CAMPARISON OF RAPE BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN BY - JIMI SONO

Authors: JIMI SONO

Registration ID: 105879 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5879

Year : July -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: jisajimisono@gmail.com

Page No :15 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2023-83276469/CAMPARISON OF RAPE

UNIFORM CIVIL CODE - WHY & WHY NOT YET. By: Kartikay Singhal

Authors: Kartikay Singhal

Registration ID: 105878 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5878

Year : July -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: kartikaysinghal0103@gmail.com

Page No :15 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2023-94561496/UNIFORM CIVIL CODE

MENTAL HEALTH: AN UNDERTRIAL IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM BY: WANIYA JAVED & ZAHIR IRSHAD

Authors: WANIYA JAVED & ZAHIR IRSHAD

Registration ID: 105876 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5876 & IJLRA5877

Year : July -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: waniyajaved2003@gmail.com & zaeirirshad44@gmail.com

Page No :16 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2023-49553714/MENTAL HEALTH

JUDICIAL ACTIVISM AND PUBLIC INTEREST LITIGATION IN INDIA AND ISSUES INVOLVED BY - P. VAISHNAVI & K. SIVACHALAPATHI

Authors: P. VAISHNAVI & K. SIVACHALAPATHI

Registration ID: 105874 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5874 & IJLRA5875

Year : July -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: vaishuvishal022@gmail.com & sivachalapathi2301@gmail.com

Page No :18 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2023-44564929/JUDICIAL ACTIVISM

DEVILAL V STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH BY: KALPANA BISEN

Authors: KALPANA BISEN

Registration ID: 10583 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5873

Year : July -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: Kalpanabisen27@gmail.com

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2023-91638211/DEVILAL V STATE

A STUDY ON ATTEMPT TO COMMIT SUICIDE BY - SOUMYA TURKAR

Authors: SOUMYA TURKAR

Registration ID: 105872 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5872

Year : July -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: soumyaturkar@gmail.com

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2023-38491277/A STUDY ON ATTEMPT

FUNDAMENTALS OF TORT AND DISCUSSION ON INJURIA SINE DAMNO & DAMNUM SINE INJURIA By - Navna Singh & Khushnoor Kaur

Authors: Navna Singh & Khushnoor Kaur

Registration ID: 105870 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5870 & IJLRA5871

Year : July -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: navnasingh.clg@modyuniversity.ac.in & Khushnoorrandhawa@gmail.com

Page No :18 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2023-34665377/FUNDAMENTALS OF TORT

“COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CONTRACT OF INDEMNITY IN INDIA, THE UNITED KINGDOM AND CANADA.” By - Diya Kotak

Authors: Diya Kotak

Registration ID: 105869 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5869

Year : July -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: 21jgls-dkotak@jgu.edu.in

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2023-56416249/COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

WOMEN, MARRIAGE AND FAMILY: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN HINDU LAW AND MUSLIM LAW By - Dr. S. Manjula

Authors: Dr. S. Manjula

Registration ID: 105868 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5868

Year : July -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: smanjulaprof@gmail.com

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2023-77791232/WOMEN, MARRIAGE AND FAMILY

NON-EFFECTIVENESS OF THE LOK ADALAT SYSTEM OF INDIA IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD By - Bhavesh Vashisht

Authors: Bhavesh Vashisht

Registration ID: 105867 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5867

Year : July -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: 22llm48@mnlua.ac.in

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2023-92829636/NON-EFFECTIVENESS

International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

ISSN:2582-6433

Website:https://www.ijlra.com/

Accessibility:Open Access

License:Creative Commons 4.0

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All research articles published INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS are fully open access. i.e. immediately freely available to read, download and share. Articles are published under the terms of a Creative Commons license which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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[2] Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937, No.26, Acts of Parliament 1937 (India).

[3] Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum [1985] 2 SCC 556.

[4] Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986, Act No. 25, Acts of Parliament 1986 (India).

[5] Shamim Ara v State of UP [2002] 7 SCC 518.

[6] Shayara Bano v Union of India [2017] 9 SCC 1.

[10] Shabnam Hashmi v. Union of India & Ors. [2014] 4 SCC 1.

[11] Shabbeer Ahmed & Shabeer Ahmed, Uniform Civil Code (Article 44 of the Constitution)

Dead Letter, 67 IJPS, 545 (2006), Accessed 29 October 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41856241.

[12] Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, Act No. 25, Acts of Parliament 1955 (India).

[13] Priya Bala Ghosh v. Suresh Chandra Ghosh AIR 1971 SC 1153.

[14] Vijender Kumar, Bigamy and Hindu Marriage: A Socio Legal Study, 59 JILI, 356 (2017), Accessed 29 October 2021, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26826614.

[15] Asha Bajpai, How Hindu Personal Law Can Be Reformed, Times of India, Accessed 21

October 2021. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-hindu-personal-law-can-be-reformed/articleshow/60726036.cms.

[16] Saroj Rani v. Sudershan Kumar, AIR 1984 SC 1562.

[19] Hindu Succession Act 2005, Act No. 39, Acts of Parliament 2005 (India).

[21] The Divorce Act 1869, §10, Act No. 4, Imperial Legislative Council, 1869 (India).

[22] Flavia Agnes, Reforms as If Women Mattered A Critique of the Proposed Christian Marriage Bill, India together: The news in proportion, accessed October 29, 2021, https://indiatogether.org/manushi/issue119/reforms.htm.

[27] Sanaya Dalal, A Parsi Woman's Perspective on Being Denied Basic Rights, NDTV, Accessed 29 October 2021. https://www.ndtv.com/blog/a-parsi-womans-perspective-on-being-denied-basic-rights-1768775.

[28] Partha S. Ghosh, ‘The politics of personal law in South Asia: Identity, nationalism and the Uniform Civil Code’, 19–22.

[29] Special Marriage Act 1954, Act No. 42, Acts of Parliament 1954 (India).

[34] Saxena, S., Badola, P., Gupta, S., Belove, O. and Mishra, A., 2018. Consultation Paper on Reform of Family Law. [online] Lawcommissionofindia.nic.in. Available at: [Accessed 4 October 2022].

[36] B. G. Verghese, Who's afraid of a Uniform Civil Code?, bgverghese.com. Accessed 29 October 2021. https://bgverghese.com/code.htm.

[37] Centre to HC Marriage is Between Biological Man and Biological Women, The Indian Express. Accessed 29 October 2021). https://indianexpress.com/article/india/centre-to-hc-marriage-is-between-biological-man-and-biological-woman-7590713/.

[38] Jyoti Rattan, Uniform Civil Code in India: A Binding Obligation Under International and Domestic Law, 46 JILI, 577 (2004). Accessed 29 October 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43951938.

[1] Silvana Galderisi, Andreas Heinz, Marriane Kastrup, Julian Beezhold and Norman Sartorius, Toward a new definition of Mental Health, WORLD PSYCHIATRY (Jun. 4, 2015), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4471980/#__ffn_sectitle

^{^[2]} The Lunacy (Supreme Courts) Act, 1858, No. XXXIV, Acts of British Parliament, 1858 (British India).

^{^[3]} The Lunacy (District Courts) Act, 1858, No. XXXV, Acts of British Parliament, 1858 (British India).

^{^[4]} The Indian Lunatic Asylum Act, 1858, No. XXXVI, Acts of British Parliament, 1858 (British India).

^{^[5]} The Military Lunatics Act, 1877, No. XI, Acts of British Parliament, 1877 (British India).

^{^[6]} The Indian Lunacy Act, 1912, No. IV, Acts of British Parliament, 1912 (British India).

^{^[7]} Choudhary Laxmi Narayan and Deep Shikha, Indian Legal System and Mental Health, INDIAN J. PSYCHIATRY, S177 – S181 (2013).

^{^[8]} The Mental Health Act, 1987, No. 14, Acts of Parliament, 1987 (India).

^{^[9]} Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights, Full Participation) Act, 1995, No. 1, Acts of Parliament, 1995 (India).

^{^[10]} The National Trust for Welfare of Persons With Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation and Multiple Disabilities Act, 1999, No. 44, Acts of Parliament, 1999 (India).

^{^[11]} The Mental Health Act, 2017, No. 10, Acts of Parliament, 2017 (India).

^{^[12]} The Mental Health Act, 2017, Ch. V, No. 10, Acts of Parliament, 2017 (India).

^{^[13]} The Mental Health Act, 2017, § 18, No. 10, Acts of Parliament, 2017 (India).

^{^[14]} The Mental Health Act, 2017, § 19, No. 10, Acts of Parliament, 2017 (India).

^{^[15]} The Mental Health Act, 2017, § 20, No. 10, Acts of Parliament, 2017 (India).

[19] Mohd. Giasuddin v. State of Andhra Pradesh, AIR 1977 SC 1926.

[20] Human Rights Watch Statement for the Record to the Senate Judiciary Committee Subcommittee on Human Rights and the Law, Mental Illness, Human Rights, And Us Prisons, HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, (Sep. 22, 2009), https://www.hrw.org/news/2009/09/22/mental-illness-human-rights-and-us-prisons.

[22]Melissa Hogenboom, The Unique Way The Dutch Treat Mentally Ill Prisoners, BBC FUTURE,( Apr. 25, 2018), https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20180423-the-unique-way-the-dutch-treat-mentally-ill-prisoners .

[23] Abhishek Mishra, Abhiruchi Galhotra, Mental Health Act, 2017 : No need to Wait and Watch, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED AND BASIC MEDICAL RESEARCH, (Jun., 2018)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5932926/

^{^[1]}BBA. LLB., Saveetha School of Law, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences(SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai-77, Tamil Nadu, India. Email: vaishuvishal022@gmail.com

^{^[2]}BA. LLB., Saveetha School of Law, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences(SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai-77, Tamil Nadu, India. Email: sivachalapathi2301@gmail.com

[1] Faculty, L. (2022) Devilal v. state of Madhya Pradesh " law faculty, Law Faculty " law faculty. Available at: https://lawfaculty.in/devilal-v-state-of-madhya-pradesh/?amp=1 (Accessed: 19 June 2023).

[2] Law Foyer (2022) Devi Lal v. state of Madhya Pradesh, Law Foyer. Available at: https://lawfoyer.in/devi-lal-v-state-of-madhya-pradesh/ (Accessed: 19 June 2023).

[3] Law Foyer (2022) Devi Lal v. state of Madhya Pradesh, Law Foyer. Available at: https://lawfoyer.in/devi-lal-v-state-of-madhya-pradesh/ (Accessed: 19 June 2023).

[4] Law Essentials Devilal v. state of Madhya Pradesh, Law Essentials. Available at: https://lawessential.com/m%26a-deals-%26-cases-archive/f/devilal-v-state-of-madhya-pradesh (Accessed: 19 June 2023).

[1] Attempt to commit suicide: A Socio-legal study (no date a) Legal Service India - Law, Lawyers and Legal Resources. Available at: https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-6075-attempt-to-commit-suicide-a-socio-legal-study.html (Accessed: 10 July 2023).

[2] Sneha Mahawar et al. (2023) 306 IPC punishment, iPleaders. Available at: https://blog.ipleaders.in/306-ipc-punishment/ (Accessed: 10 July 2023).

[3] Vol 3, Dr Hari Singh Gaur, Penal Law of India, Pg. no.3163, 3164, 11th Edition, Law Publishers (INDIA) PVY. LTD, 2006

[4] The dilemma of S. 309, IPC: Attempt to commit suicide (no date a) Legal Service India - Law, Lawyers and Legal Resources. Available at: https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-6412-the-dilemma-of-s-309-ipc-attempt-to-commit-suicide.html (Accessed: 10 July 2023).

[5] Vol 3, Dr Hari Singh Gaur, Penal Law of India, Pg. no.3163, 3164, 11th Edition, Law Publishers (INDIA) PVY. LTD, 2006

[6] Attempt to commit suicide: A Socio-legal study (no date a) Legal Service India - Law, Lawyers and Legal Resources. Available at: https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-6075-attempt-to-commit-suicide-a-socio-legal-study.html (Accessed: 10 July 2023).

[7] India, legal S. (no date) Crime of attempt to commit suicide. Available at: https://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/1081/Crime-of-Attempt-to-commit-Suicide.html (Accessed: 10 July 2023).

[8] Benu, P. (2023) Is economic distress causing a spike in suicide deaths in India? Available at: https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/data-stories/deep-dive/is-economic-distress-causing-a-spike-in-suicide-deaths-in-india/article66635113.ece (Accessed: 10 July 2023).

[9] Hardesty, Ph.D.L. (2022) Help teens overcome suicidal thoughts, Mayo Clinic Health System. Available at: https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/5-ways-to-help-teens-overcome-suicidal-thoughts (Accessed: 10 July 2023).

[10] Lisa Firestone, Ph.D. (2016) 5 things we can all do to help stop suicide. Available at: https://www.psychalive.org/5-things-can-help-stop-suicide/ (Accessed: 10 July 2023).

[11] India, legal S. (no date a) Crime of attempt to commit suicide. Available at: https://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/1081/Crime-of-Attempt-to-commit-Suicide.html (Accessed: 10 July 2023).

[1] Author- Navna Singh, Assistant Professor, School of Law, Mody University of Science and Technology Lakshmangarh, Rajasthan, navnasingh.clg@modyuniversity.ac.in ,9530196706.

Co- Author- Khushnoor Kaur, B.A.LL.B. (Hons.) Fourth Year, Amity University, Jaipur, Khushnoorrandhawa@gmail.com, 9462955410

[2] Ashby v. White, (1703) 2 Ld. Raym. 938.

[3] The Municipal board of Agra v. Asharfi lal, (1992) 44 All 202.

[4] Marzetti v. Williams, (1830) 1 B & Ad 415.

[5] Acton v. Blundell, (1843) 12 M & W 324.

[6] Stephens v. Anglian Water Authority, (1987) 3 All ER 379(CA).

[7] Wilson v. Waddell, (1876) 2 App Cas 95.

[8] Gloucester grammar school case, 91410) YB 11 Hen 14, fo 47, pl 21, 23

[9] Mogul Steamship Co v. Mc Gregor, Gow& Co, (1892) AC 25

[11] Butt v. Imperial Gas Co, (1866) LR 2 Ch App 158.

[12] Dickson v. Reuter's Telegraph Company, (1877) 3 CPD 1.

[13] Electro chrome Ltd. v. Welsh plastics Ltd., (1968) 2 All ER 205.

[14] Vishnu dutt Sharma v. board of high school and intermediate examination, AIR 1981 All 46.

[15] Rogers v. rajendro dutt, (1860) 8, MIA 103.

[16] Anand Singh v. Ramchandra, AIR 1963 MP 28.

[1] R. N. Gooderson, English contract problems in Indian code and case law, 16 The Cambridge Law Journal 67–84 (1958).

[2] Department of Justice Canada, Canada's system of Justice (1993).

[3][3] Department of Justice Canada, Canada's system of Justice (1993).

[4] Adamson v. Jarvis [1827] 4 Bing 66: 29 RR 503.

[5] Avtar Singh, Contract of Indemnity, Contract & Specific Relief 591–598 (12 ed. 2020).

[6] Avtar Singh, Contract of Indemnity, in Contract & Specific Relief 591–598 (12 ed. 2020).

[7] Penny L. Parker & John Slavich, Contractual Efforts to Allocate the Risk of Environmental Liability: Is There a Way to Make Indemnities Worth More Than the Paper They Are Written On?, 44 SW L.J. 1349 (1991).

[9] R. N. Gooderson, English contract problems in Indian code and case law, 16 The Cambridge Law Journal 67–84 (1958).

[10] Sir Frederick Pollock & Dinshah Fardunji Mulla, The Indian Contract Act, 1872 (2018).

[11] Sir Frederick Pollock & Dinshah Fardunji Mulla, The Indian Contract Act, 1872 (2018).

[12] Wayne Courtney, Indemnities and the Indian Contract Act 1872, 27 National Law School of India Review 66–88 (2015).

[13] Corporation of Sheffield v. Barclay and Others [1905] UKHL 556.

[14] Eastern Shipping Co. Ltd. V. Quah Beng Kee [1924] AC 177.

[15] Wayne Courtney, Indemnities and the Indian Contract Act 1872, 27 National Law School of India Review 66–88 (2015).

[16] Abraham Acker, Contracts of Indemnity. Public Policy. Langley v. Fidelity Insurance Company of Canada, [1935] O. R. 424, 1 The University of Toronto Law Journal 378–379 (1936).

[17] Wayne Courtney, Indemnities and the Indian Contract Act 1872, 27 National Law School of India Review 66–88 (2015).

[18] Wayne Courtney, Indemnities and the Indian Contract Act 1872, 27 National Law School of India Review 66–88 (2015).

[19] Wayne Courtney, Indemnities and the Indian Contract Act 1872, 27 National Law School of India Review 66–88 (2015).

[20] Wayne Courtney, Indemnities and the Indian Contract Act 1872, 27 National Law School of India Review 66–88 (2015).

[21] Wayne Courtney, Indemnities and the Indian Contract Act 1872, 27 National Law School of India Review 66–88 (2015).

[22] Sir Frederick Pollock & Dinshah Fardunji Mulla, The Indian Contract Act, 1872 (2018).

[23] Sir Frederick Pollock & Dinshah Fardunji Mulla, The Indian Contract Act, 1872 (2018).

[24] Sir Frederick Pollock & Dinshah Fardunji Mulla, The Indian Contract Act, 1872 (2018).

[25] Sir Frederick Pollock & Dinshah Fardunji Mulla, The Indian Contract Act, 1872 (2018).

[26] Sir Frederick Pollock & Dinshah Fardunji Mulla, The Indian Contract Act, 1872 (2018).

[27] Gajanan Moreshwar Parelkar v. Moreshwar Madan Mantri [1942] AIR Bom 302.

[28] Lala Shanti Swarup v. Munshi Singh and Ors [1967] AIR SC 1315.

[29] Secretary of State for India in Council v. Bank of India, Limited [1938] 40 BomLR 868.

[30] Corporation of Sheffield v. Barclay and Others [1905] UKHL 556.

[31] Wayne Courtney, Indemnities and the Indian Contract Act 1872, 27 National Law School of India Review 66–88 (2015).

[32] Sir Frederick Pollock & Dinshah Fardunji Mulla, The Indian Contract Act, 1872 (2018).

[33] Sir Frederick Pollock & Dinshah Fardunji Mulla, The Indian Contract Act, 1872 (2018).

[34] Sir Frederick Pollock & Dinshah Fardunji Mulla, The Indian Contract Act, 1872 (2018).

[35] Nick Kangles et al., Risk allocation provisions in energy industry agreements: Are we getting it right?, 49 Alberta Law Review 339–367 (2011).

[36] Nick Kangles et al., Risk allocation provisions in energy industry agreements: Are we getting it right?, 49 Alberta Law Review 339–367 (2011).

[37] Nick Kangles et al., Risk allocation provisions in energy industry agreements: Are we getting it right?, 49 Alberta Law Review 339–367 (2011).

[38] Canada Steamship Lines Limited v. The King [1952] UKPC 1.

[39] Nick Kangles et al., Risk allocation provisions in energy industry agreements: Are we getting it right?, 49 Alberta Law Review 339–367 (2011).

[40] Canada Steamship Lines Limited v. The King [1952] UKPC 1.

[41] Nick Kangles et al., Risk allocation provisions in energy industry agreements: Are we getting it right?, 49 Alberta Law Review 339–367 (2011).

[42] Nick Kangles et al., Risk allocation provisions in energy industry agreements: Are we getting it right?, 49 Alberta Law Review 339–367 (2011).

[43] Nick Kangles et al., Risk allocation provisions in energy industry agreements: Are we getting it right?, 49 Alberta Law Review 339–367 (2011).

[44] The Civil Code of Lower Canada, 1867, §1019.

[45] Nick Kangles et al., Risk allocation provisions in energy industry agreements: Are we getting it right?, 49 Alberta Law Review 339–367 (2011).

[46] Nick Kangles et al., Risk allocation provisions in energy industry agreements: Are we getting it right?, 49 Alberta Law Review 339–367 (2011).

[47] Alderslade v. Hendon Laundry Ltd. [1945] KB 189.

[1]Assistant Professor (SG), Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University, Chennai, email id. smanjulaprof@gmail.com, Mobile No.88380 38775.

[2]The above quoted lines, famously uttered by a 19th century Indian monk Swami Vivekananda way before India woke up to its present status of being an independent and recognised nation-state, addresses an insight which informs the development discourse all over the world today.

[3] Lopamudra, Gargi and Maitreye were the pioneers among them. Lopamudra, the wife of Agasti rishi, composed two verses of Rig Veda.

[4]The saints like Chaitanya, Nanak, Kabir, Meera, Ramdas and Tulsi stood for the right of women to religious worship.

[5]Sec 5 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955. A marriage may be solemnized between any two Hindus, if the following conditions are fulfilled, namely: i. Neither party has a living spouse at the time of the marriage;

ii.At the time of the marriage, neither party-

a. Is incapable of giving a valid consent to it in consequence of unsoundness of mind; or

b. Though capable of giving a valid consent, has been suffering from mental disorder of such a kind or to

such an extent as to be unfit for marriage and the procreation of children; or

c. Has been subject to recurrent attacks of insanity;

iii. The bridegroom has completed the age of twenty-one years and the bride, the age of eighteen years at the time of marriage;

iv. The parties are not within the degrees of prohibited relationship unless the custom or usage governing each of them permits of a marriage between the two;

v. The parties are not sapindas of each other, unless the custom or usage governing each of them permits of a marriage between the two;

[9] The following are the impediments or prohibitions to a valid Muslim marriage, viz.:

i. A married woman cannot contract another marriage while her husband is alive and the marriage is subsisting. Such marriage is void.

ii. The bar of consanguinity renders a marriage void. The following are the prohibited relationships of consanguinity, viz., a man cannot marry his:

a) Ascendants, for e.g., mother or grandmother, how highsoever;

b) Descendants, for e.g., daughter or grand-daughter, how lowsoever;

c) His sister, whether full, consanguine or uterine;

d) His niece or great niece, how lowsoever;

e) His aunt or great aunt, how highsoever, whether paternal or maternal.

Such marriage if contracted is void.

iii. Marriage is also prohibited on ground of affinity. Thus, a man cannot marry:

a) His wife’s mother, or grandmother, how highsoever;

b) His wife’s daughter or grand-daughter, how lowsoever, if his marriage with his wife is consummated;

c) His father’s wife or any other ascendant’s wife; and

d) His son’s or any other lineal descendant’s wife.

Such marriage if contracted would be void.

iv. Fosterage is another impediment to a valid Muslim marriage.

[10] Masthan Sahib v. Assan Bibi, 23 Mad.371 (FB). The wife may refuse to consummate the marriage, until prompt dower is paid. Even after consummation, if prompt dower is not paid on demand, the wife may refuse further sexual intercourse. A suit by the husband for restitution of conjugal rights in such a case would be decreed conditionally, i.e., subject to the payment of the prompt dower within a time fixed by the court.

[1] Tameem Zainulbhai, 'Justice for All: Improving the Lok Adalat System in India' (2011) 35 Fordham Int'l LJ 248.

[6] K. Gupteswar ,THE STATUTORY LOK ADALAT: ITS STRUCTURE AND ROLE, Journal of the Indian Law Institute, April-June 1988, Vol. 30, No. 2 (April- June 1988), pp. 174-183.

[12] Yug Bhatia & Dharvi Talwar, 'Access to Justice: "Through Lok Adalat Issues and Challenges"' (2020) 3 Int'l JL Mgmt & Human 1487.

[13] K. Gupteswar ,THE STATUTORY LOK ADALAT: ITS STRUCTURE AND ROLE, Journal of the Indian Law Institute, April-June 1988, Vol. 30, No. 2 (April- June 1988), pp. 174-183.

[19] Tameem Zainulbhai, Justice for All: Improving the Lok Adalat System in India, Fordham International Law Journal, Volume 35, Issue 1 2016.

[22] Robert S. Moog, ‘Conflict And Compromise: The Politics Of Lok Adalats In Varanasi District’ (1991) 25 Law & Society Review.

[23] Sarah Leah Whitson ‘Neither Fish, Nor Flesh, Nor Good Red Herring Lok Adalats: An Experiment in Informal Dispute Resolution in India’ (1991) Hastings Int’l & Comp. L. Rev. 15 p. 391.

[24] S.N. Pandey v. Union of India (Civil writ no. 543/2002).

[25] Robert S. Moog, ‘Conflict And Compromise: The Politics Of Lok Adalats In Varanasi District’ (1991) 25 Law & Society Review.

[26] Punjab National Bank V. Lakshmi Chand Rai, AIR 2000 MP 301.

[27] Board of Trustees of the port of Visakhapatnam V. Presiding officer, Lok Adalat-cum-secretary, District Legal Services Authority, Visakhapatnam and Anr 2000 (5) ALT 577.

[28] Ashish A. Ahuja, 'Lok Adalats - A Practical Examination' (1994) 6 Student Advocate 21.

[32] Priyanka Bajpai & Abhilekh Tiwari, Arbitration: A Tool to Curtail the Pendency of Court Cases, March 24, 2021.

[33] National Legal Services Authority (NALSA), December 2001.

, last accessed on 10^th May 2023.

[36] Sarah Leah Whitson ‘Neither Fish, Nor Flesh, Nor Good Red Herring Lok Adalats: An Experiment in Informal Dispute Resolution in India’ (1991) Hastings Int’l & Comp. L. Rev. 15 p. 391.

[37] Ipsa Raj, 'Lok Adalat's Contribution in Shaping the Indian Legal System' (2020) 3 Int'l JL Mgmt & Human 1337.

[40] Law Commission of India: One Hundred and Fourteenth Report on Gram Nayayalaya 1986, page 7.

[41] Ashish A. Ahuja, 'Lok Adalats - A Practical Examination' (1994) 6 Student Advocate 21.

[42] Ipsa Raj, 'Lok Adalat's Contribution in Shaping the Indian Legal System' (2020) 3 Int'l JL Mgmt & Human 1337.

[43] https://www.indialegallive.com/top-news-of-the-day/top-story/first-e-lok-adalat-a-huge-success/last visited on 23 09 2020.

[44] Scott J. Shackelford, In the Name of Efficiency : The Role of Permanent Lok Adalats in the Indian Justice System and Power Infrastructure (Apr. 27, 2009), http://ssrn.com/abstract=1395957 [hereinafter Shackelford].

[46] An observation made by Josh Stark, International Research Associate (Canada), Research Foundation for Governance: In India, Ahmedabad [hereinafter JoshStark].

[48] Marc Galanter & Jayanth K. Krishnan, supra note 33, at 816.

[49] Vinita Choudhury, 'The Functioning of Lok Adalats in India - A Critical Analysis' (2011) 2 NLIU L Rev 72.

[50] KRISHNA IYER, LEGAL SERVICES AUTHORITIES ACT: A CRITIQUE 13 (1st ed.,1988).

[52] Debi S. Saini, ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION—WHAT IT IS AND HOW IT WORKS by P.C. Rao and William Sheffield, Journal of the Indian Law Institute, April-June 1999, Vol. 41, No. 2 (April- June 1999), pp. 296-299.

[53]Shravan Kumar Mohanty, 'The Significance and Effectiveness of the Indian System of Lok Adalat' (2022) 2 Law Essentials J 118.

[54] Ipsa Raj, 'Lok Adalat's Contribution in Shaping the Indian Legal System' (2020) 3 Int'l JL Mgmt & Human 1337.

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[34] Harish V Nair, Lok Adalats reduce power woes, Hindustan Times, Mar 30, 2009, < https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/lok-adalats-reduce-power-woes/story-usMssjgc3YojZE7qvqHCrK.html>, last accessed on 10th May 2023.

[35] Ibid.

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[34] Harish V Nair, Lok Adalats reduce power woes, Hindustan Times, Mar 30, 2009, < https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/lok-adalats-reduce-power-woes/story-usMssjgc3YojZE7qvqHCrK.html>, last accessed on 10^th May 2023.