethics%20Guidelines%20%20English%20version%202006%20-2009.pdf (last visited on Dec 16, 2020).

[31] 6 Micheal DA Freeman, Lloyd’s Introduction to Jurisprudence (7th edn, Sweet & Maxwell 2001) 132-139.

[32] John Finnis, ‘The fragile case for euthanasia: a reply to John Harris’ in John Keown (eds), Euthanasia Examined (Cambridge University Press 1995).

[33] Emily Jackson, Medical law: texts, cases and materials (OUP 2006) 594; Jonathan Herring, Medical Law and Ethics (OUP 2006) 262.

[34] Ronald Dworkin, Life’s Dominion (HarperCollins 1993).

[35] Steven Ross and Terry F Godlove, ‘Books Review’ (1994) 25(1) Methaphilosophy 96, p 96.

[36] [no author], ‘Inside out, Within and Beyond, or Backwards? Life’s Dominion: An Argument about Abortion, Euthanasia, and Individual Freedom’ (1994) 107(4) Harvard Law Review 943, 943

[37] Siddhivinayak Hirve,(2004) “Abortion Policy In India: Lacunae and Future Challenge” Abortion Assessment Project, India Centre for Enquiry into Health and Allied Themes, Bombay

[39] Bhavish Gupta Meenu Gupta, (2016), Socio Cultural Aspect of Abortion in India: Law, Ethics and Practices, ILI law Review, pg-146.

[40] Patchesky Rosalind Pollack, Abortion and Women's Choice: The State, Sexuality and Reproductive Freedom 13 (Northeastern University Press, 1st edn., 1991).

[2] Brady and Joseph Donald, The Doctrine of Ultra Vires, Its Nature, Elements & Mordern Application, American Law Review, Vol.54 Issue.4 (1920).

[3] Attorney General v. G.E. Rly. Co., (1880) 5 A.C. 473.

[4] A. Ramaiya, Guide to The Companies Act (19^th ed. Vol.1, 2020), section. 4(1)(c).

[5] Central Transport Co. v. Pullman’s Palace Car Co., 139 U.S. 24, II Sup. Ct. 489

[6] Kefauver and Estetes, The Doctrine of Ultra Vires, Tennessee Law Review, Vol.6 Issue.1 (1927-1928).

[8] A. Ramaiya, Guide to The Companies Act (19^th ed. Vol.1, 2020), section. 4(1)(c).

[9] Ashbury Railway Carriage & Iron Co. Ltd. v. Riche, (1875) L.R. 7 H.L. 653

[13] P.S. Sangal, Ultra Vires & Companies: The Indian Experience, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol.12 Issue.3 (1963).

[15] Thompson and Seymour, The Doctrine of Ultra Vires in relation to Private Corporations, American Law Review, Vol.28 Issue.3 (1894)

[16] Thompson and Seymour, The Doctrine of Ultra Vires in relation to Private Corporations, American Law Review, Vol.28 Issue.3 (1894)

[17] G.M. Sen, Rule of Ultra Vires in company law, has it outlived its purpose, Journal of the Indian Law Institute, Vol.27 Issue.2 (1985)

[18] G.M. Sen, Rule of Ultra Vires in company law, has it outlived its purpose, Journal of the Indian Law Institute, Vol.27 Issue.2 (1985)

[22] Dr. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar A. v. LIC (1963) Comp LJ 248

[23] Gower, The Principles of Modern Company Law 97 (3^rd ed., 1969)

[24] Report of the Cohen Committee on Company Law Amendment, 1945, ¶.12

[25] Report of the High-Powered Expert Committee on Companies and M.R.T.P. Acts, 180(1978).

[26] Report of The Company Law Committee, 1952, ¶.33

[27] G.M. Sen, Rule of Ultra Vires in company law, has it outlived its purpose, Journal of the Indian Law Institute, Vol.27 Issue.2 (1985)

[29] A. Ramaiya, Guide to The Companies Act (19^th ed. Vol.1, 2020), section. 4(1)(c).

[30] A. Ramaiya, Guide to The Companies Act (19^th ed. Vol.1, 2020), section. 4(1)(c).

[31] The Harvard Law Review Association, Effects of Ultra Vires Transactions, Harvard Law Review, Vol.18 Issue.6 (1905).

[32] Charles E. Carpenter, Should the doctrine of Ultra vires be discarded, Yale Law Journal, Vol.33 (1923-1924).

[33] Kefauver and Estetes, The Doctrine of Ultra Vires, Tennessee Law Review, Vol.6 Issue.1 (1927-1928).

[36] Andrew R. Thompson, Company Law doctrines and the authority to contract, University of Toronto Law Journal, Vol. 11 (1955-1956).

[38] McLenan, The Ultra Vires doctrine & the Turquand rule in Company Law, A suggested Solution, South African Law Journal, Vol.96 Issue.2 (1979)

[39] The Harvard Law Review Association, Constructive Notice of the Charter of a corporation, Harvard Law Review, Vol.26 Issue.6 (1913).

[40] The Harvard Law Review Association, Constructive Notice of the Charter of a corporation, Harvard Law Review, Vol.26 Issue.6 (1913).

[41] The Harvard Law Review Association, Constructive Notice of the Charter of a corporation, Harvard Law Review, Vol.26 Issue.6 (1913).

[42] The Harvard Law Review Association, Constructive Notice of the Charter of a corporation, Harvard Law Review, Vol.26 Issue.6 (1913).

[43] Report of The Company Law Committee, 1962, P.42.

[44] The Harvard Law Review Association, Constructive Notice of the Charter of a corporation, Harvard Law Review, Vol.26 Issue.6 (1913).

[45] (1875) L.R. 7 H.L. 869, 893; L.R. 5 Eq. 316, 322.

[46] The Harvard Law Review Association, Constructive Notice of the Charter of a corporation, Harvard Law Review, Vol.26 Issue.6 (1913).

[48] Report of The Company Law Committee, 1962, P.42.

[49] Palmer, Palmer's Company Law 33 (19th ed.,1949).

[50] Palmer, Palmer's Company Law 33 (19th ed.,1949).

[51] Andrew R. Thompson, Company Law doctrines and the authority to contract, University of Toronto Law Journal, Vol. 11 (1955-1956).

[54] Andrew R. Thompson, Company Law doctrines and the authority to contract, University of Toronto Law Journal, Vol. 11 (1955-1956).

[56] Rama Corporation v. Proved Tin & General Investment Co. (1952) 1 All. ER 554

[57] Rouben v. Great Fingal Consolidated, (1906) AC 439; Kreditbank Cassel v. Schenkers Ltd. (1927) 1 KB 826

[58] Anand Behari Lal v. Dinshaw & Co. (Bankers) Ltd., AIR 1942 Oudh 417

[59] Varkey Souriar v. Keraleeya Banking Co. Ltd., (1957) 27 Com Cases 591 (Ker.)

[60] A. Ramaiya, Guide to The Companies Act (19^th ed. Vol.1, 2020), section. 4(1)(c).

[61] Pacific Coast Coal Mines v. Arbuthnot, (1917) AC 607.

[62] McLenan, The Ultra Vires doctrine & the Turquand rule in Company Law, A suggested Solution, South African Law Journal, Vol.96 Issue.2 (1979)

[63] McLenan, The Ultra Vires doctrine & the Turquand rule in Company Law, A suggested Solution, South African Law Journal, Vol.96 Issue.2 (1979)

[64] McLenan, The Ultra Vires doctrine & the Turquand rule in Company Law, A suggested Solution, South African Law Journal, Vol.96 Issue.2 (1979)

[68] McLenan, The Ultra Vires doctrine & the Turquand rule in Company Law, A suggested Solution, South African Law Journal, Vol.96 Issue.2 (1979)

[1] Payosova, Tetyana, Gary Clyde Hufbauer, and Jeffrey J. Schott. The dispute settlement crisis in the World Trade Organization: causes and cures. No. PB18-5. 2018.

[2] Thomas Bernauer, Manfred Elsig et.al., The World Trade Organization’s Dispute Settlement Mechanism – Analysis and Problems ( the Center for Comparative and International Studies (ETH Zurich and University of Zurich),2010)

[3] GATT Articles XXII and XXIII, the GATT consultation and dispute settlement articles, continue to serve as the legal basis for dispute settlement under WTO agreements on trade in goods. See, e.g., Agreement on Agriculture art. 19.

[4] Dispute Settlement Understanding Arts. 16.4, 17.14

[5] Bernhard Zangl, Judicialization Matters! A Comparison of Dispute Settlement Under GATT and the WTO 825–854(International Studies Quarterly (2008) )

[6] Madhumitha, Dharmapuri Selvakumar. "WTO-Analysis of Issues with the Dispute Settlement Mechanism." Beijing L. Rev. 11 (2020): 879.

[7] Tirkey, Aarshi. "The WTO dispute settlement system: An analysis of India’s experience and current reform proposals." (2019).

[8] Hauser, Heinz, and Thomas A. Zimmermann. "The challenge of reforming the WTO dispute settlement understanding." Available at SSRN 666983 (2003).

[9] Hauser, Heinz, and Thomas A. Zimmermann. "The challenge of reforming the WTO dispute settlement understanding." Available at SSRN 666983 (2003).

[10] Fergusson, Ian F. (9 May 2007). "The World Trade Organization: Background and Issues". Congressional Research Service. p. 4. Retrieved 15 August 2008.

[11] Irwin, Douglas A., Petros C. Mavroidis, and Alan O. Sykes. "The Genesis of the GATT." (2008).

[12] Bagwell, Kyle, and Robert W. Staiger. 1999. "An Economic Theory of GATT." American Economic Review, 89 (1): 215-248.

[13] Joost Pauwelyn, THE LAW, ECONOMICS, AND POLITICS OF RETALIATION IN WTO DISPUTE SETTLEMENT, Chad P. Bown, ed., Cambridge University Press, 2009

[14] Joost Pauwelyn, THE LAW, ECONOMICS, AND POLITICS OF RETALIATION IN WTO DISPUTE SETTLEMENT, Chad P. Bown, ed., Cambridge University Press, 2009

[15] Gallagher, Peter. The first ten years of the WTO: 1995-2005. Cambridge University Press, 2005.

[17] "Legal texts – Marrakesh agreement". WTO. Retrieved 30 May 2010.

[18] Erskine, Daniel H. "Resolving Trade Disputes, the Mechanisms of GATT/WTO Dispute Resolution." Santa Clara J. Int'l L. 2 (2004)

[19] Overview: a Navigational Guide, WTO official site. For the complete list of "The Uruguay Round Agreements," see WTO legal texts, WTO official site, and Uruguay Round Agreements, Understandings, Decisions, and Declarations, WorldTradeLaw.net

[20] Principles of the Trading System, WTO official site

[21] World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1996

[22] Fergusson, Ian F. "World trade organization negotiations: the Doha development agenda." LIBRARY OF CONGRESS WASHINGTON DC CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE, 2008.

[23] "The Second WTO Ministerial Conference". World Trade Organization. Retrieved 2008-08-1

[25] Fergusson, Ian F. "World trade organization negotiations: the Doha development agenda." LIBRARY OF CONGRESS WASHINGTON DC CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE, 2008.

[26] Farah, Paolo Davide. "Five Years of China’s WTO Membership. EU and US Perspectives on China’s Compliance with Transparency Commitments and the Transitional Review Mechanism." Legal Issues of Economic Integration 33.3 (2006).

[29] WTO to hold 7th Ministerial Conference on 30 November-2 December 2009 WTO official website

[30] "In the twilight of Doha". The Economist. 27 July 2006. p. 65.

[32] Fergusson, Ian F. "World trade organization negotiations: the Doha development agenda." LIBRARY OF CONGRESS WASHINGTON DC CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE, 2008.

[33] WTO trade negotiations: Doha Development Agenda Europa press release, 31 October 2011

[34] "Members start negotiating proposal on poor countries' food stockholding". WTO official website. 27 March 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2013.

[35] Busch, Marc L. "Democracy, Consultation, and the Paneling of Disputes under GATT." Journal of Conflict Resolution 44.4 (2000): 425-446.

[36] Busch, Marc L., and Eric Reinhardt. "Developing countries and general agreement on tariffs and trade/world trade organization dispute settlement." J. World Trade 37 (2003): 719.

[37] Jackson, John H. The jurisprudence of GATT and the WTO: insights on treaty law and economic relations. Cambridge University Press, 2007.

[38] Lacarte-Muro, Julio, and Petina Gappah. "Developing Countries and the WTO Legal and Dispute Settlement System: A view from the bench." Journal of International Economic Law 3.3 (2000): 395-401.

[39] Moore, Mike. "The WTO, Looking Ahead." Fordham Int'l LJ 24 (2000): 1.

[40] Busch, Marc L., and Eric Reinhardt. "Developing countries and general agreement on tariffs and trade/world trade organization dispute settlement." J. World Trade 37 (2003): 719.

[41] Palmeter, David. "The WTO as a legal system." Fordham Int'l LJ 24 (2000): 444.

[42] Howse, Robert. "The Canadian Generic Medicines panel: A dangerous precedent in dangerous times." The Journal of World Intellectual Property 3.4 (2000): 493-507.

[43] Busch, Marc L., and Eric Reinhardt. "Developing countries and general agreement on tariffs and trade/world trade organization dispute settlement." J. World Trade 37 (2003): 719.

[45] Gleason, Carolyn B., and Pamela D. Walther. "The WTO Dispute Settlement Implementation Procedures: A System in Need of Reform." Law & Pol'y Int'l Bus. 31 (1999): 709.

[46] Pauwelyn, Joost. "Enforcement and countermeasures in the WTO: rules are rules-toward a more collective approach." American Journal of International Law 94.2 (2000): 335-347.

[47] Mavroidis, Petros C. "Remedies in the WTO legal system: between a rock and a hard place." European Journal of International Law 11.4 (2000): 763-813.

[48][48][48] Stewart, Terence P., and Mara M. Burr. "The WTO's First Two and a Half Years of Dispute Resolution." NCJ Int'l L. & Com. Reg. 23 (1997): 481.

[49] Busch, Marc L., and Eric Reinhardt. "Bargaining in the shadow of the law: early settlement in GATT/WTO disputes." Fordham Int'l LJ 24 (2000): 158.

[50] Valles, Cherise M., and Berndan P. McGivern. "Right to Retaliate under the WTO Agreement, The." J. World Trade 34 (2000): 63.

[51] Hudec, Robert E. "The new WTO dispute settlement procedure: an overview of the first three years." Minn. J. Global Trade 8 (1999): 1.

[52] Reinhardt, Eric. "Adjudication without enforcement in GATT disputes." Journal of Conflict Resolution 45.2 (2001): 174-195.

[53] Cottier, Thomas, and Petros C. Mavroidis. Regulatory barriers and the principle of non-discrimination in world trade law: Past, present, and future. Vol. 2. University of Michigan Press, 2000.

[54] Pauwelyn, Joost. "The transformation of world trade." Mich. L. Rev. 104 (2005): 1.

[55] Body, Dispute Settlement, and Special Session. Contribution of the European Communities and Its Member States to the Improvement of the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding. TN/DS/W/1, Annex, para. 10 (Mar. 13, 2002)[hereinafter EC's Proposals], 2002.

[56] Alavi, Amin. "African countries and the WTO's Dispute Settlement Mechanism." Development Policy Review 25.1 (2007): 25-42.

[57] Busch, Marc L., and Eric Reinhardt. "Developing countries and general agreement on tariffs and trade/world trade organization dispute settlement." J. World Trade 37 (2003): 719.

[58] Busch, Marc L., and Eric Reinhardt. "The evolution of GATT/WTO dispute settlement." Trade Policy Research 143 (2003): 2003.

[59] Busch, Marc L., and Eric Reinhardt. "The evolution of GATT/WTO dispute settlement." Trade Policy Research 143 (2003): 2003.

[60] Kennedy, Matthew, and Hannu Wager. "WTO dispute settlement and copyright: the first seven years." ALAI Copyright–Internet World, Report on the Neuchâtel Study Session (2002): 223-249.

[61] Davey, William J. "The WTO dispute settlement system: the first ten years." Journal of International Economic Law 8.1 (2005): 17-50.

[62] JOHN H. JACKSON ET AL., LEGAL PROBLEMS OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS

284 (5th ed. 2008).

[63] Lowenfeld, Andreas F. "Enforcing International Trade Law: The Evolution of the Modern GATT Legal System. By Robert E. Hudec. Salem, NH: Butterworths, 1993. Pp. 630. Index. $125." American Journal of International Law 89.3 (1995): 663-666.

[65] Rules, Dispute Settlement. "Understanding on rules and procedures governing the settlement of disputes." Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 2 (1994): 1869.

[66] Davey, William J. "Compliance problems in WTO dispute settlement." Cornell Int'l LJ 42 (2009): 119.

[67] Anderson, K., S. Harbinson, and C. Haberli. "European Communities--Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas: Report of the Panel, complaint by the United States." (1997).

[68] Davey, William J. "Evaluating WTO dispute settlement: what results have been achieved through consultations and implementation of panel reports?." Illinois Public Law Research Paper 05-19 (2005).

[69] Christakos, Helen A. "WTO Panel Report On Section 110 (5) of the US Copyright Act." Berkeley Tech. LJ 17 (2002): 595.

[70] Davey, William J. "Compliance problems in WTO dispute settlement." Cornell Int'l LJ 42 (2009): 119.

[71] Body, Dispute Settlement. "Overview of the State of Play of WTO disputes." DSB, Overview (2000).

[72] Lennings, Nicholas. "Appellate body report, Australia-measures affecting the importation of apples from New Zealand, WTO Doc WT/DS367/AB/R (29 November 2010)." Australian International Law Journal 18 (2011): 241-249.

[73] Latif, Muhammad Ijaz. "Uruguay Round of GATT and Establishment of the WTO." Pakistan Horizon 65.1 (2012): 53-70.

[74] Marceau, Gabrielle. "Rules on Ethics for the New World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Mechanism–The Rules of Conduct for the Understanding of Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes." Journal of world trade 32.3 (1998).

[75] Cendra, Javier de. "Can Emissions Trading Schemes be Coupled with Border Tax Adjustments? An Analysis vis?à?vis WTO Law 1." Review of European Community & International Environmental Law 15.2 (2006): 131-145.

[76] Young, Margaret A. "Fragmentation or interaction: the WTO, fisheries subsidies, and international law." World Trade Review 8.4 (2009): 477-515.

[77] Doelle, Meinhard. "Climate Change and the WTO: Opportunities to motivate state action on climate change through the world trade organization." Review of European Community & International Environmental Law 13.1 (2004): 85-103.

[78] Voon, Tania. "UNESCO and the WTO: A Clash of Cultures?." International & Comparative Law Quarterly 55.3 (2006): 635-651.

[79] Van den Bossche, Peter. "NGO involvement in the WTO: A comparative perspective." Journal of International Economic Law 11.4 (2008): 717-749.

[80] Voon, Tania. "UNESCO and the WTO: A Clash of Cultures?." International & Comparative Law Quarterly 55.3 (2006): 635-651.

[81] Taubman, Antony. "The Process–Stages in a Typical WTO Dispute Settlement Case." (2004).

[82] Taubman, Antony. "Dispute Settlement without Recourse to Panels and the Appellate Body." (2004).

[83] Switzer, Stephanie, and Joseph A. McMahon. "EU biofuels policy—raising the question of WTO compatibility." International & Comparative Law Quarterly 60.3 (2011): 713-736.

[84] Voon, Tania. "UNESCO and the WTO: A Clash of Cultures?." International & Comparative Law Quarterly 55.3 (2006): 635-651.

[85] Stoler, Andrew. "Crisis in the WTO Appellate Body and the Need for Wider WTO Reform Negotiations." Policy Brief 1 (2019).

[86] Body, Appellate. Working Procedures for Appellate Review. WT/AB/WP/6, 16 August 2010, Rule 3 (2), 2005.

[87] LENZERINI, FEDERICO, and MASSIMILIANO MONTINI. "The Activity of the World Trade Organization (2001)." The Italian Yearbook of International Law Online 11.1 (2001): 191-214.

[88] Cendra, Javier de. "Can Emissions Trading Schemes be Coupled with Border Tax Adjustments? An Analysis vis?à?vis WTO Law 1." Review of European Community & International Environmental Law 15.2 (2006): 131-145.

[90] Van den Bossche, Peter. "NGO involvement in the WTO: A comparative perspective." Journal of International Economic Law 11.4 (2008): 717-749.

[91] Biukovic, Ljiljana. "Selective adaptation of WTO transparency norms and local practices in China and Japan." Journal of International Economic Law 11.4 (2008): 803-825.

[92] Van den Bossche, Peter, and Wener Zdouc. Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization: Peter Van Den Bossche, Werner Zdouc. Cambridge University Press, 2013.

[94] Klopschinski, Simon. "The WTOs DSU Article 23 as guiding principle for the systemic interpretation of international investment agreements in the light of TRIPs." Journal of International Economic Law 19.1 (2016): 211-239.

[95] Khan, Pervaiz, and Mohammad Asif Khan. "GATT (1947) and WTO Dispute Settlement Systems: A Comparative Analysis." JL & Soc'y 49 (2018): 13.

[96] Ruggiero, Renato. "The Future Path of the Multilateral Trading System." Speech delivered to the Korean Business Association, Seoul 17 (1997).

[97] Kufuor, Kofi Oteng. "From the GATT to the WTO–The Developing Countries and the Reform of the Procedures for the Settlement of International Trade Disputes." Journal of World Trade 31.5 (1997).

[100] Parlin, C. Christopher. "Operation of consultations, deterrence, and mediation." Law & Pol'y Int'l Bus. 31 (1999): 565.

[101] Lowenfeld, Andreas F. "Enforcing International Trade Law: The Evolution of the Modern GATT Legal System. By Robert E. Hudec. Salem, NH: Butterworths, 1993. Pp. 630. Index. $125." American Journal of International Law 89.3 (1995): 663-666.

[102] Busch, Marc L., and Eric Reinhardt. "Developing countries and general agreement on tariffs and trade/world trade organization dispute settlement." J. World Trade 37 (2003): 719.

[103] Kuruvila, Pretty Elizabeth. "Developing countries and the GATT/WTO dispute settlement mechanism." J. World Trade 31 (1997): 171.

[105] Variath, Adithya Anil. "Maintaining Global Stability through Arbitration: An Analysis of World Trade Organization’s Dispute Settlement Process Vis-À-Vis Article 25." Available at SSRN 4226934 (2021).

[106] Taubman, Antony. "WTO Bodies Involved in the Dispute Settlement Process." (2004).

[107] Zangl, Bernhard. "Judicialization matters! A comparison of dispute settlement under GATT and the WTO." International Studies Quarterly 52.4 (2008): 825-854.

[109] Van den Bossche, Peter. "NGO involvement in the WTO: A comparative perspective." Journal of International Economic Law 11.4 (2008): 717-749.

[110] Lacarte-Muro, Julio, and Petina Gappah. "Developing Countries and the WTO Legal and Dispute Settlement System: A view from the bench." Journal of International Economic Law 3.3 (2000): 395-401.

[111] World Trade Organization, Historic Development of the WTO Dispute Settlement

[112] World Trade Organization, Historic Development of the WTO Dispute Settlement System.

[113] Khan, Pervaiz, and Mohammad Asif Khan. "GATT (1947) and WTO Dispute Settlement Systems: A Comparative Analysis." JL & Soc'y 49 (2018): 13.

[114] Rosendorff, B. Peter. "Stability and rigidity: politics and design of the WTO's dispute settlement procedure." American Political Science Review 99.3 (2005): 389-400.

[115] GIBOGWE, Vincent, Ayine RS NIGO, and Karen KUFUOR. "Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth in the Southern African Development Community." Journal of Applied Economic Sciences 17.4 (2022).

[116] Anderson, K., S. Harbinson, and C. Haberli. "European Communities--Regime for the Importation, Sale, and Distribution of Bananas: Report of the Panel, a complaint by the United States." (1997).

[117] Islam, Rizwanul. The South Asian preferential trade agreements: the historical, legal, and economic perspective of sub-regional trade liberalization and integration. Diss. Macquarie University, 2022.

[118] Khan, Pervaiz, and Mohammad Asif Khan. "GATT (1947) and WTO Dispute Settlement Systems: A Comparative Analysis." JL & Soc'y 49 (2018): 13.

[119] Donmez, Alara. Developing countries’ participation in the WTO Dispute Settlement System: how to facilitate? MS thesis. University of Cape Town, 2017.

[120] de Carvalho, Maria Izabel V., and Carlos Henrique Canesin. "The Role of Institutional-Legal Capacity and Power in Explaining the Performance of Developing Countries in WTO Disputes against the G2." Contexto Internacional 40 (2018): 161-184.

[122] Agreement Establishing the Advisory Centre on WTO Law Annex II

[123] Khan, Pervaiz. Effective utilization of the WTO dispute settlement system by Pakistan: a public–private partnership approach. Diss. UNSW Sydney, 2016.

[125] Khan, Pervaiz, and Mohammad Asif Khan. "GATT (1947) and WTO Dispute Settlement Systems: A Comparative Analysis." JL & Soc'y 49 (2018): 13.

[126] Donmez, Alara. Developing countries’ participation in the WTO Dispute Settlement System: how to facilitate? MS thesis. University of Cape Town, 2017.

[127] Mitchell, Andrew D. "A legal principle of special and differential treatment for WTO disputes." World Trade Review 5.3 (2006): 445-469.

[128] Khan, Pervaiz, and Mohammad Asif Khan. "GATT (1947) and WTO Dispute Settlement Systems: A Comparative Analysis." JL & Soc'y 49 (2018): 13.

[129] Nurhayati, Irna. "The implementation of the WTO Agreement on the application of sanitary and phytosanitary measures in selected Southeast Asian developing countries: a comparative analysis and evaluation." (2017).

[130] Moon, Gillian. "Trade and Equality: A relationship to discover." Journal of International Economic Law 12.3 (2009): 617-642.

[131] Ewart, Andrea M. "Small Developing States in the WTO: A procedural approach to special and differential treatment through reforms to dispute settlement." Syracuse J. Int'l L. & Com. 35 (2007): 27.

[133] Bartels, Lorand. "The WTO Legality of the EU's GSP+ Arrangement." Journal of International Economic Law 10.4 (2007): 869-886.

[134] Cendra, Javier de. "Can Emissions Trading Schemes be Coupled with Border Tax Adjustments? An Analysis vis?à?vis WTO Law 1." Review of European Community & International Environmental Law 15.2 (2006): 131-145.

IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

EXAMINING THE HURDLES IN REMOVING THE ARTICLE 370 A CLOSER LOOK AT THE CASE HEARINGS BY - HARIHARAN S

EXPLORING THE EVOLUTION OF BIOSOCIAL CRIMINOLOGY: SOCIOHISTORICAL ORIGINS, CORE ASSUMPTIONS, AND ITS TRANSFORMATIVE INFLUENCE ON CRIMINAL JUSTICE PRACTICES BY - PRABHBIR SINGH MANN

CONSTITUTIONAL SAFEGUARDS TO CIVIL SERVANTS BY - TARUNA NAYYAR

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE INDIAN JUDICIARY IN SUPPORTING ARBITRATION: COMPREHENSIVE STUDY By: Beeda Rashmitha Rani Yadav

POWER AND POSITION OF RAJYA SABHA AND THE U.S. SENATE: A COMPARATIVE STUDYBY - DEV DHAR DUBEY

REMOVING THE VEIL OF THE ANTI-DEFECTION LAW IN INDIA BY - MAZIA SIDDIQUI & ABUBAKAR SHAMSI

INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT ARBITRATION UNDER ICSID – ENFORCEMENT AND APPEAL MECHANISM BY - DHARUN LAKSHMAN

UNRAVELING THE LEGAL TAPESTRY: EXPLORING ABORTION LAWS IN INDIA FROM A JURISPRUDENTIAL PERSPECTIVE BY - PRATISTHA PRIYADARSHI & ARUNAV

THE INSTANCES AND THE IMPACT OF THE DOCTRINE OF ULTRA VIRES ON ACTS AND ORDERS OF A COMPANY AUTHORED BY - NAKUL SINGHTHE INSTANCES AND THE IMPACT OF THE DOCTRINE OF ULTRA VIRES ON ACTS AND ORDERS OF A COMPANY BY - NAKUL SINGH

DISPUTE SETTLEMENTS UNDER THE WTO: THE ISSUES AND CHALLENGES BY - KRISHNA MAJUMDAR

LAW JOURNAL

IMPORTANT LINKS

ETHICS & POLICY

Citation

[1] Challenge to the Abrogation of Article 370, SCO, https://www.scobserver.in/cases/challenge-to-the-abrogation-of-article-370-case-background/, accessed 13th October 2023.

[2] Gauri Kashyap, Supreme Court Hears Challenge to Abrogation of Article 370 | Day 1, SCO(2rd Aug 2023), https://www.scobserver.in/journal/supreme-court-hears-challenge-to-abrogation-of-article-370-day-1/ accessed 1st October 2023.

[3] Gauri Kashyap , Supreme Court Hears Challenge to Abrogation of Article 370 | Day 2, SCO (4th Aug 2023), https://www.scobserver.in/journal/supreme-court-hears-challenge-to-abrogation-of-article-370-day-2/ accessed 1st October 2023.

[4] R. Sai Spandana and Gauri Kashyap , Abrogation of Article 370 | Day 5: Union Had No Authority to Dismantle Autonomy of J&K, SCO (10th Aug 2023), https://www.scobserver.in/reports/abrogation-of-article-370-day-5/ accessed 2nd October 2023.

[9]Advay Vora and Sushovan Patnaik , Abrogation of Article 370: Arguments Matrix, SCO( 13th Sep 2023),

Citation

Citation

[3] Doctrine of Pleasure – An Analytical Study, Available at https://www.lawctopus.com/academike/doctrine-of-pleasure/#_ednref8 ( Last Accessed on 18th April 2019)

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation 2

[3] Gauri Kashyap , Supreme Court Hears Challenge to Abrogation of Article 370 | Day 2, SCO (4th Aug 2023), https://www.scobserver.in/journal/supreme-court-hears-challenge-to-abrogation-of-article-370-day-2/ accessed 1^st October 2023.

[3] Doctrine of Pleasure – An Analytical Study, Available at https://www.lawctopus.com/academike/doctrine-of-pleasure/#_ednref8 ( Last Accessed on 18^th April 2019)