Witch-Hunting in India: A Socio-Legal Study By - Dipshikha Roy Chowdhury
Authored By - Dipshikha Roy Chowdhury
Department Of Advanced Institute Of Legal Studies,
Amity
University, Uttar Pradesh
I.
Introduction
The
purpose of the research is to find out whether people still believe in
witch-craft or not and the need to make them aware about the supernatural
things and myths of black magic as they are detrimental for the present
society. The research paper is done asking a list of questions to the people
and their views on witch-hunting and the need of central legislation which is
equally important to break the superstitious belief of black magic and to
prevent it.
1.1
Witch-Hunting in Present India
It is fundamentally
a sort of endeavour to locate a specific gathering of individuals who are being
accused for something is based on the topic Witch-Hunting in India: A
socio-legal study. Witch-hunting may be acquired different names as
'Chudail', 'Dayan', Tohni etc. The purpose of the research is to find out
whether people still believe in witch-craft or not and the need to make them
aware about the supernatural things and myths of black magic as they are
detrimental for the present society.
Back in the times past, society chased and oppressed people
they accepted were occupied with the act of black magic or magic. There were no proof of witch-chasing
in India before but at present India is the
place where the women are treated as picture or considered as a badge of their
nearby network, family, station and all other contrasting divisions. Where
people on one hand love them in name of Goddesses on the other hand execute
them considering them witches. This demonstration of killing isn't new for
Indian culture rather it has its profound roots ever. From the start when
witch-chasing was inspected people thought of terrible ladies with a brush who
can fly, who can disappear. Witch-hunting is all the more growing in 12
conditions of India which are orchestrated in like Jharkhand, Bihar, Haryana,
West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Assam,
Rajasthan and U.P.
The causes of witch-hunting are boredom as for young ladies,
understanding books, and going to little circles including fortune telling and
telling/tuning in to different stories - among other additionally about witches
and black magic - were the primary type of diversion; strong belief in the
occult practices as the Puritans unequivocally put stock in the presence of
witches and black magic. As indicated by the conviction, witches were in shared
advantage with the villain that gave them capacity to do hurt.
1.2 Why Witch-hunting is Still
Being Continued?
1) The question of proof – So as to
rebuff one for rehearsing witch chasing, the court needs affirmation. In case
of witch-chasing, it is a wrongdoing which is indicated socially by one's
demonstration either by dread or acknowledgment of the preparation the individuals
to remain calm, which makes issue in get-together data and gathering
confirmations.
2) Absence of the National Legislation –As it has been referenced before
India doesn't have a particular national enactment or laws for forestalling
witch chasing. It is secured under the segments of Indian Penal Code and as per
its disciplines are allowed in a restrained way. Along these lines, there is a
need of appropriate enactment to execute this offensive practice.
3) From the
society- This inability to develop a particular law identifying with
witch-chasing disregards a few centre rights gave by various universal
settlements and shows all inclusive, which incorporates the privilege to
non-separation, the privilege to security, the privilege to life, option to get
to national councils and the most significant option to carry on with a better
than average and stately life liberated from savage and cruel treatment.
4)
Poor implementation of common laws–As
referenced over barely any states in spite of everything doesn't have a
different law to deal with the cultural wrong of witch-chasing, despite the
fact that the pace of witch-chasing is exceptionally high there. Also, the
states which have sanctioned laws and are not powerful as it is missing
legitimate support and certain necessities because of the nonattendance of
national enactment.
1.3 Social Awareness Regarding Witch-Hunting
Social awareness is
the capacity to take the point of view of and relate to others from differing
foundations and societies, to get social and moral standards for conduct, and
to perceive family, school, and network assets and supports. One of the most
significant aptitudes for secondary school graduates entering the work power
are connected to social mindfulness: polished skill, coordinated effort,
correspondence, and social duty. With great social mindfulness one can
precisely understand circumstances and individuals since they can comprehend
and relate to their feelings.
II.
LEGAL MATERIAL AND METHOD
Laws
and the Constitution of India on Contrary with Witch-Hunting
2.1 Legislative Approach to
Witch-Hunting
There are different law that were in
power of worldwide, national and in various other states that gives serious
discipline to the people who are rehearsing witch-hunting and are include in
such sort of evil practices.
Certain International Instruments are
–
1)
Article 1, 3, 5, 12, 13, 17(2), 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights (UDHR)
2)
Article 6(1), 7, 9(1), 17, 18(2) of International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights (ICCPR)
3)
Article 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 11 of Declaration on the Protection of All
Persons from being subjected to torture and the other cruel, inhuman or
degrading treatment or punishment.
4)
Article 2(e), 2(f), 3, 5(a), 14(f), 15(4) of Convention of the
Elimination of All forms of discrimination against women.
Certain National Instruments are-
1)
Article 14, 15(3), 15(4), 21, 51, 51A(h) of the Constitution of India
2)
Drugs and Magic Remedies (objectionable advertisements) Act, 1954
3)
Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993
4)
Scheduled castes and Scheduled Tribes (prevention of atrocities) Act,
1989
5)
Section 302, section 299, section 354 and section 375 of the Indian Penal
Code
Certain State Level Instruments
1)
The Prevention of Witch (Dayan) Practices Act, 1999 – Bihar, being most
backward was the first state in India to pass a law against witch-hunting.
2)
The Prevention of Witch (Dayan) Practices Act, 2001
3)
Established the Chattisgarh Tonahi Pratadna Nivaran Act, 2005 to prevent
atrocities on women in name of Tonhi.
4)
Rajasthan government passed a bill Rajasthan Women
(Prevention and Protection from Atrocities) 2006, which makes such practices
illicit too culpable for calling any lady as "dayan" or to denounce a
lady for rehearsing black magic, which stretches out to three years of
detainment and Rs 5000 fine.
5)
The Odisha Prevention of Witch-Hunting Act, 2013
6)
The Maharashtra Prevention and Eradication of Human Sacrifice and other
Inhuman, Evil and Aghori Practices and Black Magic Act, 2013
7)
The Rajasthan Prevention of Witch-Hunting Act, 2015
8)
The Assam Witch-Hunting (Prohibition, Prevention and Protection) Act,
2015
9)
The Karnataka Prevention and Eradication of Inhuman Evil Practices and
Black Magic Act, 2017
There are no particular and specific national level enactment that
rejects the act of Witch-hunting and subsequently the arrangements under the
Indian Penal Code 1860 can be utilized as an elective hotspot for the person in
question. Till now, no different laws established in Maharashtra against
witch-hunting and the primary explanation for it is the restriction from some
strict gatherings who accepts that the sanctioned law may remove their old and
customary rituals. Presently after these occurrences occurred, witch-hunting
has expanded and the state government has just intended to pass a bill to
annihilate the social ills and human penance. Among the states where
witch-hunting is practiced in specific zones of West Bengal like Purulia,
Bankura and Birbhum goes under the ambit of those states. Still the state
government has failed to develop an alternate sanctioning to manage it.
Aside from these state enactments, there are different bodies built up to
forestall witch-chasing and elevate insurance to women and to guarantee those
rights fundamental for them to carry on with a serene existence with pride.
That is a
gathering of lawful asset working for social equity and women’s' privilege in
India,
numerous NGO's like Rural Litigation and
Entitlement Kendra, working for the anticipation and assurance for women from
the social evil of witch-hunting, which has filed a PIL in Supreme Court
identifying with the maltreatment of women for the sake of witch-hunting.
Apart from such NGO's and other bodies neutralizing
witch-hunting, a bill "Counteraction and Prohibition of
Witch-Hunting" has been drafted by individuals from Human Rights Defence
International, which is as yet pending. Its target is to set up national
enactment identifying with witch-hunting.
The Government
of India has a commitment to protect women from segregation based on sexual
orientation and furthermore give essential rights and security conceded by
various worldwide arrangements, contract and laws. Subsequently certain laws
were made and are as per the following:
·
A worldwide law, The Universal Declaration of Human
Rights (UDHR) 1948, gives security against any segregation and advances balance
under the steady look of law. It likewise affirms right to life and freedom to
each individual.
·
Being a worldwide body, the International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), India related with it in 1979, advances
fairness among people by certain equivalent rights to people in common just as
political area and forbids others from including anybody's fundamental rights.
Article 7 of ICCPR has unmistakably referenced the denial of remorselessness,
cruel or corrupting treatment and by partner with the contract it is compulsory
just as obligation of the Indian government to execute these guidelines.
2.2 Need
for Central Legislation
There were no severe laws before the sanction
of the state level enactments on counteraction of witch-hunting and the charged
were attempted under segment 323, 354, 509 of Indian Penal Code just as the
fierce demonstrations of stoning and hurting are treated as basic or general
hurt.
The Prevention of Witch-Hunting Bill was
presented in Lok Sabha in 2016 by Sri Raghav Lakhanpal and yet it was never
passed. Present laws don't give any compelling system to have the casualties to
recover the results of witch-hunting including constrained relocation, took
steps to move out from the town, social and financial blacklist.
2.3 Judicial Declarations
1) Tula Devi
and other Vs. State of Jharkhand
Here, 10 individuals furnished with sticks
went into the place of the complainant and mishandled and ambushed her. Since
the most recent two years they used to call and address her as Dayan and
requested her to leave the spot strongly. In any case, there were nonappearance
of onlooker and subsequently the case was excused.
2) Madhu
Munda Vs. State of Bihar
For this situation, mother, who was thrown out
of the house by certain individuals and was accounted for missing and recorded
a FIR. Following 8 days, the mother was found in a discard where she was
oblivious, as she was tossed out by those individuals. She went to her
sibling's home when she recovered her cognizance. Once more, the denounced was
not indicted because of the temperamental declaration of the witness.
3) State of
West Bengal vs. Kali Singh and others
The Calcutta High Court, saw that the legal
execution in the cases of witch-hunting doesn't help in destroying such sort of
underhanded practices as in light of the fact that it has it's root in the
attitude of men. It was in this manner held that, the court while giving
discipline of capital punishment to the seven men who were blameworthy of
slaughtering three ladies trusting them to be witches held the state
untrustworthy in performing their responsibility of giving training to all of
the nations.[1]
In the Constitution
of India, there are certain provisions which ensure right to life, its
assurance and individual freedom under Article 21 of the Constitution.
Similarly, Article 14 ensures 'uniformity under the watchful eye of the law'
which means the State will not deny to any individual fairness under the steady
look of the law or equivalent insurance of the laws inside the region of India.
On the national front, the Prevention and Protection of Witch-Hunting Bill,
2013 is an on-going turn of events. The rising of witch-hunting wrongdoings in
certain conditions of eastern India constrained them to draft enactment against
the danger. Bihar, even it for its backwardness, was the first state to pass
such law that are against witch-hunting quite a while. In 1999, the Prevention
of Witch (Daayan) Practices Act became effective. Jharkhand went with the same
pattern. Also, it passed 'The Jharkhand Prevention of International Journal of
Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences.[2]
The Rajasthan
Prevention of Witch-chasing Act, 2015 (hereinafter "the Act") came
into power in April 2015. The exceptional establishment, as the name
recommends, is apparently focused at fighting the issue of witch-chasing that
wins in the State.
Under Section 15 of
this Act, the State Government is enabled to make rules for the execution of
the arrangements of the Act. The 2016 Rules have been made in exercise.
The Assam Witch-Hunting (Prohibition, Prevention and
Protection) Act, 2015, gave
measures to preclude witch-chasing and help in restoration of survivors of such
offenses. President Ram Nath
Kovind had endorsed the Assam Witch-Hunting (Prohibition, Prevention and
Protection) Bill, 2015, changing over it to an Act, just about three years
after it was passed by the state Assembly. President Kovind
gave his accent to the Bill on 13th June, making any offense under
the Act as non-bailable, cognizable and non-compoundable, according to
information open on the official site of the president's secretariat.1
III. RESEARCH AND
DISCUSSION
3.1 Witch-hunting still a Normal Occurrence in India,
One Person Killed in
Every Three Days
In India, each third day there was a demise for dark enchantment that
must be accounted for with most of the casualties being ladies. As indicated by
the National Crime Records Bureau, 2000 to 2012, numbers of 2,097 individuals
were killed in the purpose of witch-chasing that has brought an issue of how a
lady is set apart as a witch. Widows or single ladies become all the more
unprotected to demonstrations of analysis in such cases. Regardless of the
reality, she was tossed out of her town for attempting to forestall murders for
the sake of witch-chasing where she has spared in excess of 40 individuals from
being executed through her steady endeavours and gave trust in a positive
change.[3]
3.2
Major States Having Impact on Witch-Hunting in India
1.
Assam
Mayong, a place near Pobitara Wildlife Sanctuary called 'the place that is
known for dark enchantment or dull charm'. There are some old parts or hints of
Ayurveda and dark enchantment that doesn't exist which have been saved in the
Mayong Central Museum. Ailment also can be restored with the help of this
enchantment magic.[4]
Jatinga: Thinking about all things, the term Bird Suicide, where 44 kinds of winged animals in Jatinga out of the blue become upset between 6.00-9.30pm extended periods. The winged creatures get managed with unexplained event and crash towards the floodlights of watchtowers or the lights of the houses in the town gives off an impression of being to some degree odd, the real story behind this term is more irregular.
Jatinga: Thinking about all things, the term Bird Suicide, where 44 kinds of winged animals in Jatinga out of the blue become upset between 6.00-9.30pm extended periods. The winged creatures get managed with unexplained event and crash towards the floodlights of watchtowers or the lights of the houses in the town gives off an impression of being to some degree odd, the real story behind this term is more irregular.
TWO WOMEN WERE MARKED AS WITCHES AND BURIED ALIVE IN
ASSAM, BUT WE ARE STILL QUIET ABOUT WITCH-HUNTING
In Assam, two women were driven into
a well and covered alive the night. They were executed subsequent to being set
apart as witches. As indicated by these totally appalling bits of knowledge, a
dark enchantment related demise is accounted for nearly for each third day in
India. The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) data shows that 2,290
individuals, for the most part ladies were killed in India somewhere in the
range of 2001 and 2014 for dark enchantment and may step by step increment by
time. The Assam murders remained a report on the homicide of the two ladies in
Assam, that remaining parts only a news report that individuals gambled upon.
It was the same in different pieces of the nation that report a high pace of
viciousness against ladies checked and bothered as witches.[5].
BRANDED WITCHES AND
DRAGGED TO HELL
In
case of Bhim Turi and two Ors Vs. The
State of Assam (2017), two guiltless individuals were marked as witches and
were exposed to serious maltreatment for the sake of such insidious practice in
the general public. Furthermore, after this, the Assam Legislative Assembly had
sent a Bill to the President of India for consent however till now it is
pending before the Home Ministry of Government of India.
2. Rajasthan
The
National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) took sue moto discernment of the case
of requesting a report on the activities taken on situations where ladies have
been survivors of witch-hunting. As indicated by the Rajasthan Prevention of
Witch-chasing Act, 2015, "witch" signifies a lady, privately known as
"dayan", "dakan", "dakin".
3. Bihar
There
are numerous cases that discusses about the zones one grew up observing
witch-chases in the regions like Madhuban, Bariarpur and Kharagpur. It has been
seen that the law making body of Bihar has passed the Prevention of Witch
(Daain) Practice Act,1999 (Bihar Act 9 of 1999) and certain rules and uncommon
enactment to be given the issue of witch-chasing to control the insidious
provide legal counsel and structure an advisory group including certain
specialists from the field of policy management, sociologists to glance in the
matter of the pervasive act of witch-chasing as said on account of Gaurav
Jain Vs. State of Bihar 1991 Supp (2) SCC 133.
4. West Bengal
ANTI-WITCH HUNTING LAW IN WEST BENGAL
The administration of West Bengal Mamata
Banerjee-drove government had encircled a commission headed by Justice Pranab
Kumar Chatterjee, to submit proposals on the law. As indicated by the proposal
set forward, it is additionally proposed to utilize the fine paid by the blamed
towards compensating the casualties for their family. It is likewise remembered
for the report that the state government is also unbending activity against the
people who practice dark enchantment.
5.
Orissa
Witch-hunts
and odd notion related infringement are on the ascent in some part of the
Maoist-influenced regions in Odisha, notwithstanding the state being one of
just a bunch relatively few in the nation with a law to check such offenses.
Odisha’s
law against witch-hunting
Odisha is
the main state in the nation to have a law Odisha Prevention of Witch-chasing
Bill, 2013 against witch-chasing, which was passed by the state Assembly in
December 2013 preceding it goes to an Act in February 2014. It portrays
witch-chasing as a show of exclusion, lead as for any individual recognizing, charging
or stigmatizing a woman as a witch, or annoying, hurting or harming such a lady
intellectually or truly by harming her property. The law likewise enables the
state government to make plans to make mindfulness against dazzle convictions
and insidious practices like witch-chasing. If there should arise an occurrence
of Mrs. Sashiprava Bindhani Vs. Territory of Orissa (April, 2005), the
court held that as there were no enactment to deal with the issue of
witch-chasing, the state government must present proper law before law-making
body and give rules to forestall witch chasing in the province of Orissa.
·
3.3 Some News Related
to Black Magic World Wide
·
Christopher Wray, aged 50, who
has been nominated by US President Donald Trump to lead the Federal Bureau of
Investigation after he fired James Comey from the same position in May said
that the Russia probe was not involved in witch-hunting. (Updated 13th
July, 2017, 7:53 am)
·
A selective update on dark
enchantment allegations against the youngsters and powerless individuals may
increment in Britain because of the pandemic malady that has spread around the
world, the COVID-19 coronavirus episode as said by a senior cop. As very nearly
2000 kids were distinguished as expected survivors of misuse connected to confidence
and faith in England during the last money related year and such practices has
been seen as brought about a few deaths.[6] 3.4 Recent News Related to Witch-Hunting
·
In India, on 30th January 2019,
witch trackers execute mother and four youngsters who were discovered dead in a
well close to her their home. 6 were captured in eastern territory of Orissa.
The senior Police Officer cited BBC news channel that the primary denounced who
are captured was professed to be a witch specialist of Sundargarh area and
suspected some more. As per the police record, 99 instances of witch-hunting
were accounted for in 2017 that has expanded from the earlier year when the
quantity of cases were 83.[7]
·
Three ladies in Bihar's
Muzaffarpur region were supposedly compelled to drink pee and their heads were
shaved off by a gathering of individuals who called them witches for the sake
of commitment on sixth May, 2020. Where later on nine individuals were captured
who were engaged with this wrongdoing.[8]
·
A woman matured 81 years of age
in Himachal Pradesh, who was known as a witch marked with dark face and wreath
around the neck where 21 were captured. Another case, where an ancestral man, a
rancher of Puttabandha town, who was worked out and consumed alive by the
locals in Andhra Pradesh on doubt of dark enchantment for an ongoing demise of
a 10 years of age young woman who was falling day off by day by day.[9]
·
It was speculated that numerous
individuals who lost their lives to Japanese Encephalitis in Assam didn't take
part in the inoculation drive a year ago inferable from a notion dark
enchantment that it would influence their power. (Updated by Pranjal Baruah,
13 July,2019, 1:54 pm)
·
Another case was found in
Madhya Pradesh which was common in 9 towns of Rajgarh and 3 in Shajapur where
the patidar ladies battled to end the act of considering a woman a witch-hunt. (Updated
by Vivek Trivedi, 16th December, 2017 10:56 pm)
·
Prime Minister Narendra Modi precluded
that no political witch chasing will test into the Agusta Westland chopper
bargain saying that the examining organizations will do proficient employment
and will act in like manner. (27th June, 2016, 8:44 pm)
·
Congress Party Chief, Sonia
Gandhi said that the Narendra Modi government is rehearsing Witch-chasing as
congress examined on charges when Sonia Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi went to go to
the vow taking service at presidential royal residence in New Delhi on 26th
May, 2014. (Updated on 10th July, 2014, 8:34 am)
The act of witch-hunting is a smear on the
present-day society. Today, right to protection and security, notoriety and web
have been pronounced as our essential rights. India is taking a shot at the
method of headway yet at the same time the fundamental option to lead a common
presence is denied to individual in numerous pieces of the nation. Till now
there is no incorporated framework to restore the casualties which is a
substantial social outcome of witch-hunting.
To make it all the more clear about the idea
of witch chasing or black magic I did a little overview where I picked
individuals directly from the age gathering of adolescent to mature age, in
which some of them are profoundly taught and gotten some information about
their feeling towards dark enchantment honestly. What I found is still people
do believe in black magic to some extent according to various situations. They
say that black magic is a kind of art just like hypnotism and it depends on
whether people can practice black magic or not. Finding no possible
explanations of certain facts that happened practically either heard about it
or seen it or faced it they do believe in it. If it is seen practically, they
say that in the primitive period black magic was used and practiced for good
purposes and now it is a kind of business to do fraudulent activities with
other people and some said that many years back the Ayurvedic science was highly
developed and used by the Puritans for treatment purpose but some people
misused this science for their own benefit of taking revenge. Nowadays, in the
name of black magic people have started to involve in murders.
Some people say that witchcraft is a thinking
of a pessimistic person and is a kind of dark thinking and also unscientific;
and some people said that black magic is used as a last option finding no other
solution to their problems. Some said that due to lack of education and
knowledge the concept of witchcraft started and the intention of it gone worst
in the present day. Although in primitive era, it was done in good faith but
now people say it’s beyond education because even the educated ones sometimes
chose black magic as their last option.
There as some people who said that if magic is
believed then black magic must be accepted and when magic is misused there
comes the birth of black magic. Again, one of them believing in black magic
said that it is a kind of Tantra-Vidya which is very old believing that the
positive power of God always destroys the evil power. Asking them about the
need of law to prohibit such practices some from 21st century say
that there is an urgent need of law to stop these kinds of practices and some
from 20th century say that law on prohibition of witch-hunting
practices is not required as because till now no such emergent situation has
occurred.
Talking to the teenagers of this century, they believed that black
magic cannot be ignored and believing that it is used as business purpose
mostly in present day, they say that the superstitious beliefs can never be
vanished and will prevail forever and some said that it depends on people
whether they want to live with such kind of beliefs and practices or people
must develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and
reform among the society to boost human rights as mentioned under Article
51-A(h) of the Constitution of India.
I think it is compulsory to take productive
measures to destroy scarcity, better lifestyle, proper sanitation facilities,
educational and infrastructural facilities in the disconnected villages or
those remote areas. The practice of witch-hunting has been mishandled for
different reasons by anti-social components in remote and forest areas.
o Private
returns for sexual urges, land and property snatching are some of the disorder
patterns where such crimes occur in the form of mob justice and vigilantism
which is an act of justice without any legal authorities.
o Access to
food supplies in far flung areas where people cannot reach, proper hygiene and
rural urban connectivity are guaranteed which will stop them from blindly
believing in ojhas and unqualified doctors.
o The police
personnel should take the witch-hunting crime seriously especially in the rural
areas but not without their accountability are urgently required.
o There must
be mass awareness campaigns programs that are expected to destroy the current
myths about witches, black magic and witch hunting because there are some
people who are highly educated still believe in such kind of superstitious
practices but it is exceptional when faced practically and then believing it.
o The
witch-hunting sensitive areas must be marked out specifically and with unique
mapping with the end goal of sensitisation against the evil practices of the
wide spread custom.
o May be
many years back this practice was done in good faith but now the mindset of the
people regarding the superstitious belief about the witches needs to change,
develop gradually and need to accept the reality because nowadays it is used as
business to cheat people, for this there should be proper training right from
child education to adult education as it is the best booster to such kind of
dark civilized practice.
The objective networks of the overcomers of
witch-hunting ought to be made mindful of the lawful arrangements that exists
and should check the infringement of witch-hunting. Additionally, there ought
to be alleviation and remuneration for survivors of witch-hunting that should
be given. The purposes for the act of witch-hunting is as yet predominant in
India because of absence of national enactment, absence of proof and giving of
report, inadequate execution of set up rules. Subsequently, this issue can be
solved by severe authorization just as usage of Anti-black magic law which will
prevent witch-hunting practices, additionally by sharpening of police and
government assistance office and foundation of NGO's who will work for the
refinement purposes. As the number of witch-hunting cases increasingly common
in backward areas to bring issues to light black magic can be included as a
subject in school as it is important to change the point of view of society and
accept over notion. Be that as it may, it is extremely hard to eliminate such
believes prevalent from hundreds of years in the general public
[1] Nidhi Bajaj, “Atrocities Witch Hunting Attacks in India: Need for
Central Legislation” January 29 (2020)
[2] Mohammed Tarique Iqbal,
“Witch-Hunting: A Case on Gender Violence In The Garb Of Vigilantism In India” Vol. 4 No. 11 IJARMSS | 118 (2015)
2.4 Tips to Prevent
Witch-Hunting Through Certain Laws
[3] Think Change India, Witch-Hunting still a normal occurrence in
India, one person killed every three days (30 March, 2017)
[4] Mayong Morigaon, Assam, available at: https://www.tourmyindia.com/states/assam/mayong.html
(Visited on March 29, 2020)
[5] Jatinga, Dima Hasao, Assam, available at:
http://www.assaminfo.com/tourist-places/29/jatinga.html (Visited on April
2,2020)
[6] Home Affairs Correspondent, Coronavirus could cause rise in
witchcraft and possession allegations in UK (1st May,2020 14:43)