INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

FREE SPEECH IN VIRTUAL WORLD & THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA. BY - ASHEENA AUGUSTA ALFRED

Authors : ASHEENA AUGUSTA ALFRED

Registration ID : 108258 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8258

Year : Aug-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : asheenau@gmail.com

Page No : 09 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2024-42777171/FREE SPEECH IN VIRTUAL WORLD & THE CONSTITUTION OF

ROLE OF DIGITAL FORENSIC IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION BY - SUDHIR KUMAR DWIVEDI

Authors : SUDHIR KUMAR DWIVEDI

Registration ID : 108257 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8257

Year : Aug-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : adv.skdwwivedi@gmail.com

Page No : 18 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2024-71217533/ROLE OF DIGITAL FORENSIC IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE ADMIN

ANIMAL PROTECTION LAWS IN INDIA: AN ANALYSIS BY - MOHIT KUMAR & PROF. DR. RATTAN SINGH

Authors : MOHIT KUMAR & PROF. DR. RATTAN SINGH

Registration ID : 108256 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8256 & IJLRA9938

Year : Aug-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : mohitkaushikmgarh97@gmail.com

Page No : 18 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2024-64659579/ANIMAL PROTECTION LAWS IN INDIA: AN ANALYSIS

ANALYZING THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF MERGERS & ACQUISITIONS BY: RISHANK RAKESH

Authors : RISHANK RAKESH

Registration ID : 108255 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8255

Year : Aug-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : rishankrakesh2408@gmail.com

Page No : 36 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2024-15995182/ANALYZING THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF MERGERS & ACQUISI

WOMEN EMPOWERMENT BY - MOHANRAJ.G & SRI BAGYA.S

Authors : MOHANRAJ.G & SRI BAGYA.S

Registration ID : 108253 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8253 & IJLRA8254

Year : Aug-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : advmohanraj2000@gmail.com & bagyasakthivel@gmail.com

Page No : 12 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2024-93649461/WOMEN EMPOWERMENT

THE PURSUIT OF JUSTICE: REALITY OR ILLUSION? BY - YASH KESARWANI & RIYA KHANDELWAL

Authors : SYASH KESARWANI & RIYA KHANDELWAL

Registration ID : 108251 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8251 & IJLRA8252

Year : Aug-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : kesarwaniyash793@gmail.com & riyakhandelwal05@yahoo.com

Page No : 21 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2024-92671977/THE PURSUIT OF JUSTICE: REALITY OR ILLUSION?

SUSTAINABILITY OF RENEWABLE ENERGY: AN ANALYSIS OF INDIA’S RENEWABLE ENERGY CERTIFICATES REGIME. BY - KAPULURU SAIVARUN

Authors : KAPULURU SAIVARUN

Registration ID : 108250 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8250

Year : Aug-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : saivarunkapuluru@gmail.com

Page No : 26 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2024-29445854/SUSTAINABILITY OF RENEWABLE ENERGY: AN ANALYSIS OF

FROM SOFT LAW TO BINDING OBLIGATIONS: EXPLORING THE INFLUENCE OF NON-BINDING NORMS BY: GAURAV KUMAR SINGH & YUGAL BHATT

Authors : GAURAV KUMAR SINGH & YUGAL BHATT

Registration ID : 108248 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8248

Year : Aug-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : gauravbba2034@hpnlu.ac.in & yugalbba2012@hpnlu.ac.in

Page No : 17 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/10.2025-97118616/FROM SOFT LAW TO BINDING OBLIGATIONS: EXPLORING TH

UNRAVELING THE NEXUS: THE IMPACT OF WASTE MANAGEMENT ON CLIMATE CHANGE - AN EMPIRICAL STUDY BY - MRS. BLESSIE AHINO J, & S. RAMANA SUBRAMANIAN

Authors : MRS. BLESSIE AHINO J, & S. RAMANA SUBRAMANIAN

Registration ID : 108246 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8246 & IJLRA8247

Year : Aug-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : blessieahino.j@gmail.com & ramanasivamani.3123@gmail.com

Page No : 19 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2024-15223438/UNRAVELING THE NEXUS: THE IMPACT OF WASTE MANAGEME

PRISONERS RIGHT TO VOTE: BALANCING CIVIC RESPONSIBILITY AND REHABILITATION BY - SPRIHA BISHT

Authors : SPRIHA BISHT

Registration ID : 108245 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8245

Year : Aug-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : sprihabisht2003@gmail.com

Page No : 13 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2024-17993182/PRISONERS RIGHT TO VOTE: BALANCING CIVIC RESPONSIB

International journal for legal research and analysis

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IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

[1]Reserch Scholar, Faculty of Law, Jamia Millia Islamia Central University, New Delhi.

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[4]Alock v. Royal Exchange Assurance Co. (1849) 116 ER 1275

[5]State of U.P. v. Deoman Upadhyaya, AIR 1960 SC 1125; State of Bombay v. Kanthi Kalu, AIR 1961 SC1808

[7]Ram Lochan Ahir v. State of W.B., AIR 1963 SC 1074

[8]Gaurav Aggarwal, Smart Study Series Forensic Medicine &Toxicology 73 (ELSEVIER A division of Reed Elsevier India Private Limited, Gurgaon Haryana), 2009)

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[10]Role of Forensic Science in the Criminal Justice System; Available at: https://www.theprotector.in/role-of-forensic-science-in-the-criminal-justice-system/ (visited on February 28, 2020).

[11]History of Forensic Science, available at:

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[12]Available at https://www.imprintseals.org/A_History_of_Fingerprinting (visited on Mar 25, 2023)

[13]Virendra Khanna v. State of Karnataka Available at https://www.findlaw.com/criminal/criminal-procedure/fingerprints-the-first-id.html (visited on Mar 17, 2023)

[15]Bruce, R.M, “A brief history of forensic odontology since 1775” 3 J. Forensic Legal Med. (2010)

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[19]Availableat https://www.dental.umaryland.edu/museum/exhibits/online-exhibits/forensic-odontology/what- can-forensic-odontology-be-used-for/ (visited on Mar 18, 2023)

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[21]Brian Lane, the Encyclopedia of Forensic Science 5 (BCA Publication, London)

[22]Harbison, Corey, "ABO Blood Type Identification and Forensic Science (1900-1960)". Embryo Project Encyclopedia (2016)

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[25]J. M. Tauplin, “Introduction to Forensic DNA Evidence for Criminal Justice Professionals” CRC Press, 2014

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[32]Section 53 of the Criminal Procedure Code of 1973

[33]Section 164A of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973

[34]Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2005, available at https://www.latestlaws.com/bare-acts/central-acts- rules/criminal-laws/the-code-of-criminal-procedure-1973/criminal-law-amendment-act-2005 (visited on Mar 10, 2022)

[1] “Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare.” https://www.worldanimalprotection.ca/ sites/default/files/media/ca_-_en_files/case_for_a_udaw_tcm22-8305.pdf.

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[9] The preamble of the Universal Declaration of Animal Rights.

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[11] “Indian Constitution - Lok Sabha Secretariat.” http://164.100.47.193/Refinput /Research_ notes/English/04122019_153433_1021204140.pdf.

[12] Article 21 of the Consitution of India reads as following:“No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure stablished by law”.

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[15] Dr. B. R. Ambedkar described Directive Principles as a “Novel Feature” of the Constitution.

[16] Constituent Assembly Debates on April 29, 1947. Available on “CAD | Volume no.7 | 18^th November 1948 - Constitution of India.” https://www.constitutionofindia.net/constitution_assembly_debates/volume/7/1948-11-18.

[17] “Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry - The State shall endeavour to organise agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines and shall, in particular, take steps for preserving and improving the breeds, and prohibiting the slaughter, of cows and calves and other milch and draught cattle.”

[18] Article 48A of the Constitution of India reads as following:

“Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life.—The State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wild life of the country.”

[19] P.P. Mitra, An Introduction to Animal Laws in India, Thomson Reuters, Gurgaon, 2019, p. 6.

[21] P.P. Mitra, An Introduction to Animal Laws in India, Thomson Reuters, Gurgaon, 2019, p. 6.

[22] Alim v. State Of Uttarakhand and others, Writ Petition (PIL) No. 112 of 2017, In the High Court of Uttarakhand at Nainital, para 56.

[23] P.P. Mitra, An Introduction to Animal Laws in India, Thomson Reuters, Gurgaon, 2019, p.230.

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[33] “Love for your pet bird can get you in jail, fine - Deccan Chronicle.” 2 Apr. 2017, https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/pets-and-environment/020417/love-for-your-pet-bird-can-get-youin-

jail-fine.html.

[34] See Sec.11(1)(a), the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960.

[35] See Sec.11(1)(n), the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960.

[36] See Sec.11(1)(m)(ii) & (n), the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960.

[37] P.P. Mitra, An Introduction to Animal Laws in India, Thomson Reuters, Gurgaon, 2019

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^{^[2]} Article 14, The Constitution of India: “The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.”

^{^[3]} Tehseen Poonawalla v. Union of India & Anr., Writ Petition (Civil) No. 20 of 2018.

^{^[4]} Bhatia, G. (2018) The first and final tribunal: The Judge Loya Case and the blurring of judicial functions, Constitutional Law and Philosophy. Available at: https://indconlawphil.wordpress.com/2018/04/23/the-first-and-final-tribunal-the-judge-loya-case-and-the-blurring-of-judicial-functions/ (Accessed: 05 August 2024).

^{^[5]} K. M. Nanavati v. State of Maharashtra 1962 AIR 605.

^{^[6]} Joshi, M., Singh, N., & Singh, N. (2022, July 29). Over 4 Crore Cases Pending in District Courts Across India, of Which 1 Cr Older than 5 Years: Data. News18. Available at: < https://www.news18.com/news/india/over-4-crore-cases-pending-in-district-courts-across-india-of-which-1-cr-older-than-5-years-data-5648731.html >

^{^[8]} Welcome to NJDG - National Judicial Data Grid. (n.d.). Available at:

^{^[9]} MEGHWAL, A. R. (2024). Sanctioned strength of Supreme Court and High Court judges in Lok Sabha.

^{^[10]} Section 2(1)(y), Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023: Victim means a person who has suffered any loss or injury caused by reason of the act or omission of the accused person and includes the guardian or legal heir of such victim.

^{^[11]} Section 23(4), POCSO Act 2012: Any person who contravenes the provisions of sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) shall be liable to be punished with imprisonment of either description for a period which shall not be less than six months but which may extend to one year or with fine or with both.

^{^[12]} Bijoy v. State of W.B. 2017 SCC OnLine Cal 417.

^{^[13]} Saba and Ridhi (2017) Investigating agencies, Prosecutors & Special Courts directed to protect privacy and other basic human rights of Child sexual abuse victims, SCC Times. Available at:

^{^[14]} Kuljeet Singh v. Union of India, (1981) 3 SCC 324.

^{^[15]} State v. Jasbir Singh, 1979 SCC OnLine Del 220.

^{^[16]} Bhardwaj, P. and Ridhi (2023) 1978 Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping and murder case: The chilling story of Ranga and Billa’s sensational crime, SCC Times.

Available at:

^{^[17]} Karpuram, A.S. (2024) Explained: The four issues that CJI dy Chandrachud highlighted within the legal profession, The Indian Express. Available at:

^{^[19]} Only 107 of 788 sitting high court judges are women (2023) Supreme Court Observer. Available at: https://www.scobserver.in/journal/only-107-of-788-sitting-high-court-judges-are-women/ (Accessed: 04 August 2024).

^{^[20]} Shemin Joy, D., Three of four High Court judges upper castes; Dalits, tribals account for less than 5%, Deccan Herald. Available at: (Accessed: 04 August 2024).

^{^[21]} Supreme Court Review 2023: The diversity problem remained unaddressed (2024) Supreme Court Observer. Available at: https://www.scobserver.in/journal/supreme-court-review-2023-the-diversity-problem-remained unaddressed/#:~:text=Created%20with%20Datawrapper-,Religion,Chief%20Justice%20in%20August%202017. (Accessed: 04 August 2024).

[1] Aaron Atteridge, Manish Kumar Shrivastava, Neha Pahuja and Himani Upadhyay, Climate Policy in India: What Shapes International, National and State Policy?, 41 Ambio , 68 (2012).

[2] Ernst and Young, Mapping India’s Renewable Energy Growth Potential: Status and Outlook 2013, National Institute of Urban Affairs, https://smartnet.niua.org/sites/default/files/resources/EY-Mapping-Indias-Renewable-Energy-growth-potential.pdf.

[3] S. K. Kar and P. K. Sinha, ‘Ensuring Sustainable Energy Security: Challenges and Opportunities for India, 12 Oil, Gas & Energy Law Intel., 8 (2014).

[4] Sanjay Kumar Kar, Renewable Energy Market Developments: A Study of India, 6 Renewable Energy Law and Policy Review, 238 (2015).

[5] The Electricity Act, 2003, No. 36, Acts of Parliament, 2003 (India).

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[8] Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)-Government of India, https://mnre.gov.in/the-ministry/what-does-the-ministry-do/ (last visited Apr. 9, 2023).

[10] Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)-Government of India, https://mnre.gov.in/solar/current-status/ (last visited Apr. 9, 2023).

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[13] Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)-Government of India, https://mnre.gov.in/wind/current-status/ (last visited Apr. 9, 2023).

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[15] Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)-Government of India, https://mnre.gov.in/waste-to-energy/current-status (last visited Apr. 9, 2023).

[16] Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)-Government of India, https://mnre.gov.in/bio-energy/current-status (last visited Apr. 9, 2023).

[19] The Electricity Act, 2003, § 66, 178(1), 178(2)(y), No. 36, Acts of Parliament, 2003 (India).

[20] REC Regulations, 2022, Central Electricity Regulatory Commission, May 9, 2022, https://cercind.gov.in/ regulations/REC-Regulations-2022.pdf.

[21] Procedure for implementation of REC mechanism, GRID-India, Dec. 2022, https://www.recregistryindia.nic.in /pdf/REC_Procedures.pdf.

[22] The Electricity Act, 2003, § 86(1)(e), No. 36, Acts of Parliament, 2003 (India).

[23] Hindustan Zinc Ltd. v. Rajasthan Electricity, Supreme Court of India, Civil Appeal No. 4417 of 2015, (order date: May 13, 2015).

[24] Renewable Energy Certificates Registry of India (Grid-India), https://www.recregistryindia.nic.in/ (last visited Dec. 3, 2023).

[25] Renewable Energy Certificates Registry of India (Grid-India), https://www.recregistryindia.nic.in/pdf/Others/ Report_on_REC_Mechanism.pdf (last visited Apr. 13, 2023).

[27] International REC Standard, https://www.irecstandard.org/ (last visited Apr. 13, 2023).

[28] The Power of Renewables: Opportunities and Challenges for China and the United States, Washington, DC: The National Academies Press 2010, https://doi.org/10.17226/12987.

[29] Todd Jones, The Legal Basis for Renewable Energy Certificates, Center for Resource Solutions (Apr. 2023), https://resource-solutions.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/The-Legal-Basis-for-RECs.pdf

[31] In re Ownership of Renewable Energy Certificates ("RECs''), 913 A.2d 825 (N.J. 2007).

[1] Statute of the International Court of Justice art. 38, June 26, 1945, 59 Stat. 1031, T.S. No. 993.

[2] International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, art. 2, Dec. 16, 1966, 993 U.N.T.S. 3 (entered into force Jan. 3, 1976).

[3] Meyer, Alternatives to Treaty-Making – Informal Agreements, The Oxford Guide to Treaties 59-81, 67-73 (Hollis, ed. 2^nd, Oxford University Press 2020)

[5] Peters, The Global Compact for Migration: To Sign or Not to Sign?, EJIL!, (Nov. 21, 2018, 4:35 PM), ejiltalk.org/the-global-compact-for-migration-to-sign-or-not-to-sign/; Aust, Modern Treaty Law and Practice, 40-43 (Aust, ed. 3^rd, Cambridge University Press 2013); Aust, The Oxford Guide to Treaties, Alternatives to Treaty-Making: MOUs as Political Commitments, 46-72, 58-62 (Andrew T. Hollis, ed. 1^st, Oxford University Press 2012).

[6] Supra note 5 at 2; Gautier, Non-Binding Agreements, Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (MPEPIL) para. 5 (Rüdiger Wolfrum, Oxford University Press 2006).

[7] Aust, Modern Treaty Law and Practice, 52 (Aust, ed. 3^rd, Cambridge University Press 2013).

[8] Michael Bothe, Legal and Non-Legal Norms – A Meaningful Distinction in International Relations?, 11 Neth. Y.B. Int'l L. 65, 66 (1980).

[9] Supra note 5 at 2; German Constitutional Court, Order of the Second Chamber of the Second Senate, Dec. 7, 2018, docket no. 2 BvQ 105/18, paras. 14-17.

[10] Hollis, Binding and Non-Binding Agreements: Sixth Report, 96th Regular Session, Mar. 2-6, 2020, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, OEA/Ser.Q, CJI/doc. 600/20, Feb. 3, 2020, Annex I: Draft OAS Guidelines for Binding and Non-Binding Agreements, no. 5.3.2; id., Annex II: Draft OAS Guidelines for Binding and Non-Binding Agreements (With Commentary), pp. 58-59; Wouters, International Law, Informal Law-Making, and Global Governance in Times of Anti-Globalism and Populism, The International Rule of Law: Rise or Decline?, 242-264, 261-262 (Krieger, Nolte & Zimmermann, ed. 1^st, OUP 2019); Boyle, Soft Law in International Law-Making, International Law 119-137, 121 (Evans, ed. 5^th, OUP 2018); Gautier, Non-Binding Agreements, MPEPIL, para. 14 (Rüdiger Wolfrum, OUP 2006)

[11] Duncan B. Hollis, Why State Consent Still Matters—Non-State Actors, Treaties, and the Changing Sources of International Law, 23 Berkeley J. Int'l L. 137, 153 (2005).

[12] Helsinki Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area (1992), available at http://www.helcom.fi/sites/default/files/HELCOM%20Helsinki%20Convention%20Text.pdf (last accessed Aug. 10, 2024).

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[2] "What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2020." Trends in Solid Waste Management. World Bank, worldbank.org. Retreived at: https://datatopics.worldbank.org/what-a-waste/trends_in_solid_waste_management.html

[3] Carrington, Damian, and Sean Clarke. "Revealed: the 1,200 Big Methane Leaks from Waste Dumps Trashing the Planet." Greenhouse Gas Emissions. The Guardian Retrieved at:https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/feb/12/revealed-the-1200-big-methane-leaks-from-waste-dumps-trashing-the-planet

[4] Annual Report 2020-21 on Implementation of Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016." Retrieved at:https://cpcb.nic.in/uploads/MSW/MSW_AnnualReport_2020-21.pdf

[6] Downs, Austin, Richard Acevedo, and Kennedi Humble. "How Our Trash Impacts the Environment." Earth Day. Retreived at: https://www.earthday.org/how-our-trash-impacts-the-environment/

[7] Khalko, Salan. "Chennai: Municipal Solid Waste Management – Report." Last Updated: 16 Nov, 2022. Chennai: Municipal Solid Waste Management - Report. xbin.in. Retrieved at: https://xbin.in/blog/488/Solid_Waste_Management_in_Chennai_Muncipal_Corporation/

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[2] Bhakti Parekh, Denial of Voting Rights to Undertrial Prisoners: An Unreasonable and Unjust Disqualification, LiveLaw (Oct. 18, 2021), https://www.livelaw.in/law-firms/law-firm-articles-/voting-rights-undertrial-prisoners-black-robes-legal-183859.

[3] Representation of the People Act, 1951 section 62 (1951).

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[7] Krishnamurthy Srinivas v. Union of India, (2019) 3 SCC 1 (INDIA)

[8] Representation of the People Act, 1951 section 62 (1951).

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[11] Kuldip Nayar v. Union of India, (2006) Supp. (5) SCR 1; 2006 INSC 532. (INDIA)

[12] Voting Rights for under trial Prisoners, (Nov. 3, 2022), https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/voting-rights-for-under-trial-prisoners.

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[17] Anukul Chandra Pradhan, Advocate v. Union of India & Ors., AIR 1997 SC 2814 (INDIA)

[19] Anukul Chandra Pradhan, Advocate v. Union of India & Ors., AIR 1997 SC 2814 (INDIA)

[22] Representation of the People Act, 1951 section 62 (1951).

[23] Charles Sobraj vs The Suptd., Central Jail, Tihar. New Delhi, 1978 AIR 151

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