INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

“WOMEN AND THE RIGHT TO INDIVIDUAL AUTONOMY” BY: - KASHNI

Authors: KASHNI

Registration ID: 1004Q Published Paper ID: IJLRA04Q

Year : Jan -2022 | Volume: II | Issue: 5

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Page No : 14

GENDER-SPECIFIC RAPE LEGISLATION BY - ARNEET KANG

Authors: ARNEET KANG

Registration ID: 105889 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5889

Year : July -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: arneetkang30@gmail.com

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A CRITICAL STUDY OF LEGAL PROVISIONS ON GENDER EQUALITY BY - DR. NEERU GUPTA

Authors: DR. NEERU GUPTA

Registration ID: 105888 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5888

Year : July -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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ABDUL SHUKOOR SAHEB V. ARJI PAPA RAO (DECEADSED) AIR 1963 SC 1150 BY - SMITI JHUNJHUNWALA

Authors: SMITI JHUNJHUNWALA

Registration ID: 105887 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5887

Year : July -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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THE NOTION OF REFOULEMENT AS A NECROPOLITICAL PRAXIS: THE FATE OF ASYLUM SEEKERS IN CONTEMPORARY TIMES BY - KIBIRIGE HASSAN

Authors: KIBIRIGE HASSAN

Registration ID: 105886 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5886

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RESPONSIBLE AI IMPLEMENTATION: ETHICAL DILEMMAS DATA PRIVACY AND ALGORITHMIC BIAS IN TODAY S TECHNOLOGICAL LANDSCAPE BY - JENNIFER GHOSHRAY

Authors: JENNIFER GHOSHRAY

Registration ID: 105885 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5885

Year : July -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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COMPETITION LAW IN JAPAN: UNIQUE FEATURES BY - SAI KRISHNA CHEEKATI

Authors: SAI KRISHNA CHEEKATI

Registration ID: 105884 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5884

Year : July -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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DOCTRINE OF STRICT SCRUTINY IN THE INDIAN CONTEXT BY: NIVEDITA RAMAN

Authors: NIVEDITA RAMAN

Registration ID: 105883 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5883

Year : July -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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A STUDY ON LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR LOAN GRANTING AND RECOVERY ON COMMERCIAL BANKS. BY – SMITA G & SHILPA S

Authors: SMITA G & SHILPA S

Registration ID: 105881 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5881 & IJLRA5882

Year : July -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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AN ANALYSIS OF THE COPYRIGHT LAW IN INDIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE OTHER SAARC COUNTRIES BY - SOHOM SAHA

Authors: SOHOM SAHA

Registration ID: 105880 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5880

Year : July -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2023-67789958/AN ANALYSIS OF THE COPYRIGHT

International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

ISSN:2582-6433

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[1] * Kashni, Student of LL.M. programme (3 years), University of Delhi, Faculty of Law.

[2] Justice K.S.Puttaswamy (Retired) v. Union of India, 2017 10 S.C.C.

[3] “The Indian Supreme Court Declares the Constitutional Right to Privacy” by Jayna Kothari, (OxHRH Blog, 4 October 2017) available at: https://ohrh.law.ox.ac.uk/the-indian-supreme-court-declares-the-constitutional-right-to-privacy/ [accessed on April 10, 2021]

[4] Supra note 2.

[5] Supra note 2.

[6] Supra note 4 .

[7] Here, ‘informal’ means ‘not formally established by law’.

[8] Independent Thought v. Union of India, W.P. (Civil) No. 382 of 2013, decided on October 11, 2017 (Madan B. Lokur and Deepak Gupta, J.J.)

[9] The Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women , 1979. It was signed by India in 1980 and ratified in 1993.

[10] The Convention on the Rights of Child, 1989. It was ratified by India in 1992.

[11] Such as- Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 (POCSO Act) and the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 (PWDVA),

[12] Socio-Legal Review, “Independent Thought v. Union of India and the Unconstitutionality of Marital Rape”, Nov 6, 2017, available at: https://www.sociolegalreview.com/post/independent-thought-v-union-of-india-and-the-unconstitutionality-of-marital-0is%20not%20rape%E2%80%9D [accessed on April 7, 2021]

[13] AIR 1983 AP 356

[14] AIR 1984 SC 1562, (1984) 4 SCC 90

[15] Supra note 2.

[16] Air India v. Nargesh Meerza (1981)

[17] Shakti Vahini v. Union of India on 27 March ( 2018)

[18] CB Muthamma v. Union of India (1979)

[19] State of Maharashtra & Anr. v. Madhukar Narayan Mardikar (1990)

[20] Vishaka & Ors. v. State of Rajasthan & Ors. (1997), Delhi Domestic Working Women's' Forum v, Union of India & Ors. (1994)

[21] V. Tulasamma & Ors v. Sesha Reddi (Dead) By L. Rs (1977), Daniel Latifi v. Union of India (2001).

[22]International Women’s Day: 30 SC Judgments on Women’s Empowerment, available at: https://www.livelaw.in/know-the-law/landmark-decisions-of-the-supreme-court-that-changed-the-course-for-women-in-india-153592?infinitescroll=1 [accessed on April 13, 2021]

[23] Supra note 2.

[24] Anuj Garg & Ors v. Hotel Association Of India & Ors on 6 December, 2007

[25] Suchita Srivastava & Anr v. Chandigarh Administration on 28 August, 2009

[26] State Of Maharashtra And Another v. Madhukar Narayan Mardikar on 23 October, 1990

[27] Abc v. State(Nct Of Delhi) on 6 July, 2015

^{^[28]}Supra note 4.

[29] Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, (1973) 4 SCC 225; AIR 1973 SC 1461

[1] Abdul Shukoor Saheb v. Arji Papa Rao AIR 1963 SC 1150 ¶ 2.

[2] Abdul Shukoor Saheb v. Arji Papa Rao AIR 1963 SC 1150 ¶ 2.

[3] Abdul Shukoor Saheb v. Arji Papa Rao AIR 1963 SC 1150 ¶ 2.

[4] Abdul Shukoor Saheb v. Arji Papa Rao AIR 1963 SC 1150 ¶ 3.

[5] Abdul Shukoor Saheb v. Arji Papa Rao AIR 1963 SC 1150 ¶ 3.

[6] Abdul Shukoor Saheb v. Arji Papa Rao AIR 1963 SC 1150 ¶ 4.

[7] Abdul Shukoor Saheb v. Arji Papa Rao AIR 1963 SC 1150 ¶ 5.

[8] Abdul Shukoor Saheb v. Arji Papa Rao AIR 1963 SC 1150 ¶ 5.

[9] Abdul Shukoor Saheb v. Arji Papa Rao AIR 1963 SC 1150 ¶ 7.

[10] Abdul Shukoor Saheb v. Arji Papa Rao AIR 1963 SC 1150 ¶ 24.

[11] Abdul Shukoor Saheb v. Arji Papa Rao AIR 1963 SC 1150 ¶ 24.

[12] Abdul Shukoor Saheb v. Arji Papa Rao AIR 1963 SC 1150 ¶ 24.

[13] Abdul Shukoor Saheb v. Arji Papa Rao AIR 1963 SC 1150 ¶ 25.

[14] Abdul Shukoor Saheb v. Arji Papa Rao AIR 1963 SC 1150 ¶ 28.

[15] Abdul Shukoor Saheb v. Arji Papa Rao AIR 1963 SC 1150 ¶ 29.

^{^[16]}Jay Adkisson, Twyne's case and the most infamous flock of sheep in Anglo-american law Forbes (2020), https://www.forbes.com/sites/jayadkisson/2020/01/06/twynes-case-and-the-most-infamous-flock-of-sheep-in-anglo-american-law/?sh=e81ebac4227c (last visited Apr 25, 2023).

[17] Sarju Prasad v. Jai Karan, 1998 SCC OnLine All 722

^{^[18]}Need for Speedy Justice – Some Suggestions, law commission of India, 221 (18th ed. 2009).

[1] Kibirige Hassan is a 4^th Year Law Student Pursing B.A LL. B at Marwadi University, Rajkot.

[2] Mehdi Chebil, ‘Pushed back because we’re black: Africans stranded at Ukraine-Poland Boarder.’ France24, see also; Lorenzo Tondo in Przemysl and Emmanuel Akinwotu, ‘People of color fleeing Ukraine attacked by polish nationalists.’, TheGuardian. (2022).

[3] A., Brasseur, (President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe), ‘Europe slamming its’s doors on Refugees: Is this really What Europe is About?’ Press Release, Council of Europe. (2016).

[4] Human Rights Watch. “India: Rohingya Deported to Myanmar Face Danger,” March 31, 2022.

[5] BBC News. “Migrants Freezing to Death on Belarus-Poland Border,” September 23, 2021.

[6] The New Humanitarian. “Hot and Cold: Greece’s Treatment of Ukrainian and Non-Ukrainian Refugees,” August 16, 2022. Available at; https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news-feature/2022/08/16/Greece-refugees-Ukraine-asylum-system-application.

[7] Human Rights Watch. “India: Halt All Forced Returns to Myanmar,” March 10, 2021. Available at; https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/03/10/india-halt-all-forced-returns-myanmar.

[8] Agnieszka Pikulicka-Wilczewska. “Fears of Migrant Deaths Rise after Bodies Found in Eastern Poland.” Reuters. Reuters, January 13, 2023. Available at; https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/fears-migrant-deaths-rise-after-bodies-found-eastern-poland-2023-01-13/.

[9] Oxfam International. “‘A Two-Tier Refugee Response’: Greece’s Welcome of People Fleeing Ukraine Stands in Stark Contrast with Others Seeking Safety | Oxfam International,” May 25, 2022. Available at; https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/two-tier-refugee-response-greeces-welcome-people-fleeing-ukraine-stands-stark.

[10] PBS NewsHour. “‘Remain in Mexico’ Reinstated, Sends Asylum Seekers across the Southern Border.” PBS NewsHour, December 11, 2021. Available at; https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/remain-in-mexico-reinstated-sends-asylum-seekers-across-the-southern-border.

[11] Article 3 and Article 33, UN General Assembly. (1951). Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. Available at; https://www.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/legacy-pdf/4ca34be29.pdf

[12] ‘South Africa: Failing asylum system is exacerbating Xenophobia.’ Amnesty.org. (2019), see also; ‘Living in Limbo: Rights of asylum seekers denied.’, Amnesty International.Org. (2019).

[13] O’Sullivan M., & Dallal S., ‘States, the law Access to Refugee Protection: Fortresses and Fairness’, 65, HART. 9 (2017). See also; D. Stevens & L. Baldassar, ‘Refugees Protection and the role of law.’ Cambridge University Press. (2014).

[14] John Kennedy, ‘Refoulement as a Biopolitical Praxis: Subalternity, Ethnography, and Ethics at the Mexico-Guatemala Boarder.’, Cornell University. (2021)

[15] Evan J. Criddle and Evan Fox-Decent, ‘The Authority of International Refugee Law.’, 62 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 1067 (2021).

[16] Michael Garcia Bochenek. “The Persistent, Pernicious Use of Pushbacks against Children and Adults in Search of Safety” 12(3) 34. (2023).

[17] UNHCR. (2020, March 31). Key legal considerations on access to territory for persons in need of international protection in the context of the COVID-19 response. Available at; https://www.refworld.org/docid/5e7132834.html

[18] Allain, J. (2001). ‘The jus cogens nature of non?refoulement.’ International Journal of Refugee Law, 13(4), 533-558.

[19] ICJ. (2005). Armed activities on the territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo vs. Uganda), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2005, p. 168.

[20] Musalo, K., Moore, J., & Boswell, R. A. (2011). ‘Refugee law and policy: Cases and materials.’, Durham: Carolina Academic Press.

[21] UN General Assembly, (1951), Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees’, and its 1967 Protocol.

[22] UN General Assembly, (1984), Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.

[23] UN General Assembly, (1951), Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees’, and its 1967 Protocol.

[24] UN General Assembly, (1967), Declaration on Territorial Asylum.

[26] United Nations. (1948). Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

[27] UN General Assembly, (1951), Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees’, and its 1967 Protocol.

[28] The principle of non-refoulement as a norm of customary international law. Responses to the questions posed to UNHCR by the federal Constitutional Court of the Federal Republic of Germany in cases 2BvR 1938/98, 2BvR 1953/93, 2BvR 1954/93. See also; Dr. Sigit Riyato ‘The Refoulement principle and its relevance in the international legal system.’,7, (2010).

[31] L., B., John & T., Buergenthal (eds), ‘The movement of persons Across Borders.’ 18. (1992).

[32] Ibid 18, see also; UN Human Rights Committee (UNHRC), (1992), (CPR General Comment No. 20): Article 7 (Prohibition of Torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading Treatment or punishment).

[33] Ibid 18, see also; Bronner Hail K., ‘Non-refoulement and ‘Humanitarian’ refugees.’ Customary International law. (1986).

[34] Tom Phillips, ‘Mexican man kills himself after being refused entry to U.S.’ TheGuardian. (2020).

[35] Organization of African Unity. (OAU), (1969), Convention Governing the specific Aspects of Refugee problems in Africa (OAU Convention).

[36] Oona H, M, & Preston Lim ‘COVID-19 and International law: Refugees law. The principle of non-refoulement.’, JustSecurity, (2020).

[37] Refugees and migrants in times of COVID-19: Mapping trends of public health and migration policies and practices. World Health Organization. (2021).

[38] Gammeltoft-Hansen, T. (2011). ‘Access to asylum: International refugee law and the globalization of migration control’. Cambridge University Press.

[39] Durieux, J-F. ‘The many faces of ‘prima facie’: Group-based evidence in refugee status determination. Refuge.’ Canada’s Journal on Refugees, 25(2). (2008).

[40] Organization of African Unity (OAU). (1969). Convention Governing Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa.

[41] McAdam, J. ‘From protection to persecution: The Australian-Cambodia refugee ‘arrangement’’. Melbourne Journal of International Law, 18(1), 273-287. (2017).

* Jennifer Ghoshray is a legal researcher and cognitive psychologist, who studied law, psychology, and economic theory at the prestigious Rutgers University and Florida International University in USA. She utilizes a multi-dimensional lens through which to view mergers and acquisition and anti-trust issues, while placing common citizens’ rights in the context. She has developed a unique expertise in the conflict between development of artificial intelligence fuelled Metaverse and existing laws, areas on which she has lectured at various National Law Schools, such as the NUJS, Kolkata, NLIU, Bhopal, and Symbiosis Law. Her presentation at the 2022 National Conference on Fintech, Data Protection and Cybersecurity held at National Law University, Delhi traced the emergence of digital capitalism at the praxis of technology’s ambition and law’s inadequacy. The author can be reached at Jennifer.Ghoshray@gmail.com.

[1] Tegmark, M. AI and Physics, Lex Fridman Podcast (Jan. 18, 2021), episode #155, at 2:217 (Paraphrased from the podcast). https://www.happyscribe.com/public/lex-fridman-podcast-artificial-intelligence-ai/155-max-tegmark-ai-and-physics.

[2] Murdoch, B. Privacy and Artificial Intelligence: Challenges For Protecting Health Information In A New Era. BMC Med Ethics 22, 122 (2021). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-021-00687-3].

[3] Moon, I., Shamsuzzaman, M., Mridha, M., & Rahaman, A. (2022). Towards the Advancement of Cashless Transaction: A Security Analysis of Electronic Payment Systems. Journal of Computer and Communications, 10, 103-129. doi: 10.4236/jcc.2022.107007.

[4] Vermeulen, B., Kesselhut, J., Pyka, A., & Saviotti, P. P. (2018). The Impact of Automation on Employment: Just the Usual Structural Change? Sustainability, 10(5), 1661. doi: 10.3390/su10051661.

[5] Bankins, S., & Formosa, P. (2023). The Ethical Implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) For Meaningful Work. Journal of Business Ethics, 185, 725–740. doi: 10.1007/s10551-023-05339-7.

[6] Bartneck, C., Lütge, C., Wagner, A., & Welsh, S. (2021). Privacy Issues of AI. In An Introduction to Ethics in Robotics and AI. SpringerBriefs in Ethics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51110-4_8.

[7] Jackson, M. C. (2021). Artificial Intelligence & Algorithmic Bias: The Issues With Technology Reflecting History & Humans, 16 J. Bus. & Tech. L. 299. https://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/jbtl/vol16/iss2/5.

[8] Thiebes, S., Lins, S., & Sunyaev, A. (2021). Trustworthy artificial intelligence. Electron Markets, 31(3), 447–464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-020-00441-4.

[9] Rodrigues, R. (2020). Legal And Human Rights Issues Of AI: Gaps, Challenges And Vulnerabilities. Journal of Responsible Technology, 4, 100005. ISSN 2666-6596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrt.2020.100005.

[10] Zajko, M. (2022). Artificial Intelligence, Algorithms, And Social Inequality: Sociological Contributions To Contemporary Debates. Sociology Compass, 16(3), e12962. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12962.

[11] Dastin, J. (2018, October 11). Amazon scraps secret AI recruiting tool that showed bias against women. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-amazon-com-jobs-automation-insight-idUSKCN1MK08G.

[12] Pearce, Guy. "Beware the Privacy Violations in Artificial Intelligence Applications." ISACA Now Blog. May 28, 2021. https://www.isaca.org/resources/news-and-trends/isaca-now-blog/2021/beware-the-privacy-violations-in-artificial-intelligence-applications.

[13] Garcia, A.C.B., Garcia, M.G.P. & Rigobon, R. "Algorithmic Discrimination in the Credit Domain: What Do We Know About It?" AI & Soc (2023), DOI: 10.1007/s00146-023-01676-3.

[14] Murdoch B. Privacy And Artificial Intelligence: Challenges For Protecting Health Information In A New Era. BMC Med Ethics. 2021 Sep 15;22(1):122. Doi: 10.1186/s12910-021-00687-3. PMID: 34525993; PMCID: PMC8442400.

[15] Nicol Turner Lee, Paul Resnick, and Genie Barton, "Algorithmic Bias Detection and Mitigation: Best Practices and Policies to Reduce Consumer Harms," Brookings (May 22, 2019), https://www.brookings.edu/articles/algorithmic-bias-detection-and-mitigation-best-practices-and-policies-to-reduce-consumer-harms/.

[16] Bak, M., Madai, V. I., Fritzsche, M. C., Mayrhofer, M. Th., & McLennan, S. (2022). You Can't Have AI Both Ways: Balancing Health Data Privacy and Access Fairly. Frontiers in Genetics, 13. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2022.929453. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2022.929453. ISSN 1664-8021.

[17] Topol, E.J. High-Performance Medicine: The Convergence Of Human And Artificial Intelligence, Nat Med 25, 44–56 (2019), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-018-0300-7.

[18] Fuster, A., Goldsmith-Pinkham, P., Ramadorai, T., & Walther, A. (2022). Predictably Unequal? The Effects of Machine Learning on Credit Markets. Journal of Finance, 77: 5–47.

[19] Dressel, J., & Farid, H. (2018). The Accuracy, Fairness, And Limits Of Predicting Recidivism. Sci. Adv., 4, eaao5580. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao5580.

[20] Angwin, J., Larson, J., Mattu, S., Kirchner, L. (2016). Machine bias: There’s software used across the country to predict future criminals. And it’s biased against blacks. ProPublica. https://www.propublica.org/article/machine-bias-risk-assessments-in-criminal-sentencing.

[22] Boldyreva, E. (2018). Cambridge Analytica: Ethics and Online Manipulation With Decision-Making Process. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference "Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Education" (Vol. 12, pp. 91-102). doi: 10.15405/epsbs.2018.12.02.10.

[23] Rehman, I. u. (2019). Facebook-Cambridge Analytica data harvesting: What you need to know. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal), 2497. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/2497.

[24] Maslej, N., Fattorini, L., Brynjolfsson, E., et al. (2023). The AI Index 2023 Annual Report. AI Index Steering Committee, Institute for Human-Centered AI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, April 2023.

[25] Vössing, M., Kühl, N., Lind, M. et al. Designing Transparency for Effective Human-AI Collaboration. Inf Syst Front 24, 877–895 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-022-10284-3

[26] General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (General Data Protection Regulation). https://gdpr-info.eu/.

[27] Shin, D., Hameleers, M., Park, Y. J., et al. (2022). Countering Algorithmic Bias and Disinformation and Effectively Harnessing the Power of AI in Media. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 99(4), 887–907. https://doi.org/10.1177/10776990221129245.

[28] Gravett, W. (2021). Sentenced by an algorithm--Bias and lack of accuracy in risk-assessment software in the United States criminal justice system. South African Journal of Criminal Justice, 34(1), 31+. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A688856609/AONE?u=anon~7f6f2f9&sid=googleScholar&xid=f24028e5.

[30] Ferguson, A. G. (2012). Predictive Policing and Reasonable Suspicion. 62 Emory Law Journal, 259. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2050001.

[31] Sweeney, L. (2013). Discrimination in Online Ad Delivery. Communications of the ACM, 56. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2208240.

[32] National Association of Insurance Commissioners. (2021). AI-Enabled Underwriting Brings New Challenges for Life Insurance: Policy and Regulatory Considerations. Journal of Insurance Regulation, 40(8), JIR-ZA-40-08.

[33] Simbeck, K. They Shall Be Fair, Transparent, And Robust: Auditing Learning Analytics Systems. AI Ethics (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-023-00292-7.

[34] Chowdhury, R., & Mulani, N. (2018). Auditing Algorithms for Bias. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2018/10/auditing-algorithms-for-bias

[35] Rigano, C. (2019). Using Artificial Intelligence to Address Criminal Justice Needs. NIJ Journal, (Issue No. 280), January. National Institute of Justice.

[36] Zuiderwijk, A., Chen, Y.-C., & Salem, F. (2021). Implications of the use of artificial intelligence in public governance: A systematic literature review and a research agenda. Government Information Quarterly, 38(3), 101577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2021.101577

[1] “Moiz Tundawala, Application of Strict Scrutiny test in India, Why the Opposition?”, 3 NUJS L. REV.465 (2010).

[2] Vijay K. Tyagi, “Invocation of Scrutiny Test in Delegated Legislation and Ordinance: A Relook at the Doctrine of Presumption of Constitutionality”, 7 Delhi Law Review 20(2020).

[4] Siegel, Stephen A. “The Origin of the Compelling State Interest Test and Strict Scrutiny.” 48 The American Journal of Legal History 355 (2006).

[10] Adam Winkler, “Fatal in Theory and Strict in Fact: An Empirical Analysis of Strict Scrutiny in the Federal Courts”, 59 Vanderbilt Law Review 793 (2006).

[11] Richard H. Fallon, Jr, “Strict Judicial Scrutiny”, 54 UCLA LAW REVIEW 1267 (2007).

[12] Planned Parenthood v Casey, 505 U.S. 833 (1991).

[13] U.S. Constitution, 1787, 5th Amendment and 14th Amendment.

[17] Raushan, “Comparative Analysis of Due Process of Law: USA & India”, 10 International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention 2319.

[18] Om Kumar And Ors vs Union Of India, (2001 (2) SCC 386, Canara Bank vs V.K. Awasthy, (2005) 6 SCC 321,

[20] Ram Krishn Justice S.R. Tendolkar and Ors, AIR 1958 SC 538.

[21] Gratz v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 244, (2003).

[23] Raag Yadava, “Taking Rights Seriously - The Supreme Court on Strict Scrutiny”, 22 National Law School of India Review 161 (2010).

[25] Mahendra P. Singh, Ashoka Thakur v. Union of India: Divided Verdict on an Undivided Social Justice Measure, 1 NUJS L. REV. 193 (2008).

[26] Seervai H.M, Constitutional Law of India, 424 (Universal Law Publishing, New Delhi 2015).

[29] Soosai Etc vs Union Of India [1985] AIR 733.

[30] Under the Constitution of India, reservation for Scheduled Caste is provided by the Scheduled Caste Order, 1950. Under paragraph 3 of this Act the reservation extends to only Hindus, Sikhs and Buddiststs because the concept of Caste is directly linked with religion in India.

[31] Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam v. Union of India and Ors.

[32] The Constitution of India. article 14. Which states that “The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.”

[33] The Constitution of India, article. 15. Clause (4), Which states that “Nothing in this article or in clause (2) of article 29 shall prevent the State from making any special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes.”

[34] Padmanabh Samarendra, Religion, Caste and Conversion: Membership of a Scheduled Caste and Judicial Deliberations 51 Economical and Political Weekly 41 (2016).

[36] George Schedler, “Does Strict Judicial Scrutiny Involve the Tu Quoque Fallacy?” 9 Law and philosophy 273 (1990).

[37] The Constitution of India, Article 15(4) and 15(5).

[4] Special reference of “Indian Financial System” by Dr. V. K. Jain and Dr. Parizad P. Dungore

[5] https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=440&Mode=0

[6] https://www.drt.gov.in/pdf/Act-s/SARFAESI%20Act.pdf

[7] http://financialservices.gov.in/Banking/LAWS.pdf

[1] Research Scholar, Central University of South Bihar

[2] Suvrashis Sarkar, “History and Evolution of Copyright in India”, Indian Journal of Research, Volume 5, Issue 11, November 2016.

[3] Charu Dhureja, “Historical Development of Copyright Law in India”, International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences, January 2015

[4] Section 26 and 27 of the Indian Copyright Act 1957.

[5] Section 28, 28A and 29 of the Indian Copyright Act 1957.

[6] Hana Onderkova, “Copyright Protection in India- Overview and Recent Developments”, available at: http://intellectual-property-helpdesk.ec.europa.eu/news-events/news/copyright-protection-india-overview-and-recent-developments-2022-03-02_en (Visited on July 5, 2023)

[7] Declaration by the Government of Republic of India relating to Article II and III of the Appendix to the Paris Act (1971), available at: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1534892 (Visited on July 5, 2023).

[9] Jayashree Watal, “Implementing the TRIPS Agreement: Policy Options Open to India”, Economic and Political Weekly, September 27 - October 3, 1997.

[10] WIPO Copyright Treaty Contracting Parties, available at: https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/treaties/ShowResults?search_what=C&treaty_id=16 (Visited on July 5, 2023).

[11] Muhammad Farhad Hosen, “an Overview of the Copyright Protection Laws in Bangladesh- A Critical Analysis of the Copyright Act, 2000 with Its Loopholes and Recommendations”, Beijing Law Review, Volume 8, 2017

[12] Md. Mahabubur Rahaman, “Copyrights and Related Rights in Bangladesh: The Laws and the Reality”, International Journal of Multidisciplinary Sciences And Advanced Technology, Volume 1 No 12, 2020

[14] WIPO Notification No. 133, available at: https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/notifications/convention/treaty_convention_133.html (Visited on July 6, 2023)

[15] Paris Notification No. 122, available at: https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/notifications/paris/treaty_paris_122.html (Visited on July 6, 2023)

[16] Berne Notification No. 200, available at: https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/notifications/berne/treaty_berne_200.html (Visited on July 6, 2023)

[17] Marrakesh Notification No. 92, available at: https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/notifications/marrakesh/treaty_marrakesh_92.html (Visited on July 6, 2023)

[18] Khalid Mahmood and Muhammad Ilyas, “Copyright and Book Piracy in Pakistan”, International Federation of Library Associations & Institutions, 2005.

[19] Rabia Javed and Zahish Farid Khan, “Parallel Import of Copyrighted Work in Pakistan”, Pakistan Journal of Social Research, Volume 4 No. 2 April-June 2022

[20] Ghalib Khan and Sobia Bashir, “The Dilemma of Book Piracy in Pakistan”, Journal of Law and Society, January 2019

[21] Berne Notification No. 13, available at: https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/notifications/berne/treaty_berne_13.html (Visited on July 7, 2023)

[22] WIPO Notification No 97, available at: https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/notifications/convention/treaty_convention_97.html (Visited on July 7, 2023)

[23] Paris Notification No. 211, available at: https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/notifications/paris/treaty_paris_211.html (Visited on July 7, 2023)

[25] Dr. Charmila S. Talagala, “Copyright and its Enforcement in Sri Lanka: A Square Peg in a round Hole?”, Bar Association Law Journal, 2017

[26] Dinal Philips, “An Introduction to The Law of Copyright”, Journal of the University Librarians Association of Sri Lanka, Volume 13, 2009

[27] B. A. R. R. Ariyaratna and W. A. Sanath Sameera Wijesinghe, “Protecting Copyrights and Related Rights in the Digital Dilemma: Some Challenges”, Journal of Business Management and economic Research, Volume 2, 2018

[28] Berne Notification No 92, available at: https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/notifications/berne/treaty_berne_92.html (Visited on July 8, 2023)

[29] Berne Notification No. 248, available at: https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/notifications/berne/treaty_berne_248.html (Visited on July 8, 2023)

[30] WIPO Notification No. 100, available at: https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/notifications/convention/treaty_convention_100.html (Visited on July 8, 2023)

[31] Here ‘Work’ means all such intellectual properties which has been defined as ‘work’ in Section 2 of the Copyright Act of Nepal.

[32] Ayush Adhikari and Kiran Poundel, “Analysis of Copyright Act 2002 of Nepal”, International Journal of Science and Research, Volume 7 Issue 6, June 2018

[34] WIPO Notification No 187, available at: https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/notifications/convention/treaty_convention_187.html (Visited on July 9, 2023)

[35] Paris Notification No. 203, available at: https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/notifications/paris/treaty_paris_203.html (Visited on July 9, 2023)

[36] Berne Notification No. 249, available at: https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/notifications/berne/treaty_berne_249.html (Visited on July 10, 2023)

[37] Amendments of TRIPS Agreement, available at: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/amendment_e.htm (Visited on July 10, 2023)

[39] WIPO Notification 170, available at: https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/notifications/convention/treaty_convention_170.html (Visited on July 11, 2023)

[40] Paris Notification No. 201, available at: https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/notifications/paris/treaty_paris_201.html (Visited on July 11, 2023)

[41] Berne Notification No. 243, available at: https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/notifications/berne/treaty_berne_243.html (Visited on July 11, 2023)

[42] Zamira Saidi, “What We Don’t Know About Intellectual Property: A Comparative review Of Intellectual Property In The United States And Afghanistan”, The University of Cincinnati Intellectual Property and Computer Law Journal, Volume 5 Issue 1, March 2021

[43] WIPO Notification No. 212, available at: http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/notifications/convention/treaty_convention_212.html (Visited on July 12, 2023).

[44] Paris Notification No. 221, available at:

http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/notifications/paris/treaty_paris_221.html (Visited on July 12, 2023)

[45] Berne Notification No. 279, available at: https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/notifications/berne/treaty_berne_279.html (Visited on July 13, 2023)

[46] WIPO Notification No. 209, available at: https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/notifications/convention/treaty_convention_209.html (Visited on July 13, 2022)

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IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

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