INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

THE OTHERS IN GENDER COLUMN: AN OVERVIEW OF THE LIFE OF TRANSGENDERS IN INDIA. BY - STUTI TRIPATHI

Authors : STUTI TRIPATHI

Registration ID : 108125 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8125

Year :July-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : stutitripathiaa8@gmail.com

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SENTIENT BEINGS: RECOGNIZING ANIMAL RIGHTS IN LEGAL JURISPRUDENCE OF INDIA BY - SHREERANGAM BARAI

Authors : SHREERANGAM BARAI

Registration ID : 108124 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8124

Year :July-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

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Email Id : shreebarai2118@gmail.com

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UNRAVELLING THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT TO MARRY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SAME SEX MARRIAGE IN INDIA BY - RAGINI SINGH

Authors : RAGINI SINGH

Registration ID : 108123 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8123

Year :July-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

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Email Id : RAGINI.SINGH1705@GMAIL.COM

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AN OVERVIEW ON THE FREEDOM OF HIGH SEAS: JURISDICTION BY: FIZA YAHIYA

Authors : FIZA YAHIYA

Registration ID : 108122 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8122

Year :July-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

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Email Id : fiza.yahiya@calaw.in

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NEUTRALITY VIS-A-VIS SPECIFICITY IN THE OFFENCE OF RAPE: A RIGID DICHOTOMY BY - MOHIT GUPTA

Authors : MOHIT GUPTA

Registration ID : 108121 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8121

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CORPORATE CRIMINAL LIABILITY IN ENVIRONMENTAL OFFENSES: ASSESSING LEGAL FRAMEWORKS AND ENFORCEMENT CHALLENGES BY - RUHI AMIN SAITH

Authors : RUHI AMIN SAITH

Registration ID : 108120 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8120

Year :July-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

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STEPHANIE JOAN BECKER VERSUS STATE AND OTHERS BY - RUHI AMIN SAITH

Authors : RUHI AMIN SAITH

Registration ID : 108119 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8119

Year :July-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

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Email Id : saithruhi@gmail.com

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2024-26668557/STEPHANIE JOAN BECKER VERSUS STATE AND OTHERS

"CYBERBULLYING IN THE DIGITAL AGE: LEGAL CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS" BY - VIBHI. H. JAIN & VIVEK. M. BOHRA

Authors : VIBHI. H. JAIN & VIVEK. M. BOHRA

Registration ID : 108117 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8117 & IJLRA8118

Year :July-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

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ARBITRATION: THE PROCESS AND THE UNRESOLVED ISSUE OF NON-SIGNATORIES BY - ADITI MUSADDI

Authors : ADITI MUSADDI

Registration ID : 108116 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8116

Year :July-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

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ARTICLE 36 AND ICJ JURISDICTION: MAPPING THE TERRAIN OF INTERNATIONAL DISPUTE RESOLUTION BY - VEDANSH SHARMA

Authors : VEDANSH SHARMA

Registration ID : 108115 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8115

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2024-41414817/ARTICLE 36 AND ICJ JURISDICTION: MAPPING THE TERRA

^{^[3]} How Britain Tried to erase India's third gender, BBC.

^{^[4]} National Legal Services Authority Vs Union Of India, 2014

^{^[6]} The transgender persons (protection of rights act ), 2019

^{^[7]} Neha Singh vs. State Of U.P. And 2 Others 2023 LiveLaw (AB) 276

^{^[8]} Douglas k smith, ‘ transsexualism sex reassignment surgery and law’ note 13 at 967-968

^{^[10]} Arunkumar & anr vs inspector general of registration & ors 2019

^{^[11]} National legal service authority Vs Union Of India, 2014

[2] The Humane League, (Dec17, 2020), thehumaneleague.org/article/animal-rights

[3] Steven M. Wise, (Feb 24, 2024), www.britannica.com/topic/animal-rights

[4] Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_animal_rights

[5] Karol, Orzechowski, The Animal Rights Movement: History And Facts About Animal Rights, (April 9, 2020), faunalytics.org/the-animal-rights-movement-history-and-facts-about-animal-rights/

[6] Peter Albert David Singer, Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Liberation_(book)

[7] Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_rights_movement

[8] Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_consciousness

[9] Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_animal_rights

[10] Krishna, N., The History Of Animal Rights In India, (Sept. 9, 2022), faunalytics.org/the-history-of-animal-rights-in-india/

[11] Talreja, Chaitanya; Sanchita; Hindu Vegetarianism: Religion and Animal Rights in India, (Sept. 27, 2022), www.areomagazine.com/2022/09/27/hindu-vegetarianism-religion-and-animal-rights-in-india/

[12] Kavuri, Taruni; Overview of Animal Laws in India, (2020), www.animallaw.info/article/overview-animal-laws-india

[13] Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_India

[14] Sana; (May 3, 2018), www.slideshare.net/sana1718/environmental-movements-in-india-and-kerala

[15] Advokate Khoj, www.advocatekhoj.com /library/lawreports/proposaltoconstitute/6.php?Title= Proposal%20to%20Constitute%20Environment%20Courts&STitle= Constitutional%20provisions

[16] Taruni Kavuri; The Constitutional Scheme of Animal Rights in India, (2020), www.animallaw.info/article/constitutional-scheme-animal-rights-india

[17] Showkat Hussain Dar; AN APPRAISAL OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS FOR THE CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY IN INDIA, (Mar 15, 2015), http://www.conferenceworld.in/nbloom/fckuploads/P5884-5890.pdf

[18] Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_India

[19] Animal Welfare Board of India vs A. Nagaraja & Ors, (May 7, 2014), https://indiankanoon.org/doc/39696860/

[20]Harish Pullanoor; Indians can be both unbearably cruel and incredibly kind towards stray dogs (Apr. 8, 2016) https://qz.com/india/657087/indians-can-be-both-unbearably-cruel-and-incredibly-kind-towards-stray-dogs

[21] David Coman-Hidy, THE ETHICAL CASE FOR WELFARE REFORM, (May 16, 2019), https://thehumaneleague.org/article/why-welfare

[22] Soumya Swaminathan, Vijay Kumar, Rajni Kaul; Need for alternatives to animals in experimentation: An Indian perspective, (May, 2019), www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6702685/

[23] Parth Maniktala; For the welfare of animals, (Sept. 18, 2020), https://thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/for-the-welfare-of-animals/article32633152.ece

[24] Krishna, N., The History Of Animal Rights In India, (Sept. 9, 2022), https://faunalytics.org/the-history-of-animal-rights-in-india/

[25] Annette Manusevich, Factory Farming—Climate Change and Cruelty, (Aug 31, 2022), www.worldanimalprotection.us/latest/blogs/climate-change-and-cruelty/

[26] Loknath Saha, ANIMAL CRUELTY LAWS IN INDIA IN RESPECT OF RELIGIOUS SACRIFICES, www.theamikusqriae.com/animal-cruelty-laws-in-india-in-respect-of-religious-sacrifices/

[27] Karol, Orzechowski, The Animal Rights Movement: History And Facts About Animal Rights, (April 9, 2020), faunalytics.org/the-animal-rights-movement-history-and-facts-about-animal-rights/

[28] DUPLICATE ANIMAL TESTING ENDING IN INDIA, (Step. 11, 2015) https://crueltyfreeinternational.org/latest-news-and-updates/duplicate-animal-testing-ending-india

[29] Daniel T. Blumstein, Catherine Price, Thom Van Dooren; Is it ethical to change animals’ behaviour to protect them?, (June 14, 2023), thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/animals-behaviour-change-conservation-ethics/article66967309.ece

[30] Food systems, www.worldanimalprotection.org/our-campaigns/food-systems

[31] Sustainability in Farm Animal Practice, (Nov, 2021), https://www.bcva.org.uk/system/files/basic_page_files/BCVA%20Sustainability%20Policy%20FINAL%20FOR%20PUBLICATION.pdf

[32] Farm Animal Welfare Committee (FAWC), (Oct. 1, 2019), https://www.gov.uk/government/groups/farm-animal-welfare-committee-fawc

[33] Susan Cosier, Everything You Need to Know About Buying Ethically Sourced Down Products, (Dec.18, 2020), https://www.audubon.org/news/everything-you-need-know-about-buying-ethically-sourced-down-products

[34] Farm Animal Welfare Committee (FAWC), (Oct. 1, 2019), https://www.gov.uk/government/groups/farm-animal-welfare-committee-fawc

[35] Laws that Protect Animals, https://aldf.org/article/laws-that-protect-animals/

[36] The Convention on Biological Diversity, https://www.cbd.int/convention/articles/default.shtml

[37] Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, https://whc.unesco.org/en/conventiontext/

[38] Law Corner, Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960 – An Overview, (June 25, 2021), https://lawcorner.in/prevention-of-cruelty-to-animals-act-1960-an-overview/

[39] Annette Manusevich, Factory Farming—Climate Change and Cruelty, (Aug. 31, 2022), www.worldanimalprotection.us/latest/blogs/climate-change-and-cruelty/

[2] American activist for LGBT equality (July 31, 1932 – February 18, 2007).

[3] Conor Cruise O’Brien, The Anti-Politics of Simone Weil, The New York Review (May 12, 1977 Issue).

[4] Shakti Vahini v. Union of India (2018) 7 SCC 192.

[7] Shafin Jahan v Ashokan K.M. [2017 (10) SCC 1].

[10] The right of men and women of marriageable age to marry and to found a family shall be recognized.

[12] Juanita Bawagan, Scientists explore the evolution of animal homosexuality, Phys.org (May 2, 2009), https://phys.org/news/2019-05-scientists-explore-evolution-animal-homosexuality.html.

[13] Nicola Davis, Scientists quash idea of single 'gay gene', The Guardian (Aug. 29, 2019, 19.00 BST), https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/aug/29/scientists-quash-idea-of-single-gay-gene.

[17] lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, queer/questioning, asexual.

[18] Priyadarshini Goenka, Years after decriminalization of homosexuality, inclusivity is still a dream for the LGBTQ community, The Times of India (Feb. 14, 2023, 18:43 IST), https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/alcoholabuse/years-after-decriminalization-of-homosexuality-inclusivity-is-still-a-dream-for-the-lgbtq-community-50482/.

[20] Krutika Pathi, India’s Supreme Court declines to legalize same-sex marriage, saying it’s up to Parliament, Pbs News (Oct. 17, 2023, 2:43 PM EDT), https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/indias-supreme-court-declines-to-legalize-same-sex-marriage-saying-its-up-to-parliament.

[21] Joseph Shine vs Union Of India, 2018 SC 1676.

[22] Vishakha and others v State of Rajasthan (1997) 6 SCC 241).

[25] Supriyo Chakraborty v Union of India, 2023 INSC 920.

[29] Section 377 of Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860) reads:

Of Unnatural Offences: Whoever voluntarily has carnal intercourse against the order of nature with any man, woman or animal, shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or imprisonment of either description or a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine.

[30] The male has completed the age of twenty-one years and the female the age of eighteen years.

^{^[1]} Papastavridis, E.D. (2011). The Right of Visit on the High Seas in a Theoretical Perspective: Mare Liberum versus Mare Clausum Revisited. Leiden Journal of International Law, 24, 45 - 69.

^{^[2]} Benton, L., & Straumann, B. (2010). Acquiring Empire by Law: From Roman Doctrine to Early Modern European Practice. Law and History Review, 28(1), pp. 24.

^{^[3]} R. FANTAUZZI, (2011)“Rascals, scoundrels, villains, and knaves: the evolution of the law of piracy from ancient times to the present”, International Journal of Legal Information,, vol. 39, issue 3, pp. 346-383

^{^[4]} Geneva Convention on the Law of the Sea, Geneva, 29 April 1958

^{^[5]} Convention on the Law of the Sea, Dec. 10, 1982, 1833 U.N.T.S. 397.

^{^[6]} Peyman Hakimzade Khoei, Mohsen Abdollahi (2016), “Limitations of Freedom of Navigation on the High

Seas” Vol, 1 (1): 60-66

^{^[7]} The 1995 United Nations Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations

Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks.

^{^[8]} Stefán Ásmundsson (2016), “Freedom of Fishing on the High Seas, and the Relevance of Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs)”

^{^[9]} G.K. WALKER, Definitions for the Law of the Sea: terms not defined by the 1982 Convention, Martinus Nijhoff, 2012, pp. 184.

^{^[10]} D König, ‘Flag of Ships’ (2009) Max Planck Encyclopaedia of Public International Law, at para. 25

^{^[11]} Honniball, A. N. (2016). The Exclusive Jurisdiction of Flag States: A Limitation on Pro-active Port States?. The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 31(3), 499-530. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718085-12341410

^{^[12]} Nikki Vercruyssen (2012-13) FREEDOM OF THE HIGH SEAS: LIMITATIONS,

PROBLEMS AND EVOLUTIONS

^{^[13]} The Appollon 22 U.S. (9 Wheat.) 362, 370 (1824)

^{^[14]} United States v. Marino-Garcia, 679 F.2d 1373, 1378 n. 3

^{^[16]} S.S. Lotus Case (France/Turkey), P.C.I.J. Ser. A, No. 10, p. 4 (1927)

[1] The World of Greenwash, CorpWatch, January 1, 1997, (August 16^th, 10:30 PM) www.corpwatch.org/campaigns/PCD.jsp?articleid=244

[2] Joby Warrick, EPA : Volkswagen used ‘defeat device’ to illegally skirt air pollution controls, The Washington Post EPA: Volkswagen used ‘defeat device’ to illegally skirt air-pollution controls - The Washington Post

[3] EPA: Transportation, Air Pollution, and Climate Change, United States Environment Protection Agency, (August 16^th, 10:30 PM) Transportation, Air Pollution, and Climate Change | US EPA

[4] Vijay Kumar Singh, Criminal Liability of Corporations – An Environmental Perspective, Chapter 3 in: Environmental Crimes: Corporate Liability, ISBN 978-81-314-2521-3, (August 16^th, 11:00 PM) https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2972053

[5] Dr. Virender Sindhu, Environmental crimes: An analysis in the International Journal of Advanced Educational Research, Volume 3; Issue 1; January 2018, (August 16^th, 11:00 PM) https://www.scribd.com/document/453498297/environmental-crime-pdf

[6] Puneet Pathak - International Environment Crime : A Growing Concern of International Environment Governance, 13 US-CHINA L. REV. 382 (2016) (August 16^th, 11:00 PM) International Environment Crime : A Growing Concern of International Environment Governance

[7] Union Carbide Corporation v. Union of India, 1989 SCC (2) 540

[8] Lennard’s Carrying Co. Ltd v. Asiatic Petroleum Co. Ltd, AC 705

[9] Iridium India Telecom Ltd v. Motorola Inc, (2010) 14 ADDL SCR

[10] A.K. Khosla v. S. Venkantesan, (1992) Cr.L.J. 1448.

[12] Standard Chartered Bank v. Directorate Enforcement, AIR 2005 SC 2622

[13] Iridium India Telecom Ltd v. Motorola Incorporated and Ors, (2010) 14 (ADDL) SCR 591.

[14] Dorsey, Michael K., “A Plan for Democratic Control of Corporate Crime.”, September 2004, (August 16^th, 11:00 PM) https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=597722

[15] New York Central & Hudson River Railroad Co., v. United States, 212 US 481 (1909)

[17] German Criminal Code (Strafgesetzbuch – StGB), Chapter 29, offences against the environment.

[18] Grabosky, Peter and Frances Gant, “Improving Environmental Performance, Preventing Environmental Crime”, 2000, (August 16^th, 11:00 PM) https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/improving-environmental-performance-preventing-environmental-crime

[19] The Water (Prevention and Control) Act, 1974. § 38

[20] I.A. Khan, Environmental Law, Allahabad: Central Law Agency, 2002, p.59.

[22] Report, Committee on Reforms of Criminal Justice System Government of India, Ministry of Home Affair, Volume 1, March 2003, (August 16^th, 11:00 PM) https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/criminal_justice_system_2.pdf.

[24] Antunes D, Santos A, Hurtado A (2015) The communication of the LCA: the need for guidelines to avoid greenwashing. Espacios 36(5), (16^th August, 11:30 PM) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283019567_The_communication_of_the_LCA_The_need_for_guidelines_to_avoid_Greenwashing

[25] Elkington J (1994) Towards the sustainable corporation: win-win-win business strategies for sustainable development. Calif Manag Rev 36(2):90–100. (16^th August, 11:30 PM), https://doi.org/10.2307/41165746,

[26] Divya B. Rao and M.V. Ramana, Violating Letter and Spirit: Environmental Clearances for Koodankulam Reactors, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. XLIII No. 51, p.14. (16^th August 2023, 10:40 PM), https://www.epw.in/journal/2008/51/commentary/violating-letter-and-spirit-environmental-clearances-koodankulam-reactors

[27] Samir Kumar Singh. (2005). An Analysis of Anti-Dumping Cases in India. Economic and Political Weekly, 40(11),

1069–1074. (16^th August 2023, 10:40 PM), http://www.jstor.org/stable/4416337

[29] Sterlite Industries(I) Ltd v. Union of India & Ors. (2013) 6 S.C.R 573

[30] Law Commission of India : The Trial and Punishment of Social and Economic Offences, Report No. 47 (1972) (16^th August 2023, 10:40 PM) https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3ca0daec69b5adc880fb464895726dbdf/uploads/2022/08/2022080816-1.pdf

[31] Paryavaran Suraksha Samiti & Anr. v. Union of India & Ors., WRIT PETITION(C) NO. 375 OF 2012

[32] Iridium India Telecom Ltd. v. Motorola Inc, CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.688 OF 2005

[1] Dharambir Kumar Sinha, Now CID to probe baby-selling racket of Ranchi's Mother Teresa charityhttps://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/now-cid-to-probe-baby-selling-racket-of-ranchi-s-mother-teresa-charity-1291932-2018-07-21 (Feb 21 2023 10:40 PM)

[3]Ambika Pandit, Why the wait to adopt a child could get longer, Times of India Why the wait to adopt a child could get longer | India News - Times of India (indiatimes.com) (Feb 21, 2023, 10:40 PM)

[4] Namita Bhandare, Abuse of Children in India’s Institutions Reveals Nation wide Crisis of Reform, Quint Abuse Of Children In India’s Institutions Reveals Nationwide Crisis Of Reform (thequint.com) (Feb 21, 2023, 10:40 PM)

[5] Abhijeet Iyer Mitra v. Union of India, WP (C) No. 6371/2020 & CM Appl. No. 22554/2020.

[8] Jagriti Chandra, Indians averse to adopting children with special needs Indians averse to adopting children with special needs - The Hindu, (Feb 22, 11:00 AM)

[9] National Textile Workers’ Union v. P.R. Ramakrishnan, 1983 AIR 750

[10] Adoption and Children Act 2002, §144(4)(b).

[2] PACER Center, Cyberbullying: Information and Resources, https://www.pacer.org/bullying/info/cyberbullying/.

[3] Sameer Hinduja & Justin W. Patchin, Connecting Adolescent Suicide to the Severity of Bullying and Cyberbullying, 17 J. SCH. VIOLENCE 346-367 (2018).

[4] Smith, P. K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M. & Tippett, N., 2008. Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(4), pp.376-385.

[5] Gini, G. & Pozzoli, T., 2013. Association between bullying and psychosomatic problems: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 132(4), pp.720-729.

[6] American Psychological Association (APA), Bullying, (2017), available at https://www.apa.org/topics/bullying.

[8]Shreya Singhal and Ors. v. Union of India AIR 2015 SC 1523; Writ Petition (Criminal) No. 167 OF 2012

[16] State of West Bengal v. Animesh Boxi, GR/1587/2017 (West Bengal 2017).

[20] International Telecommunication Union, Trends in Cybercrime: The Role of International Cooperation (2019), available at https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/Workshops-and-Seminars/cybersecurity/2019/Pages/report.aspx.

[21]Madden, M., Lenhart, A. & Cortesi, S., *Teens and Technology 2013*, Pew Research Center (Mar. 13, 2013), available at https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2013/03/13/teens-and-technology-2013/

[22] Livingston, S. & Smith, P. K., Definitions and Policy Responses to Cyberbullying: A Critical Review, in Cyberbullying: A Review of Research and Policy (Routledge 2014).

[1] Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996 (26 of 1996), Chapter 5;

[2] Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996 (26 of 1996), Section 7;

[3]Aatisha Bhatia and Dipshi Swara, ‘Compelling a non-signatory party to arbitrate’, <https://blog.ipleaders.in/compelling-a-non-signatory-party-of-a-contract-to-arbitrate/> accessed on 20 July 2024;

[4] Interbras Cayman Co. V Orient Victory Shipping Co., 509 F.Supp. 1067;

[5] Dow Chemical v. Isover-Saint-Gobain [ 1983 ] ICA , 110 J. Du Droit Int’l 899;

[6] Sukanya Holdings Pvt. Ltd. v. Jayesh H. Pandya & Anr. [2003], CLC 585 SC;

[7] Chloro Controls India (P) Ltd. v. Severn Trent Water Purification Inc. [ 2013 ] SC Civ Appeal 7134, [ 2012 ];

[8] Cheran Properties Ltd v. Kasturi and Sons Ltd. [ 2018 ] NCLT New Delhi Company Appeal (AT) 125, [ 2017 ];

[9] International Chamber of Commerce 2021 (founded in 1919), article 7.5;

[11] Stockholm Chamber of Commerce 2023 (was entered into force in 1917) SCC;

[12] New York Convention 1958 (entered into force on 11 October 1960) article V (1)(a);

[14] Cox & Kings Ltd. V. SAP India Pvt. Ltd. [ 2020 ] SC Arbitration Petition Civ 38, [ 2020 ];

[16] Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996 (26 of 1996), S. 7 (4)(b).

[18] Durga Priya Vanda & V.P. Singh, ‘Binding non-signatories to arbitration-bringing India on par with international arbitration’ (Supreme Court Observer, 27^th December 2023) <https://www.scobserver.in/journal> accessed on 6th April 2024;

[20] Ameet Lalchand Shah v. Rishabh Enterprises [ 2018 ] SC Civ 4690, [ 2018 ] SLP(C) No.16789 [ 2017 ];

[21] Reckitt Benckiser (India) Pvt. Ltd. v. Reynders Label Printing India Pvt. Ltd. [ 2019 ] 5 ALL WC 4263 [ 2019 ];

[22] Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd. v. Canara Bank [ 2019 ] SC Civ 33, [ 2020 ];

[23] Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Ltd. v. M/S Discovery Enterprises Pvt. Ltd. [ 2022 ] SC Civ 2042 [ 2022 ].

[24] Moneywise Financial Services v. Dilip Jain [ 2023 ] Arb. P. 702 [ 2023 ].

[25] Merrills, J.G Journal of International Dispute Settlement, 1(8) (2018), pg 1-34.

[1] Author is a Doctoral (Ph.D.) Research Scholar of Law at Sardar Patel University of Police, Security and Criminal Justice, Jodhpur.

[3] http://www.icj-cij.org/pcij/, last visited on January 26^th, 2024.

[4] Shahabudden, M. Precedent in the World Court, Cambridge, 1996, pp. 22

[5] Chapter XIV, Charter of United Nations. 1945.

[6] Art.3, The Statute of International Court of Justice. 1945.

[7] Art. 4 & 5. The Statute of International Court of Justice. 1945.

[8] Rosenne, ‘The Composition of the Court’ in Gross, Future of the International Court of Justice. Vol. 1. pp. 377.

[9] Art. 39, The Statute of International Court of Justice. 1945.

[10] Art. 34, Statute of International Court of Justice. 1945.

[11] Fisheries Jurisdiction case. ICJ Reports. 1974. pp. 3, 19; 55 ILR, pp. 238, 254.

[12] Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons. ICJ Reports. 1996, pp. 226-237.

[13] The Lockerbie case. ICJ Reports. 1992. pp. 3, 26; 94 ILR, pp. 478, 509.

[17] Cameroon v. Nigeria (Provisional Measures). ICJ Reports. 1996, pp. 13–22.

[18] Nuclear Tests case. ICJ Reports. 1974, pp. 253, 270–1; 57 ILR, pp. 398, 415–16.

[20] Interpretation of Peace Treaties case. ICJ Reports. 1950, pp. 65, 74; 17 ILR, pp. 331, 336.

[21] El Salvador/Honduras. ICJ Reports. 1992, pp. 351, 555; 97 ILR, p. 112.

[22] Article 40(1). Statute of International Court of Justice. 1945.

[23] Spain v. Canada. ICJ Reports. 1998, pp. 432, 449; 123 ILR, pp. 189, 209–10.

[24] Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras) case. ICJ Reports. 1988, p. 76; 84 ILR, p. 231.

[25] Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions case. PCIJ. Series A, No. 2, p. 34; 2 AD, p. 27.

[26] Serbia and Montenegro v. UK. ICJ Reports. 2004, pp. 1307, 1323.

[27] Genocide Convention (Bosnia v. Serbia) case. ICJ Reports. 2007, paras. 117.

[28] Serbia and Montenegro v. UK. ICJ Reports. 2004, pp. 1307, 1322.

[32] Nicaragua case. ICJ Reports, 1986, pp. 3, 32; 76 ILR, pp. 349, 366.

[33] Djibouti v. France. ICL Reports. 2008, para. 48.

[34] The Monetary Gold case. ICJ Reports. 1954, pp. 19, 31; 21 ILR, pp. 399, 406.

[35] Corfu Channel (Preliminary Objections). ICJ Reports, 1948, p. 27.

[36] ICJ Reports. 1954. pp. 19, 54; 21 ILR, pp. 399, 406.

[39] Case Concerning Border and Trans-Border Armed Actions (Honduras v. Nicaragua). 8 ICJ Reports. 1988. pp. 78–90.

[40] Barcelona Traction case (Preliminary Objections). ICJ Reports. 1964. p. 6.

[42] Spain v. Canada. ICJ Reports. 1998. pp. 432, 454. 123 ILR, pp. 189, 214.

IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
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