INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

“NAVIGATING THE LEGAL LANDSCAPE OF E- CONTRACT: CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS” BY - MAITHILI KALE

Authors : MAITHILI KALE

Registration ID : 107721 Published Paper ID: IJLRA7721

Year : May-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : maithilikale1@gmail.com

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STUDY OF THE PROTECTION AND SUPPORT AVAILABLE TO WHISTLEBLOWER IN INDIA AND THEIR ROLE IN EXPOSING CORPORATE VEIL BY - SAUMYA PRATIBHA TIRKEY

Authors : SAUMYA PRATIBHA TIRKEY

Registration ID : 107720 Published Paper ID: IJLRA7720

Year : May-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : saumya.pratibha16@gmail.com

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THE UNIFORM CIVIL CODE OF UTTARAKHAND: AN ANALYTICAL RESEARCH BY - DR. RAJESH KUMAR DUBE

Authors : DR. RAJESH KUMAR DUBE

Registration ID : 107719 Published Paper ID: IJLRA7719

Year : May-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : drrkdubelawdavpgddn@gmail.com

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REVOLUTIONIZING THE INDIAN LEGAL LANDSCAPE: PREDICTINING THE IMPACT OF AI AND VIRTUAL HEARINGS BY - ARYAMAN KESHAV

Authors : ARYAMAN KESHAV

Registration ID : 107718 Published Paper ID: IJLRA7718

Year : May-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : aryamankeshav_ug20@tnnu.ac.in

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BEYOND THE BRANCHES: DOCTRINE OF SEPARATION OF POWERS BY - SAMIYA CHOUDHARY

Authors : SAMIYA CHOUDHARY

Registration ID : 107717 Published Paper ID: IJLRA7717

Year : May-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : samiyachoudhary02@gmail.com

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ARUNA RAMCHANDRA SHANBAUG VS. UNION OF INDIA- CASE ANALYSIS BY - KANAK SHARMA

Authors : KANAK SHARMA

Registration ID : 107716 Published Paper ID: IJLRA7716

Year : May-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : sharmakanak141@gmail.com

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PLANT PROTECTION BOON OR BANE BY - SIDDHARTH BHATTACHARYYA

Authors : SIDDHARTH BHATTACHARYYA

Registration ID : 107715 Published Paper ID: IJLRA7715

Year : May-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : mamnu_2001@yahoo.in

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SUSTAINABLE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ECOSYSTEM FOR COMPUTER RELATED INVENTION IN RELATION TO PATENTING THE SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGIES IN INDIA. BY - MR. PRATYUSH PANDEY & DR. ANSHUMAN MISHRA

Authors : MR. PRATYUSH PANDEY & DR. ANSHUMAN MISHRA

Registration ID : 107714 Published Paper ID: IJLRA7713 & IJLRA7714

Year : May-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : pratyush1211@gmail.com & anshumanmishra73@gmail.com

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FROM JURIES TO JUDGES: THE NANAVATI VERDICTS IMPACT ON INDIAS JUSTICE SYSTEM BY - PRABH VOHRA

Authors : PRABH VOHRA

Registration ID : 107712 Published Paper ID: IJLRA7712

Year : May-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : Prabhvohra83006@gmail.com

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EXPLORING THE JUSTIFICATION FOR RESTRICTING FREEDOM OF SPEECH IN DEMOCRATIC SOCIETIES. BY: AFSAR AHAMED.N

Authors : AFSAR AHAMED.N

Registration ID : 107711 Published Paper ID: IJLRA7711

Year : May-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : aafsarahamed@gmail.com

Page No : 18 | No of times Downloads: 0065

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International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

ISSN:2582-6433

Website:https://www.ijlra.com/

Accessibility:Open Access

License:Creative Commons 4.0

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All research articles published INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS are fully open access. i.e. immediately freely available to read, download and share. Articles are published under the terms of a Creative Commons license which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not purport to reflect the opinions or views of the INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS or its members. The designations employed in this publication and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

[3] E-contract- An Overview, available at: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/38507/9/09_chapter

%202.pd, (Visited on 5th April 2024)

[5] E-contracts and issues involved in its formation, available at: http://www.legalserviceindia.com/article/l350- Econtracts-&-issues-involved-in-its-formation.html, (Visited on March 14, 2019)

[6] Contract laws, available at: http://newhorizonindia.edu/nhc_kasturinagar/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/ CHAPTER-2Contract-Laws-Indian-Contract-Act1872.pdf, (Visited on March 14, 2019)

[9] Swords on Snapdeal and FB flourish, send 12 to prison, available at: http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/62706073.cms? utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_c ampaign=cppst (Last visited on March 14, 2019).

[14] "Indian Contract Act, 1872" by Pollock and Mulla:

[15] "Authentication and Verification of E-Contracts" by Dr. Vivek Sarin (Eastern Book Company, 2020)

[16] Legal Aspects of E-Commerce and E-Contracts" by Dr. Alok Misra and Dr. Harpreet Kaur (Bharat Law House, 2020)

[17] "Electronic Contracts: Law and Practice" by Rohas Nagpal and Amol Kavatekar (Lexis Nexis, 2018).

[18] Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (ESIGN)

[19] Electronic Commerce: The Strategic Perspective" by Richard T. Watson and Pierre Berthon

[1] Richard Winters v. Houston Chronicle Publishing Co., 795 S.W.2d 723 (Tex. App. 14th Dist. 1990).

[2] Arup Barman, System of Whistle Blowing in India (2015).

[3] Arjumand Bano & Dr. Sanjay Baijal, Whistleblowing in India- Introspection (2019).

[5] National Found for Corporate Governance, Discussion Paper on Corporate Governance in India: Theory and Practice (Sept. 2004)

[6] F. Mayer, Corporate Governance, Competition, and Performance,’in Enterprise and Community: New Directions in Corporate Governance, ed. S. Deakin & A. Hughes (Blackwell, Oxford, 1997).

[7] Initial Services Ltd. v. Putterill & Another [1967] 3 All ER 145 (C.A.).

[1] As per researcher’s opinion religion and Dharma are altogether different concepts and should be used appropriately, according to the context.

[6] The Uniform Civil Code of Uttarakhand, 2024; Section 2.

[9] Dharmik Samskar is an essential and integral part of the Sanatan Dharma for performing Vivah Samskar of any Sanatani practicing such Dharma in his/her life.

[1] “Covid-19 And the Revamping Of The Indian Legal System - Operational Impacts and Strategy - India,” available at: https://www.mondaq.com/india/operational-impacts-and-strategy/1068670/covid-19-and-the-revamping-of-the-indian-legal-system.

[2] Mark A. Cohen, “COVID-19 And The Reformation Of Legal Culture” Forbesavailable at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/markcohen1/2020/04/14/covid-19-and-the-reformation-of-legal-culture/ (last visited May 2, 2023).

[3] In times of crisis, legal systems may prioritize maintaining established legal norms and procedures, rather than making rapid changes that could have unintended consequences. This caution can be seen in the way that legal systems have responded to challenges such as war, terrorism, and pandemics, where there has been a tendency to rely on existing laws and regulations rather than enacting new ones.

[4] Maneesh Chhibber, “How lockdown has hit judiciary, in numbers — April cases fall to 82k from 14 lakh avg in 2019” ThePrint, 2020available at: https://theprint.in/judiciary/how-lockdown-has-hit-judiciary-in-numbers-april-cases-fall-to-82k-from-14-lakh-avg-in-2019/413666/ (last visited May 3, 2023).

[5] Order of the Hon’ble Chief Justice of the Punjab and Haryana High Court, No. 5/Spl./RG/Misc., issued by Registrar General, 11 April 2020.

[6] Parliament of India. Rajya Sabha Secretariat, Interim Report on the Functioning of the Virtual Courts/Court proceedings through video conferencing, 11 September 2020, available at https://sansad.in/rs, accessed 3 May 2023.

[7] Editorial, “2.5K courts to be equipped for online hearing”, The Tribune, Dec. 7, 2020.

[8] Jyoti Rattan and Vijay Rattan, “‘The COVID-19 Crisis – the New Challenges Before the Indian Justice and Court Administration System,’” 12 International Journal for Court Administration 11 (2021).

[9] The State Of Maharashtra v. Dr. Praful B. Desai, (2003) 4 SCC 601.

[10] Krishna Veni Nagam v. Harish Nigam, (2014) Transfer petition (CIVIL) NO. 1912 OF 2014.

[11] Santhini v. Vijaya Venketesh, (2017) Transfer petition (CIVIL) NO.1278 OF 2016.

[13] Ejaz Maqbool Hakim Akriti Chaubey,Mohammad Isa, “The Supreme Court is online: Pros, cons and the way forward for hearings by video conferencing” Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news, 2020available at: https://www.barandbench.com/columns/the-supreme-court-is-online (last visited May 3, 2023).

[14] All India Association of Jurists v. High Court of Uttarakhand, (2021) Writ Petition (Civil) NO. 941 OF 2021.

[15] “Retain virtual courts post COVID-19, too: Parliamentary panel, Sharma, Pratul”, The Week, 2020, accessed 3 May 2023.

[16] “Virtual Courts: A sustainable option?,”available at: https://www.barandbench.com/columns/virtual-courts-a-sustainable-option (last visited May 5, 2023).

[17] “India: internet penetration rate 2022,” Statistaavailable at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/792074/india-internet-penetration-rate/ (last visited May 5, 2023).

[18] Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, Third edition, Global edition (Pearson, Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo, 2016).

[19] Clifford Chance, “Artificial Intelligence and The Future For Legal Services,” (2017).

[21] Nikolaos Aletras et al., “Predicting judicial decisions of the European Court of Human Rights: a Natural Language Processing perspective,” 2 PeerJ Computer Science e93 (2016).

[22] “Judges Replacing Conjecture With Formula for Bail - The New York Times,”available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/27/us/turning-the-granting-of-bail-into-a-science.html (last visited May 5, 2023).

[23] Ganesh Sahu, Anshu Goyal and Satyabrat Sahoo, “A Review on Uses of Machine Learning in Judicial Court,” 7 (2022).

[24] “Can AI Be a Fair Judge in Court? Estonia Thinks So | WIRED,”available at: https://www.wired.com/story/can-ai-be-fair-judge-court-estonia-thinks-so/ (last visited May 5, 2023).

[25] In principle, both sides would submit papers and other relevant evidence, and the AI will provide a decision that may be appealed to a human judge. Estonia's 1.3 million residents already have a national ID card and are used to online services like e-voting and digital tax filing, so a robot judge could work.

[26] Aleš Završnik, “Criminal justice, artificial intelligence systems, and human rights” 20 ERA Forum 567 (2020).

[27] Jon Kleinberg, Himabindu Lakkaraju, et al., “Human Decisions and Machine Predictions*” The Quarterly Journal of Economics (2017).

[28] Shai Danziger, Jonathan Levav, et al., “Extraneous factors in judicial decisions,” 108 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 6889–92 (2011).

[29] Shreeyash U. Lalit and Raveena Lalit, “The New Normal in the Legal Profession: Embracing Technology” Legal Education and Legal Profession During and After COVID-19 237 (2022).

[30] Prashant Bhushan and Anr., (2020) SCC Online SC 407.

[31] “SC is global leader in virtual hearings, says law ministry,” The Times of India, 17 February 2021.

[33] Stats taken from ‘Monthly Pending Cases: Supreme Court.’ https://main.sci.gov.in/statistics. Accessed 4 May 2023.

[35] The Supreme Court e-committee was formed in 2004 by an order of the Ministry of Law and Justice in response to a suggestion by the then Chief Justice of India.

[37]“India: internet penetration rate 2022,” Statistaavailable at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/792074/india-internet-penetration-rate/ (last visited May 5, 2023).

[38] Hani Nishad v. State of UP, SLP (Crl) No 8915/2018.

[39] State of Punjab & Anr. V. Rajesh Syal, AIR 2002 SC 3687.

[40] Narinderjit Singh Sahni v Union of India & Ors, WP (Crl) No 245/2000.

[42] Ganesh Sahu, Anshu Goyal, et al., “A Review on Uses of Machine Learning in Judicial Court,” 7 (2022).

^{^[1]}Jacob Finkelman, ‘Separation of powers: A Study in Administrative Law’, The University of Toronto law journal, Vol. 1, No.2, (1936).

[3] Vrad Kilor, Criminalization in Politics and Separation of Powers, (2022) PL February 64.

[4] Karan Tyagi, ‘The Doctrine of Separation of Powers and its Relevance in time of Coalition politics’, Vol. 69, No. 3, The Indian Journal of Political Science, pp. 619-625, (2008).

[5] constituent assemble debates(proceedings)- volume VII- Friday, 10th Dec, 1948, para 20.

[6] Constituent assemble debates(proceedings)- volume VII- Friday, 10th Dec, 1948.

[13] P.M Bakshi, Comparative Law: Separation of Powers in India, 42 A.B.A.J. 553 (1956).

[16] P. Kannadasan & Ors. v. State of Tamil Nadu 1996(5) SC 670.

[17] Kesavananda Bharti V. State of Kerela, (1973) 4 SCC 225.

[19] Kartar Singh v. State of Punjab, (1994) 3 SCC 569.

[20] Karan Tyagi, ‘The Doctrine of Separation of Powers and its Relevance in time of Coalition politics’, Vol. 69, No. 3, The Indian Journal of Political Science, pp. 619-625, (2008).

[21] Richa Goel, ‘Separation of Power’, (3 october, 2022), <Separation of powers (ipleaders.in)>, accessed on 22 April, 2024.

[33] Ram Jawaya Kapoor V. Union Of India AIR (1955) SC 569.

[34] Mahantesh, Dyanmics of Constituionalism in iNida- An Appraisal, IJLS(2018) 28.

[35] Frankfurter-The Public and its Government (1930) quoted by B. Schwartz in American Constituional Law, 1955 Page 286.

[1] Research Scholar, Faculty of Law, University of Allahabad. (Email: pratyush1211@gmail.com, Mob: 7376748533)

[2] Associate Professor, Faculty of Law, University of Allahabad. (Email: anshumanmishra73@gmail.com)

[4]The Parliament added the words per se after accepting the proposition which was introduced in section 3(k) enacted by the Patent (Amendment) Act, 2002. I.A. No. 6735/2014 in CS (OS) No.1045/ 2014 at 151.

[5] See also, Ravindra Chingale and Srikrishna Deva Rao, "Software Patent in India: A Comparative Judicial and Emperical Overview", 20 Journal of Intellectual Property Rights, July 2015 at 212

[6]Parliament of India Rajya Sabha The Patents (Second Amendment) Bill, 1999 Report of The Joint Committee, 2001.

[8]Manual of Patent Office Practice and Procedure Version 01.11 As Modified on March 22, 2011, Published By: The Office of Controller General of Patents, Designs & Trademarks.

[10]Ashish Bharadwaj, Patents on software: India's CRI Guidelines Create Impractical Situation, available at: http://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/patents-on-software-indias-cri-guidelines-create-impracticalsituation/424635/ (last visited on 23/03/2024)

[11] Guidelines for Examination of Computer Related Inventions available at https://ipindia.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/IPOGuidelinesManuals/1_83_1_Guidelines-for-Examination-of-CRIs-19-2-2016.pdf

[18]Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC v Assistant Controller of Patents and Designs, 2023:DHC:3342

[20]Ferid Allani v Union Of India and Ors. W.P.(C) 7/2014 & CM APPL. 40736/2019

[22]ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTY FIRST REPORT Review of the Intellectual Property Rights Regime in India (Presented to the Rajya Sabha on 23rd July, 2021) (Laid on the Table of Lok Sabha on 23rd July, 2021).

[1] Mancini v. Director of Public Prosecutions,[1943],UKHL,J1016-1

[3] Ramanugrah Singh v. King Emperor (1946), (1946)48BOMLR768

[3] (Tejaswini kaushal). A Bird's Eye View of the Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression in IndiaArticles – Manupatra. (cited on 25.04.2024.)https://articles.manupatra.com/article-details/A-Bird-s-Eye-View-of-the-Right-to-Freedom-of-Speech-and-Expression-in-India

[4] (Akhilesh pallalamari) why is freedom of speech restricted in india (cited on 25.4.2024.) https://thediplomat.com/2022/10/why-is-free-speech-limited-in-india/

[6] Romesh Thappar case, (cited on 25.04.2024),AIR 1950 SC 124,

[7] Brij Bhushan, (cited on 25.04.2024) (1950) SCR 605.

[9]Bijoe Emmanuel v state of Kerala (All India report) )(last cited on 26.04.2024)1987 AIR 748

[10] Sakal papers v union of India (All India Report), (last cited on 26.04.2024)AIR 1962 SC 305

[12] Union of Indai v association for democratic reforms Supreme court report, 2002 (3) SCR 294

[13] Union of Indai v association for democratic reforms (Supreme court cases) (1996) 2 SCC 752 (cited on 26.04.2024)

[15] M.P. Jain, Indian Constitutional Law 8^th Edition, Pg No. 1053-1057.

[17] Indian Express Newspapers (Bombay) Private Ltd. v. Union of India - Global Freedom of Expression. (2023, November 2). Global Freedom of Expression. (cited on 26.04.2024) https://globalfreedomofexpression.columbia.edu/cases/indian-express-newspapers-bombay-private-ltd-v-union-of-india/

[18] Indian Express Newspapers (Bombay) Private Ltd. v. Union of India (1985) 2 S.C.R. 287 (cited on 26.04.2024)

[19] Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Govt. of India v. Bengal Cricket Association, (cited on 26.04.2024), (1995) 2 SCC 161

[20]India of Ramila Maidan Incident v. Home Secretary, Union of India [2012] 4 S.C.R. 971 (cited on 26.04.2024)

[21] Advay vora supreme court observations (23^rd june 2023) (cited on 26.04.2024)

IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

“NAVIGATING THE LEGAL LANDSCAPE OF E- CONTRACT: CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS” BY - MAITHILI KALE

STUDY OF THE PROTECTION AND SUPPORT AVAILABLE TO WHISTLEBLOWER IN INDIA AND THEIR ROLE IN EXPOSING CORPORATE VEIL BY - SAUMYA PRATIBHA TIRKEY

THE UNIFORM CIVIL CODE OF UTTARAKHAND: AN ANALYTICAL RESEARCH BY - DR. RAJESH KUMAR DUBE

REVOLUTIONIZING THE INDIAN LEGAL LANDSCAPE: PREDICTINING THE IMPACT OF AI AND VIRTUAL HEARINGS BY - ARYAMAN KESHAV

BEYOND THE BRANCHES: DOCTRINE OF SEPARATION OF POWERS BY - SAMIYA CHOUDHARY

ARUNA RAMCHANDRA SHANBAUG VS. UNION OF INDIA- CASE ANALYSIS BY - KANAK SHARMA

PLANT PROTECTION BOON OR BANE BY - SIDDHARTH BHATTACHARYYA

SUSTAINABLE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ECOSYSTEM FOR COMPUTER RELATED INVENTION IN RELATION TO PATENTING THE SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGIES IN INDIA. BY - MR. PRATYUSH PANDEY & DR. ANSHUMAN MISHRA

FROM JURIES TO JUDGES: THE NANAVATI VERDICTS IMPACT ON INDIAS JUSTICE SYSTEM BY - PRABH VOHRA

EXPLORING THE JUSTIFICATION FOR RESTRICTING FREEDOM OF SPEECH IN DEMOCRATIC SOCIETIES. BY: AFSAR AHAMED.N

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[2] Attygalle v. Emperor, (1936)38BOMLR700

[3] Ramanugrah Singh v. King Emperor (1946), (1946)48BOMLR768

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