Open Access Research Article
“NAVIGATING THE LEGAL LANDSCAPE OF E- CONTRACT: CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS”
Published Paper
Article Details
“NAVIGATING THE LEGAL LANDSCAPE OF E-
CONTRACT: CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS”
AUTHORED BY - MAITHILI KALE
ABSTRACT –
In the era of digitalization, electronic contracts (e-contracts) have
become integral to commercial transactions, offering efficiency and
convenience. However, the legal landscape surrounding e-contracts presents
multifaceted challenges that businesses and legal professionals must navigate effectively. This research article
explores the complexities inherent in e-contracts,
examining issues such as contract formation, enforceability, jurisdictional
concerns, and dispute resolution mechanisms.
Key challenges include authentication of parties, ensuring consent,
addressing the validity of electronic signatures, and determining the governing law. Moreover, jurisdictional complexities arise when
parties are located across different legal jurisdictions, complicating matters
of enforceability and dispute resolution. Additionally, the evolving nature of technology introduces new challenges, such
as ensuring the integrity and security of e-
contracts in the face of cyber threats.
To mitigate these challenges, this article proposes
a range of solutions and best practices. These include adopting robust authentication methods,
incorporating clear and comprehensive terms in e-contracts,
implementing encryption and digital security measures, and utilizing alternative dispute resolution mechanisms such as
arbitration or online dispute resolution platforms.
By understanding and addressing these challenges proactively, businesses
and legal practitioners can navigate
the legal landscape of e-contracts with greater confidence, ensuring compliance
with relevant laws and regulations while harnessing the benefits of digital transactions.
KEY WORDS- E-contracts,, Legal
challenges, Enforceability, Authentication, Jurisdiction, Dispute resolution,
Electronic signatures.
INTRODUCTION-
In today's digital age, electronic contracts, or e-contracts, have become
increasingly prevalent in business
transactions. These contracts, formed and executed electronically, offer convenience and efficiency. However, as e-contracts continue
to gain popularity, navigating
the legal landscape surrounding them presents numerous
challenges. This research
article aims to explore
these challenges and propose effective
solutions for businesses and individuals engaging in e-contracting.
One primary challenge
in the realm of e-contracts is ensuring their validity and enforceability. Traditional contract
law principles must adapt to accommodate the unique characteristics of
electronic transactions, such as electronic signatures and online acceptance
mechanisms. Furthermore, jurisdictional issues arise when parties to e-contracts are located
in different countries or regions with varying legal frameworks.
Another significant challenge
involves the security
and authentication of e-contracts. With the
proliferation of cyber
threats and data breaches, ensuring
the integrity and confidentiality
of electronic transactions becomes paramount. Additionally, issues surrounding
the admissibility of electronic
evidence in legal proceedings further complicate matters.
Moreover, the complexity of e-contracts often leads to misunderstandings and disputes between
parties. Ambiguous contract terms, technical glitches, and discrepancies in
interpretation can all contribute to litigation and financial losses.
To address these challenges, this research article will propose practical
solutions and best practices for drafting, executing, and enforcing
e-contracts. Emphasizing the importance of clear and unambiguous language,
robust authentication measures,
and compliance with relevant laws and regulations will be
essential components of these solutions.
By examining the legal landscape
of e-contracts and offering actionable recommendations, this research aims to empower businesses and
individuals to navigate the complexities of electronic transactions
effectively.
MEANING OF CONTRACT –
A contract
is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties that outlines the
terms and conditions of their mutual obligations. In simpler terms, it is a
formal agreement that establishes the rights and responsibilities of each party
involved.
contracts as agreements
enforceable by law and therefore, the enforceability of an agreement becomes
the primary factor for determining the validity of a contract.[1]
MEANING
OF E-CONTRACT –
We belong to an era where everything
is just a click away from purchasing shoes to ordering food from buying stocks
to exporting goods overseas, contract has a viable influence over our daily lives. Therefore, the term ?Contract ‘as per Indian Contract
Act, 1872[2] is
defined as ?Agreement enforceable by law?. But the said definition is not fully applicable when defining the term ?e-contract‘ as it
has a broader realm over traditional contract and can be understood as any
binding agreement between parties having lawful object and consideration with
their interaction over electronic means like email, MP3 audio file,
multimedia-message, etc.‘[3] As the
legislator has failed to define e-contract in any statute therefore its
understanding is the only a general
view with reference to its context.
ESSENTIALS OF VALID E-CONTRACT –
To constitute a legally enforceable
contract there is an absolute need of fulfilling all the conditions specified
under Indian Contract Act of 1872
read with Information Technology Act of 2000:
1. OFFER
An ?offer‘
is said to be made when one party expresses his willingness to do or abstaining
from doing something in order to receive assent of the other party of such act
or abstinence[4].
The person making an offer should have an intention to get legally bound by it.
In E-contract, an offer is considered to be made when it comes within the knowledge
of the offeree. In simple sense,
while scrolling an online shopping
site, what they offer to public is ?invitation
to offer‘, our acceptance to their terms and conditions for purchasing any item at the price fixed is ?offer or proposal‘[5].
When the person receiving such offer provides
assent for it, it is considered ?acceptance‘ under Section 2(b) of Indian Contract
Act of 1872. It is necessary to communicate the acceptance to the offeror. When
we agree by clicking ?I Agree‘ to the terms and conditions of the provider it
is a form of acceptance.
The term ?consideration‘ means the benefit or rewards for which the
parties have agreed to fulfil legal obligations in the contract[6]. Section
2(d) of Indian Contract Act of 1872 defines
?consideration of a promise? as any act where promisee agrees on demand of
promisor for doing or abstain
from doing any act.
Thus, consideration should be such which is not
prohibited by law and falls within the ambit of the legal framework.[7]
In absence of it the contract will be considered void[8].
4. LAWFUL
OBJECT
The object for entering into a contract
must be lawful
as per Section 23 of Indian Contract Act of 1872. For Example: Hyderabad
Police alleged that many e-retailers on ?Snapdeal‘ were
selling arms to people and arrested 12
people in such regard[9].
In this case selling ?arms‘ is
illegal, therefore any contract in relation to it is void.
5. COMPETENCY
OF PARTIES
Parties to the contract must be in a capacity to enter into it allowed by
the law to form a valid contract[10].
The parties to the contract must have attained the age of majority, should be
of sound mind and not disqualified by
law as specified in Section 11 of Indian Contract Act of 1872. However,
in case of e10-contract the liability is on the seller to ensure that the other party is competent to enter into the contract. They can ensure
it through signing
up process, or expressly
accepting the age clause.
6. CERTAINTY
AND POSSIBILITY OF LEGAL PERFORMANCE
Contract should not be vague, uncertain or whose performance is next to
impossible[11].
For its validity, it is necessary that the
obligations should be such which can be fulfilled[12].
For example, websites selling land on Jupiter.
7. FREE
CONSENT
It is necessary for the contracting parties
to have consent which is free from any type of
fraud, misrepresentation, coercion,
undue influence or mistake[13]. In e-contracts ascertaining the consent of the parties is
difficult, and as it is executed between strangers therefore, the consent can
only be presumed.
WHY E-CONTRACTS ARE ESSENTIAL?
The importance of e-contracts in modern business transactions cannot be
overstated, as they offer numerous advantages over traditional paper-based
contracts. Here are some key reasons why e-contracts are essential:
1.
Efficiency:
E-contracts streamline the contract formation process by eliminating the need for physical documents to be printed,
signed, and exchanged. This results in significant time savings and allows contracts to be executed more quickly,
facilitating faster deal closures and reducing administrative burdens.
2.
Convenience:
With e-contracts, parties can negotiate, sign, and exchange documents remotely,
regardless of their geographical location. This level of convenience enables
businesses to engage in transactions with partners and clients around
the world without the constraints of physical
proximity.
3.
Cost
Savings: By eliminating the need for paper, printing, and postage, e-contracts
reduce the associated costs of contract administration and management.
Additionally, e-contracts often require fewer resources for storage and
retrieval, resulting in long-term cost savings for businesses.
4. Accuracy and Consistency: E-contracts
can incorporate standardized templates and automated processes, reducing the
risk of errors and inconsistencies that may occur with manual contract drafting
and execution. This ensures that contracts are more accurate and enforceable,
minimizing disputes and legal risks.
5.
Enhanced
Security: Advanced encryption technologies and digital signature mechanisms can be employed to secure e-contracts,
protecting them from unauthorized access, tampering, or fraud. This enhances
the overall security and integrity of the contract lifecycle, instilling trust and confidence among contracting parties.
6.
Audit Trail and Documentation: E-contracting platforms often maintain detailed
audit trails and documentation of contract negotiations, revisions, and
execution. This creates a transparent record of the contract
lifecycle, which can be invaluable in the event of
disputes or legal challenges, providing parties with evidence to support their
positions.
7.
Scalability and Flexibility: E-contracts can be easily
scaled to accommodate transactions of varying complexity and volume, making them
well-suited for businesses operating in dynamic and rapidly changing
environments. Additionally, e-contracting platforms offer flexibility in terms
of customization and integration with other digital systems and workflows.
8.
Environmental
Sustainability: By reducing the reliance on paper-based documentation, e-
contracts contribute to environmental sustainability efforts by minimizing
paper consumption, waste generation, and carbon emissions associated with
traditional printing and distribution methods.
In summary, e-contracts offer numerous benefits
to businesses, including
increased efficiency, convenience, cost savings, security, and environmental sustainability. Embracing e-contracting practices can enhance competitiveness,
improve operational effectiveness, and drive overall business success in
today's digital economy.
LEGAL VALIDITY
OF E-CONTRACT –
The legal
validity of e-contracts is governed by various laws and regulations that have
been established to ensure the enforceability of electronic transactions. Two
primary laws in the United States are the Electronic Signatures in Global and
National Commerce Act (ESIGN) and the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act
(UETA). ESIGN, enacted in 2000, provides a framework for the use of electronic
signatures and records in interstate and foreign commerce. UETA, adopted by many states, establishes similar legal principles at the state level, ensuring consistency across jurisdictions.
In addition to these laws, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
in the European Union sets standards for the protection of personal data in
electronic transactions, ensuring compliance
with privacy and data protection principles. These laws aim to facilitate the use
of electronic signatures and transactions while maintaining the legal validity
and integrity of e-contracts.
Courts have played a crucial
role in interpreting and enforcing
e-contracts, providing
guidance on issues such as contract formation, authentication, and enforcement
in various jurisdictions. Through case law and precedent, courts have
established principles that uphold the enforceability of e-contracts, provided
certain criteria are met. For instance, courts typically require evidence of mutual assent,
consideration, and the intention to create a legally binding agreement, regardless of
whether the contract is formed electronically or in writing.
Overall, the legal framework governing e-contracts, including laws such as ESIGN, UETA, and GDPR, along with
judicial interpretation and enforcement, ensures the legal validity and
enforceability of electronic transactions in today's digital economy. These
legal principles provide businesses and individuals with confidence in engaging in electronic transactions while protecting their rights
and interests.
TYPES OF E-CONTRACTS[14] –
In Indian
law, e-contracts can take various forms, each governed by specific legal
provisions. Here are some common types of e-contracts in India-
1.
Clickwrap
Agreements: Clickwrap agreements are electronic contracts formed online,
typically through the acceptance of terms and conditions by clicking on an
"I agree" button or similar mechanism. These agreements are commonly
used in e-commerce transactions, software licensing, and website terms of use.
2.
Browse
wrap Agreements: Browse wrap agreements are similar to clickwrap agreements but do not require explicit
acceptance by the user. Instead,
the terms and conditions are typically provided
through a hyperlink on a website, and the user is deemed to have agreed to them
by continuing to use the website or its services. Courts in India have recognized browse wrap agreements, but their enforceability may depend on factors
such as the prominence of the terms and the user's actual knowledge of them.
3.
Shrink
wrap Agreements: Shrink wrap
agreements are often used in the sale of software, where the terms and
conditions of the contract are contained within the packaging or displayed on
the screen when the software is installed. By breaking the shrink wrap or installing the software, the user is deemed to have accepted
the terms of the agreement.
Indian courts have upheld the enforceability of shrink wrap agreements,
provided that the terms are reasonably communicated to the purchaser.
4.
Electronic Signatures: Electronic signatures, including
digital signatures and biometric signatures, are used to
authenticate electronic contracts and indicate the parties' intent to be bound by the terms of the agreement. The Information
Technology Act, 2000, along with the rules and regulations issued thereunder,
governs the use and legal validity of electronic signatures in India.
5.
These types of e-contracts reflect the diverse
ways in which agreements are formed
and executed in the digital environment, with each type subject to specific
legal considerations and requirements under Indian law.
CHALLENGES IN E-CONTRACT FORMATION
–
Certainly,
here are the challenges in e-contract formation along with the potential risks
associated with electronic signatures and authentication methods:
Challenges in E-Contract Formation:
1.
Consent: One of the primary challenges
in forming e-contracts is ensuring that both parties fully understand and agree
to the terms and conditions of the contract. In the digital environment,
obtaining clear and unequivocal consent can be challenging, especially when
contracts are formed through automated processes or clickwrap agreements.
2. Authentication: Verifying the identity of the parties to an
e-contract is crucial for ensuring its validity and enforceability. However,
authentication methods such as passwords, PINs, and security questions
may be susceptible to hacking
or unauthorized access, raising concerns about the reliability and
security of electronic transactions.[15]
3.
Contract Formation
Formalities: E-contracts must meet certain formalities to be legally
binding, such as offer and acceptance, consideration, and intention to create legal relations. In the absence of
physical signatures and paper documents, demonstrating these formalities in
e-contracts can be challenging, leading to potential disputes over contract
formation.
4.
Technical Challenges
and Infrastructure: Dependence on technological infrastructure and internet
connectivity for executing and storing e-contracts, leading to potential disruptions or downtime that may affect
contract formation and performance.
5.
Challenges in ensuring the
interoperability and compatibility of different electronic contracting
platforms and systems used by contracting parties.[16]
1.
Forgery and Fraud: Electronic signatures
and authentication methods are vulnerable to forgery
and fraud, as cybercriminals may exploit weaknesses in security protocols or obtain unauthorized access
to digital accounts. This increases the risk of fraudulent transactions and
unauthorized modifications to e-contracts.
2.
Legal Uncertainty: The legal validity
and enforceability of electronic signatures and authentication methods may vary
depending on jurisdiction and applicable laws. Inconsistencies in legal frameworks and court interpretations can create uncertainty for parties engaging in
cross-border transactions or operating in multiple jurisdictions.
3. Data Breaches: Electronic signatures and authentication
methods often involve the transmission and storage of sensitive personal
information, increasing the risk of data breaches and privacy violations. Unauthorized access to electronic signatures or authentication credentials can result in identity theft, financial loss, and reputational damage for individuals and
businesses.
To mitigate these challenges and risks,
businesses should implement robust authentication protocols, employ encryption
technologies to secure electronic transactions, and adhere to relevant laws and
regulations governing e-contract formation and electronic signatures. Additionally,
parties should carefully review and negotiate the terms of e-contracts to
ensure clarity, mutual understanding, and legal compliance.
MITIGATING RISKS IN E-CONTRACT
FORMATION –
Certainly!
Here's an outline
of best practices for mitigating risks in e-contract
formation:
1.
Utilize Secure Authentication Methods:
·
Implement multi-factor authentication (MFA) to ensure
that only authorized parties can access and sign e-contracts.
·
Employ strong password policies and regularly update
authentication credentials to prevent unauthorized access.
·
Consider biometric authentication methods, such as
fingerprint or facial recognition, for added security.
2.
Maintain Clear Records of Contract Formation:
·
Document the entire contract formation process,
including negotiations, revisions, and final agreement terms.
·
Use email confirmations or electronic communication
tools to track and confirm acceptance of contract terms by all parties.
·
Store electronic records securely in compliance with
relevant data protection and retention regulations.
3.
Incorporate Digital Signatures:
·
Utilize digital signature technology to authenticate
e-contracts and ensure their integrity.
·
Choose a reputable digital signature provider that
complies with industry standards and legal requirements.
·
Ensure that digital signature solutions adhere to applicable
laws, such as the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act
(ESIGN)[18] in the United States
or the Information Technology Act, 2000 in India.
4.
Implement Encryption:
·
Encrypt e-contract documents and communications to
protect sensitive information from unauthorized access or interception.
·
Use robust encryption algorithms and secure
communication protocols to safeguard data during transmission and storage.
·
Regularly update encryption protocols and technologies
to mitigate emerging security threats.
5.
Establish Audit Trails:
·
Maintain detailed audit trails that record all
activities related to e-contract formation, including document changes, access
logs, and signature timestamps.
·
Implement a secure document management system that
tracks and logs every interaction with e-contract documents.
·
Periodically review audit trails to identify any suspicious or
unauthorized activities and take corrective actions as necessary.[19]
ENFORCING E-CONTRACTS –
1.
Challenges Associated
with Enforcing E-Contracts:
·
Evidence
Issues: One of the primary challenges in enforcing e-contracts is
the requirement for admissible evidence. Unlike traditional contracts with
physical signatures, e-contracts may lack tangible evidence of parties'
intentions and agreement. Establishing the authenticity and integrity of
electronic records and signatures can be complex.
·
Interpretation
Challenges: Interpretation of e-contracts can be challenging due to the
absence of contextual cues present in traditional contracts. Ambiguities in
language or discrepancies in electronic communications may lead to disputes
over contract terms and obligations.
·
Jurisdictional
Enforcement: Determining the applicable jurisdiction for enforcing
e-contracts can be complicated, especially in cases involving parties from
different countries. Conflicting laws and regulations across jurisdictions may
impact the enforceability of e-contracts.
2.
Legal Remedies for Breaches
of E-Contracts:
·
Damages: Damages
are the most common legal remedy for breaches of e- contracts. Compensatory
damages aim to put the non-breaching party in the position they would have been
in if the breach had not occurred. Other types of damages, such as
consequential damages and punitive damages, may also be available depending on
the circumstances.
·
Specific
Performance: In cases where monetary damages are inadequate or
impractical, courts may order specific performance, requiring the breaching
party to fulfill their contractual obligations as specified in the e-contract.
·
Injunctive
Relief: Courts may grant injunctive relief to prevent further
breaches or to compel specific actions by the parties. Injunctions can be
particularly useful in cases involving intellectual property rights or
confidentiality obligations.
3.
Strategies for Enforcing Contractual Rights in the Digital Environment:
·
Maintaining
Detailed Records: Parties should maintain detailed records of e-
contract negotiations, communications, and transactions. These records can
serve as valuable evidence in the event of disputes or breaches.
·
Utilizing
Digital Signatures and Authentication Methods:
Implementing robust digital signature and authentication mechanisms can enhance
the enforceability of e-contracts by ensuring the integrity and authenticity of
electronic records.
·
Including
Dispute Resolution Mechanisms: E-contracts should include clear
dispute resolution clauses specifying the applicable law and jurisdiction, as
well as mechanisms for resolving disputes, such as arbitration or mediation.
navigating the legal landscape of e-contracts requires
addressing various challenges related to evidence, interpretation, and
jurisdictional enforcement, while also leveraging appropriate legal remedies
and enforcement strategies. By maintaining detailed records, utilizing digital
signatures, and including dispute resolution mechanisms in e-contracts, parties
can enhance the enforceability and effectiveness of their electronic transactions in the digital environment.
CASE LAWS-
1. Trimex International FZE Limited v. Vedanta Aluminum
Limited (2010)
·
This case addressed the enforceability of electronic
signatures in e-contracts. The Madras High Court held that electronic
signatures are valid and enforceable under the Information Technology Act,
2000, as long as they fulfill the requirements of authentication and integrity.
2. Tata Consultancy Services v. State of Andhra Pradesh (2004):
·
In this case, the Andhra Pradesh High Court recognized
the validity of contracts formed through email communication. The court
emphasized that electronic communications, including emails, can constitute
valid offers, acceptances, and contracts under the Indian Contract Act, 1872.
3. Rely Softwares
Pvt. Ltd. v. Nadimuthu (2008):
·
This case dealt with the issue of electronic evidence
in e-contracts. The Madras High Court held that electronic records, including
emails and digital documents, are admissible as evidence in court proceedings
under the provisions of the Information Technology Act, 2000.
4. Trimax IT Infrastructure and Services Ltd. v. State of West Bengal (2016):
·
The Calcutta High Court in this case affirmed the
validity of clickwrap agreements in e-commerce transactions. The court upheld
the enforceability of terms and conditions presented to users through a
clickwrap interface, emphasizing the importance of clear and conspicuous
disclosure.
5. N.S. International v. Madhuri Exports (2014):
·
In this case, the Bombay High Court addressed the
jurisdictional challenges in e-contracts involving parties from different
states. The court held that the place where the acceptance of the offer is
communicated electronically would determine the jurisdiction for disputes
arising from the contract.
6.
Tamil Nadu Organics Private Limited
vs. State Bank of India (2019): The Madras High Court in this case
held that e-contracts are enforceable under law and contractual obligations
shall arise from the same.
7.
The Karnataka High Court’s opinion in the case of Sudarshan Cargo Pvt. Ltd. v. M/s. Techvac
Engineering Pvt. Ltd (2013)
is noteworthy for discussion in light of our
present subject matter for it had upheld the validity of e-mail correspondence
as a legitimate electronic record and piece of evidence towards
a confession, as in the particular case. Thus
the Court had clarified that communication made through email qualifies under Section 2(b) of the IT Act, 2000.
8. Rudder v. Microsoft
Corporation (1999), the court of law had determined that the “click-wrap” agreement was enforceable, by ruling that scrolling across
multiple pages was to be presumed to be the same as
turning through multiple pages of a written contract in the paper. Thus,
digital contracts were given a dignified position through this decades-old
case.
These landmark Indian case laws provide valuable insights into the legal
landscape of e- contracts, addressing issues such as electronic signatures, email communications,
admissibility of electronic evidence, enforceability of clickwrap agreements, and jurisdictional considerations.
CONCLUSION –
In navigating the legal landscape
of e-contracts, businesses encounter a multitude
of challenges and opportunities. From understanding the legal validity
of e-contracts to ensuring compliance with regulatory requirements and addressing jurisdictional issues, businesses must navigate a complex
web of laws, regulations, and best practices
to effectively leverage e-contracts in modern business
transactions.
Throughout this article, we have explored the
definition and importance of e-contracts, examined the legal framework
governing their validity, identified common challenges in their formation, and
discussed strategies for mitigating risks and ensuring compliance.
As businesses continue to embrace digital transformation and adopt e-contracting practices, it is imperative that they remain vigilant and proactive in navigating the evolving legal landscape. By staying informed about
legal developments, adopting best practices, and leveraging emerging
technologies responsibly, businesses can unlock the full potential of e-
contracts to drive efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance competitiveness in
today's digital economy.
In conclusion, the legal landscape
of e-contracts is dynamic and multifaceted, but with
careful navigation and strategic implementation, businesses can harness the
power of e- contracts to achieve their objectives and thrive in an increasingly
digital world.
[1] Section 2h of Indian contract act
1872
[2] Section 2(h), Indian Contract Act
of 1872
[3]
E-contract- An
Overview, available at: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/38507/9/09_chapter
%202.pd, (Visited on 5th April 2024)
[4]
Section 2(a) of Indian
Contract Act of 1872
[5]
E-contracts and issues
involved in its formation, available at: http://www.legalserviceindia.com/article/l350-
Econtracts-&-issues-involved-in-its-formation.html, (Visited on March 14,
2019)
[6] Contract laws, available at: http://newhorizonindia.edu/nhc_kasturinagar/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/
CHAPTER-2Contract-Laws-Indian-Contract-Act1872.pdf, (Visited on March 14, 2019)
[7] Section 23, Indian Contract Act of
1872
[8] Section 25, Indian Contract Act of
1872
[9] Swords on Snapdeal and FB
flourish, send 12 to prison, available at: http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/62706073.cms?
utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_c ampaign=cppst (Last
visited on March 14, 2019).
[10]
Section 10, Indian
Contract Act of 1872
[11] Section 29, Indian Contract Act of
1872
[12] Section 56, Indian Contract Act of
1872
[13]
Section 10, Indian
Contract Act of 1872
[14]
"Indian Contract Act, 1872" by Pollock and Mulla:
[15]
"Authentication
and Verification of E-Contracts" by Dr. Vivek Sarin (Eastern Book Company,
2020)
[16] Legal Aspects of E-Commerce and
E-Contracts" by Dr. Alok Misra and Dr. Harpreet Kaur (Bharat Law House,
2020)
[17]
"Electronic
Contracts: Law and Practice" by Rohas Nagpal and Amol Kavatekar (Lexis
Nexis, 2018).
[18] Electronic Signatures in Global
and National Commerce Act (ESIGN)
[19]
Electronic Commerce:
The Strategic Perspective" by Richard T. Watson and Pierre Berthon
Article Information
“NAVIGATING THE LEGAL LANDSCAPE OF E- CONTRACT: CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS”
Authors: MAITHILI KALE
- Journal IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
- Published 2024/05/10
- Issue 7
About Journal
International Journal for Legal Research and Analysis
- Abbreviation IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
- Access Open Access
- License CC 4.0
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