Open Access Research Article
TIHAR JAIL- A DEEP INSIGHT OVER ITS ADMINISTRATION BY: MITHRAVINDHA.R
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TIHAR JAIL- A DEEP INSIGHT OVER ITS
ADMINISTRATION
AURHORED BY:
MITHRAVINDHA.R
Designation:
Student- III Year BA LLB(Hons.)
University:
School Of Excellence In Law, Tamilnadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University
ABSTRACT:
The present article helps in
understanding the administration in the Tihar Prison. Tihar Prison located in
Delhi is one of the largest prison complex in South Asia. It is a prison with
maximum security in India and most of its inmates are gangsters, politicians
and also VIPS. However it is also known for its overcrowded cells, collusion
between inmates and its indifferent administration. Most of the time, the
influential prisoners intervene and corrupts the administration making it to
appear as the most dangerous prison in India. It may look like a trivial
problem not affecting the society at all but one should understand that those
inmates, most of them being committed heinous crimes are isolated and labelled
by law as criminals who are dangerous to the society when left free. If the
administration is not proper , there will be lot of chaos and confusion within
the prison providing loopholes for the convicts to escape, posing a serious
threat to the security and safety of the entire nation. Hence this article
gives deep insight about the administrative authorities, how day to day
administrative works are carried on, administrative adjudication in the prison,
the flaws in the administration, the various instances where prisoner’s rights
are being violated by administration and finally to suggest ways in which the
administration can be improved.
KEYWORDS: Tihar, Inspector General,
Superintendent, Prison Departments, convict-officers, administrative discretion
INTRODUCTION:
Delhi Prisons comprises of three
complexes i.e., the Tihar complex, Rohini complex and the Mandoli complex. In
India, there are three types of prisons i.e., maximum security prisons, medium
security or the model prisons and the minimum security prisons or the open
jails. The Tihar complex is a maximum security prison complex established in
1958 ,spread over more than 400 acres, proving it to be one of the largest
Prison complexes in South Asia with a sanctioned capacity of 10,026.It was
earlier run by the State of Punjab but in 1966 the control was transferred to
Department of Delhi Prisons, Government of Delhi[1].
Not only it is famous for its notorious criminals but also for the correctional
services it render, for which even a jail factory was established in Jail no.2
to make inmates productive to the society. It even has separate jails for the
female inmates (Jail No.6) and adolescents ( Jail no.7). The reforms Tihar has
brought forth for its inmates are numerous including placement opportunities,
study centres like IGNOU and NIOS , Computer training centers and meditative
programs like “Vipassana” for their peace of mind. No matter how much ever good
a policy is, a bad administration can destroy it within seconds, hence it is
very necessary to know about the administrative authorities and the present
scenario of administration in Tihar Jail to see whether all the reforms are
effectively being carried .
ADMINISTRATIVE
AUTHORITIES
In the words of Steven Berkoff, “A great opera isn’t run by a director, but
by a great administrator”[2],
similar is a prison which consist of notorious criminals, it is very necessary
for it to be controlled and regulated by honest and sharp witted officials. Director
General of Prisons, Delhi, head of the Prison’s Department, administers the
Delhi Prison including the Tihar. The Prison Department functions under the
administrative control of Home Department of Delhi. According to section 64 of
the Delhi Prison’s Act, 2000 the Inspector general/Director General will have
all necessary financial, administrative and the disciplinary powers. He should
inspect the prison and send inspection note to the government. Additional
Inspector general perform all the duties of Inspector General in his absence.
The Deputy Inspector generally performs duties delegated to him by the
Inspector General, they supervise the superintendents and inspect the prisons
as per the directions of the Inspector General, they supervise the general administration, personnel training
and all establishment matters.[3]
Each Jail has its own superintendent
who is in charge of executive management of prison like security, finance,
discipline, labour, expenditure and control over other matters. He has to
interact with prisoners to know their grievances ensuring that human rights of
the prisoners are not violated. Superintendent provides leadership in every
aspect of prison. He is assisted by Deputy superintendents, Assistant
superintendents, head warders and warders .
Custodial duties of prisoners is done
by Jail staffs and external duties like security, patrolling and search are
taken care by Tamil Nadu Special Police, Indo Tibetan Border Police and Central
Reserve Police. Escorting of Prisoners to courts and Hospitals are performed by
group of Delhi Armed Police.[4] A prisoner can be promoted to a convict watchman, convict overseer or a
convict warder based on special orders of superintendent helping in day to day
management.In case of
Medical administration, it shall preferably be a part of the Government Health
Services/ Medical Department instead of the prison administration.
There shall be a resident medical
officer who regulates health of prisoners, he can control all the medical
personnel appointed to the prison. However he is under the control of the
Inspector General through Superintendent and Deputy Inspector General[5]
Apart from these staffs, to carry on
the ministerial work there is a administrative officer, Office superintendent,
Deputy Controller of accounts, Accountant, store keepers, cashier, dealing
assistants, typists/ Data entry operators and miscellaneous staffs.
DAY TO DAY
ADMINISTRATION:
From regulating the conduct and
discipline of prisoners to distributing
prisoners with the food, clothing, healthcare and budget management everything
comes under the umbrella of administration. Every prisoner shall have a history
ticket which is given during their admission, containing name, date of
admission, prison number and other particulars necessary for the identification
of the prisoner like offence committed, police station, name of the trial
court, next date for production of the prisoner in the court, the articles
provided, task assigned to him, earnings in the factory, his health condition
and change of nature of work due to medical condition where the entry is made
by the deputy superintendent or medical officer. Prisoners on first admission
to prison will be kept in a separate reception ward until the initial formalities
for his placement are completed. Generally prisoners are classified into
convicted and under trials, but even they are sub divided into sub classes as
per Paragraph 52 of Delhi Prisons
(Admission, Classification, Separation, Remission, Reward and Release of
Prisoners) Rules, 1988 where Class B prisoners involve those prisoners who by
‘social status, education or habit of life are accustomed to a superior mode of
living’, Class C involve those prisoners not meeting the criteria of Class B.
Class B prisoners get special privilege like superior accommodation, access to
newspapers, magazines, special diet, use of light till 10 P.m. etc.[6] In
the case of Prem Shankar
Shukla v. Delhi Administration, the Honb’le Supreme Court held that
that the concept of classification of prisoners into the “better class” and
“under class” is violative of principles enshrined in the constitution.[7] That the 2018 Rules
clearly mentioned that No
classification on the basis of social status should be attempted in case of
Under Trial Prisoners[8] Convicted Prisoners are given
certain responsibilities in day to day management like taking roll call, supervising
cleanliness in the wards , performing the works delegated to them by the Superintendent
as per paragraph 125 of Delhi Prison Rules, 2018.
At present, prison has shifted from a
punishment Centre to that of a reformation Centre and have welfare funds,
prison factory and several programs intending to aid the prisoners and make
them productive to the society, Welfare fund is money donated by public or any
other source approved by the administrator. It is administered by a committee containing Superintendent as Chairman, Deputy
superintendent as Member secretary, Medical officer, , Chief Head warder, two
convict officers nominated by Superintendent as members and Asst. Superintendent(Canteen)
as treasurer.[9]
There is a Jail Factory in the Jail
No.2 of the prison, which employs the prisoners in the vocation they are
capable of , so that they can find employment even after their release, the
factory’s produce get the brand name TJ. The Jail Factory is managed by team of
officials headed by a Deputy Superintendent ( Factory), supervision of manual
labour by the inmates of prison and reports sent to the Superintendent, Central
Jail. The wages that inmates receive are decided by the NCT of Delhi where the pay structure is like
Rs.361/day for skilled workers, Rs.328/day for semi-skilled workers and Rs.297/day
for the unskilled workers. 25% of the wage earned is contributed to the Victim
Welfare Fund.
The Annual turnover for the year 2018-19 was Rs.18.6
crores which proves to support the country’s economic growth as well. [10]
The
effective implementation of correctional programs for the welfare of the
prisoners is in the hands of the Welfare Unit which is headed by a Welfare
Officer (HQ) who directly reports to the Deputy Inspector General. They
maintain reports like Statistical returns and periodical reports, Case sheets
of welfare activities of prisoners, Daily diary or Report Book Correspondence
with the Social Welfare Department and non-governmental organizations;
No matter, how effectively the day to
day works seems to be carried on, the truth is always confirmed by the
inspection. There are two kinds of inspection to improve the working conditions
of Prison staffs and Prisoners, informal inspection carried on by Deputy
Inspector General (Prisons) involving matters like security and lighting
arrangements, prisoners’ strength, grievances of prisoners and prison staff,
vacancy position of staff etc. and formal inspections carried on by a
inspecting officer as appointed by the government who have to visit and record
the prison at least for two days and two nights. They inspect and give a
detailed report on matters like Jail alarm system, wages to prisoners, women prisoners and infant, the actual jail
population and Action Taken Report on Grievance Redressal Meeting and canteen
management. To inspect the jails and report discrepancies/ suggestions for the
smooth management of the prison, board
of visitors including the District and Sessions Judge, Delhi., visit the
prison. There is also Sentence Reviewing Board to recommend the cases of life
convicts for premature release, Minister in-charge of Prisons is the chairman
of the board.[11]
There is a system of panchayat consisting of very carefully
selected inmates, who are of good conduct and who have the potential and
ability to organize events and activities. These panchayats s plan and execute
daily recreational programmes for inmates. This will give the prisoners a sense
of participation in the prison management, which is an important component of
any policy of welfare and reformation. The working of these panchayats should
be continuously monitored by the prison administration.
QUASI JUDICIAL POWERS AND THE GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL SYSTEM:
Paragraph
13(2) of Prison Rules, 2018 clearly mentions that a court room shall be set up
in the prison complex to adjudicate on matters of concern. As per Section 46 of
Delhi Prison Act, 2000 Prison Offence include any disobedience to regulation of
the prison that have been declared by rules made under Section 71; any assault
or use of criminal force; wilful injuries to himself; use of threatening
language; immoral or indecent behaviour; stubbornly refusing to work; cutting,
altering or removing handcuffs, fetters or bars without due authority; wilful
damage to prison property; tampering any
official documents; receiving, possessing or transferring any prohibited
article; wilfully bringing a false accusation against any officer or prisoner; sending
messages secretly by writing or speech or signs; participating in any riot or
mutiny or abetting with another prisoner or prisoners to commit riot or mutiny. In case of Offences under Narcotics, Drugs and Psychotropic Substances
Act; the Indian Penal Code including, Section 147 (rioting); Section 223
(escape negligently ) Section 224 –( resistance or escape or attempt to escape
from lawful custody); Section 304-A(causing death by a rash or negligent act)
and Section 309 (attempt to commit suicide), the superintendent shall
immediately report to the local police to take action as per the code. Such
offences are triable by the Sessions Court.[12]In
case of other offences, the superintendent himself or through any other
officers not below the rank of deputy superintendents can conduct a inquiry and
award punishments.
There are two kinds of punishments , Minor
punishments include formal warning, loss of privileges for a period of one
month and forfeiture of remission earned up to 10 days whereas major
punishments include forfeiture of remission up to 30 days or removal from the
remission system up to 6 months with approval of Inspector general; stoppage of
recreational activities up to 1 month; in case of breach or violation on the
conditions of parole or furlough, not counting that period towards
imprisonment; separation up to 3 months; monitoring under watch and security;
in case of damage to prison property, recovering the cost. For award of major
punishment the prisoner should be given notice in writing, calling him to show
cause with reference to the alleged violation of the Jail rules.
The inquiry should be conducted in a
quasi judicial manner recording statements of witnesses, giving full
opportunity to the offender to defend. Confession made by the prisoner should
also be recorded in the presence of two witnesses. Superintendent should take
decisions applying his judicious mind based on the evidences and prisoner’s
history ticket, the entire enquiry file ,findings and punishment awarded shall
be immediately sent to the District and Sessions Judge for obtaining Judicial
Appraisal except in case of formal warning.
The order of punishment should
also be communicated to the concerned prisoner[13].
The entries of punishments shall be made in the punishment book with initials
of Superintendent and Deputy Superintendent. It is to be noted that Except by order of a Court of Law, no
punishment other than the punishments specified in the foregoing Sections shall
be inflicted on any prisoner.[14]
As per Section 52 of the Delhi
Prisons Act, Every Deputy Superintendent or officer of a prison subordinate to
him who shall be guilty of any violation of duty or willful breach, shall be
liable, on conviction before a magistrate, to a fine not exceeding ten thousand
rupees, or imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months or to both. In
the case of Govt. Of Nct Of Delhi & Ors. vs Naresh Kumar, Naresh Kumar and Satish Kumar respectively, were appointed
on probation against the temporary post of Warder Prison in Tihar Jail,
the memorandum on recommendation of staff selection commission stated, they
will be on a probation for a period of two years from the date of appointment.
Failure to complete the period of probation to the satisfaction of the
Competent authority will render him liable to discharge from service without
any notice. Pursuant to an FIR registered for the offences punishable
under section 363,366,376, IPC
Naresh Kumar and Satish Kumar were arrested on 13.10.96 and were sent to
judicial custody. On 16.10.1996 services of both the respondents were
terminated under rule 5 of the CCS (Temporary Service) Rules 1965. The court
held that the orders terminating the services of the respondents were not
founded on any misdemeanour and thus there was no requirement to hold an
inquiry. The orders were non-stigmatic and even lifting the veil no stigma
could be found[15]
To address the grievances of the
prisoners, there is a active grievance redressal system , where the prisoners
drop their written petitions addressing the superintendent into the complaint
box , the key of which remains with the superintendent. To enquire into the
complaints the Superintendent shall form a permanent Committee of Grievance
Redressal System. Any prisoner aggrieved by the decision of the Grievance
Redressal Committee may appeal to the Deputy Inspector General within thirty
days from the date of communication of such decision.[16] He
can even address to the higher authorities that there shall be separate
complaint box addressing grievances to District Judge, Sessions Judge or Inspector
General who visit there. There is also option of mobile petition which is
directly addressed to the Inspector General who have to open it every day.
ADMINISTRATIVE
DISCRETION VS. PRISONER’S RIGHTS:
Article 21 of Indian constitution
states no person shall be deprived of his life and personal liberty except
under the procedure established by law, this “Procedure established by law” in
the case of A.K.Gopalan v. State of Madras, has been interpreted as standing
away from the Article 19 that it was held that all those freedoms, reasonable,
fair and just actions are not available for prisoners behind the walls. [17]But
after the case of Maneka Gandhi v. Union Of India, , it became necessary that executive
action taken under an enacted law must be just, fair and reasonable.[18]
Section 61 of the Delhi Prison’s Act
2000 allows the authorities for controlling any incident of rioting, preventing
escape of prisoner , to use little force and do a little injury to the prisoner.
But this provision has been arbitrarily used by the authorities subjecting the
prisoners to inhumane and cruel treatments. By a catena of judgements, the
Maneka Gandhi case doctrine was applied to Prison administration. In Geeta
and ors. V. State , Ankit Gujjar has lost his life to Custodial
Violence in Tihar Jail for which his sister , mother and brother had filed a
writ petition, that prison officials tortured him by demanding money and despite
complaint given by him when alive, no actions were taken, the court ordered
that investigation regarding who all committed the crime and the role of jail
doctors who didn’t provide proper treatment at right time must be ascertained
by a proper enquiry. The court also ordered the state and Director General to
take immediate remedial actions[19]. In Sunil
Batra v. Delhi Administration , putting bar fetters on a Under Trial
Prisoner and unauthorised solitary confinement of a prisoner were challenged as
excessive use of discretion by Jail Authorities, Justice Desai Pointed that
Solitary confinement and iron fetters though provided under Prison law, the
powers should be exercised only when it is absolutely necessary and solely for
the reasons and considerations to carry on the purpose of the Act. [20]
“I was free from harassment only
inside the barracks. The moment the barracks were unlocked the harassment began
in full swing, I was made to clean the general toilets, sweep and mop the floor
and the common areas of the ward. The warders and the munshis seemed to have been
instructed to inflict as much pain as they could.”, says Iftikhar Gilani in his
book, ‘My Days in Prison’, this clearly shows the cruelty the prisoners were
subjected to.[21]
From the Delhi Prison Act and the
Delhi Prison Rules, in many places it is clearly visible that there is much
concentration of power in the hands of Superintendent. But one must not forget
that “Power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely. Hence, to prevent
such misuse and excessive discretion , The Prison Act have subjected the
Superintendent under the control of Inspector General in most of the case where
important matters are concerned.
In the case of Charles Sobraj v. Superintendent,
Central Prison, Tihar, Justice Krishna Iyer quoted that,
“ Fair procedure is the soul of
Article 21, reasonableness of the restriction is the essence of Article 19(5)
and sweeping discretion degenerating into arbitrary discrimination is anathema
of article 14”.[22]
After the case of Prem
Shankar Shukla v. Delhi Administration, the Court for the first time
abandoned the old doctrine of
non-interference in the matters of jail administration and went deeper into bad
practices in jail and made an attempt to set them right. [23]
In the case of Hussainara Khatoon v. Home
Secretary, many prisoners were detained for a long time than their
imprisonment term only because of their inability to produce bail bonds for the
release. Only after this case the need for legal aid for poor prisoners were
emphasized.[24] The paragraph 1114 to 1118 of the Delhi
Prison Rules 2018 provided for free legal aid to poor prisoners who couldn’t
adequately defend themselves.
In the case of O.P.Gandhi v. Tihar Jail,
the court asked the Tihar jail Authorities and Delhi Govt. to disclose their
policy regarding wrongful extra detention of prisoner in the form of citizen
charter under section 4(1)(b), (c) and (d) of The Right To Information Act as per the direction of CIC.[25]
In pursuance of clause (b) of Sub section (1) of Section 4 of Right to
Information Act 2005,Director General (Prisons), Delhi published 17 manuals
containing necessary details about the various matter concerning the working,
administration and management of Delhi Prisons Department, Govt. of National
Capital Territory of Delhi. Moreover, prisoners can also file for papers under
RTI, they use it to get information about their jail time , medical records or
missing facilities, prisoners are exempted from paying the application fee. A
prisoner filed an RTI for information regarding the prescribed diet for under
trials which shows that this RTI to an extent provides authorities to give
reason for their arbitrary actions when asked for.[26]
Thus by interference of judiciary and
by the incorporation of Delhi Prison Rules, 2018 , the excessive discretion of
administrative authorities were limited to some extend.
ADMINISTRATIVE FLAWS:
Though the provisions and rules
provide about structure and method of administration, the reality is always
different from what is written. There is no ideal system which exist without
its flaws, Tihar administration too has its own flaws. One of the major concern
is about its overcrowding and understaffing. An RTI report from the Tihar
prison, shows that there are 13183 prisoners even though the sanctioned
capacity is 5200 inmates. The major problems because of overcrowding is that
there are more gang rivals which couldn’t easily be controlled by the prison
authorities due to over population of
inmates and maintaining surveillance is becoming difficult. A most
recent murder that has happened on May 02, 2023 in Tihar because of Gang Rival
is the Murder of gangster Tillu Tajpuria who was killed by his rival Jitendra
Gogi gang. HGS Dhaliwal, Commissioner of Police (Special Cell) in his interview with NDTV said
that the lapses were from the administration side as the incident could have
been avoided if the security was strong and members of both the gang were
placed in separate jails.
In spite of most of honest and sharp
witted officials like Dr.Kiran Bedi,
there are few greedy officials who are influenced by money and political
background who ruin the name of entire administration. It was well said by
Iftikhar Gilani that ‘rules are easily made flexible enough to provide comforts
for those with money and muscle’. One
such case was the Chandra brother case, Sanjay Chandra and his older brother,
Ajay Chandra, are the former owners of Unitech, which was a real estate giant
for several years. The brothers were arrested in 2017 for money laundering and
other financial crimes. [27] In Bhupinder Singh vs Unitech Ltd, the
forensic auditors have not been provided with complete recourse to the
electronic records including those which were in the possession and custody of
the Chief Financial Officer(s). In the absence of a complete availability of
the electronic records to the forensic auditors, their task has been severely
undermined and obstructed, for which the court had directed to the Jail
superintendent that the Chandra brothers shall not be entitled to any
additional facilities apart from those which are available in normal course in
terms of the jail manual. [28] However the Enforcement Directorate had told the court that the Chandras
had created an "underground" or "secret" office where they
received all the information relevant to the investigation against them from
the tihar officials in spite of previous order given by the court. About 32
officials were found to be involved as per the confidential report submitted by
the Enforcement Directorate to the court. The court ordered for immediate
suspension of all those officials involved and charge them under the provisions
of Prevention of Corruption Act and IPC on the basis of inquiry report submitted by Delhi Police
Commissioner Rakesh Asthana who was appointed by the court to investigate into
the matter.[29]
A show cause
notice has been sent to the Superintendent for transferring two prisoners to
Satyender Jain ( Former Minister) on latter’s request, however the
Administration immediately shifted him back as he had done this without
informing or asking the permission of the Jail Administration.[30]
Nitheesh Narayanan,
a prisoner released from Tihar Jail, revealed some shocking truths, Certain
group of Prisoners wore badges calling
themselves “shayaks” and they abused the new prisoners, in fact those shayaks
had no official authority and were same as all other prisoners. The convict
officers who were appointed misused their powers, the in charge of the barrack
in which Nitheesh was admitted was a Rape Case convict Akshay Thakur, who had
himself abused his fellow prisoners. Moreover , Nitheesh added that barrack was
divided into 2 parts where one part is allotted to the inmates closer to the
authorities, they were provided with good quality mattresses, pillows,
blankets, TV and whatever else they want. There was also a smart card system
for these VIPs in which one can deposit
a sum of 6000 rupees per month, using which prisoners can purchase whatever
they want. [31]
CONCLUSION:
Some of the points that can be considered for improving
administration of Tihar is that they can recruit more staffs, so that they can
meet the security demands of overcrowding prisons and prevent gang murders. The
Prison officials when discovered by the inquiry committee for involving in corruption
or showing favouritism should be immediately fired from the service which can
create a sense of fear and responsibility among other authorities preventing
them to engage in such activities. The convict officers appointed should be of
good character and with leadership qualities compared to other convicts in that
particular barrack, so that he can effectively carry out day to day management
without misusing his power. The Jail administration should classify prisoners
accordingly, that no place is given for gang rivalries or petty fights. The
latest Annual reports should be made available to the access of public, as only
the 2013 report is available in the official website. Press and media should be
allowed to interact with the officials which makes them a kind of responsible
towards the public, making them accomplish their work effectively. The
Arbitrary use of discretion by Superintendent should be under the constant
check of the Inspector General. The Board of visitors should be unbiased and
submit proper report about the management of prison, which prevents the
loopholes in the internal administration. With all these methods, Tihar prison
can surely be changed from the most notorious prison to the most productive
prison of India.
[1]“History” (Tihar Prisons, Central
Jail) <https://tiharprisons.delhi.gov.in/tiharprisons/history> accessed
on 09 August 2023
[2]“Steven Berkoff quotes”
(inspirational stories)
<https://www.inspirationalstories.com/quotes/steven-berkoff-a-great-opera-house-isnt-run-by/>
accessed on 09 August 2023
[3] The Delhi Prisons Act, 2000, ss 64,67
and 74
[4]Darpan Singh, “Jain’s massage
footage to Sisodia’s security row: Who exactly controls Tihar jail?” (India
Today,9 May 2023) < https://www.indiatoday.in/news-analysis/story/jain-massage-footage-to-sisodias-security-row-who-exactly-controls-tihar-jail-2344361-2023-03
09?utm_source=washare&utm_medium=socialicons&utm_campaign=shareurltracking>
Accessed on 09 August 2023
[5] The
Delhi prison Rules 2018, Paras 435,440 and 441
[6] Peoples Union for Democratic
Rights,Delhi, Beyond the Prison Gates:A Report on Living Conditions in Tihar
Jail (Secretary, Peoples Union for Democratic Rights, Delhi (PUDR) 2011) 4
[7] Prem Shankar Shukla v. Delhi
Administration AIR 1980 SC 1535
[8] The Delhi Prison Rules, 2018, para
1336
[9] The Delhi Prison Rules, 2018, para
1164
[10] “Delhi Prison`s Sales Outlets”
(Tiharprisons) < https://tiharprisons.delhi.gov.in/tiharprisons/digitalization-retail-outlets-delhi-prison-department-under-digital-india-programme#:~:text=Sales%20%2F%20Turnover%20of%20Jail%20Factory,During%20the%20Year%202018-2019%2018.60%20Crs.
> Accessed on 11 August 2023
[11] ‘Manual-8 under RTI: particulars
or organisation, functions and duties’ (Tiharprisons, 12 July 2023) <
https://tiharprisons.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Tiharprisons/generic_multiple_files/manual_8.pdf>accessed
on 10 August 2023
[12] The Delhi Prison Rules, 2018, para
1269 (LIV)
[13] The Delhi Prison Rules, 2018,
paras 1272 and 1273
[14] The Delhi Prisons Act,2000 , s 49
[15] Govt. Of Nct Of Delhi & Ors.
vs Naresh Kumar 2022/DHC/005056
[16] The Delhi Prisons Act,2000, s
57(3)
[17] A.K.Gopalan v. State of Madras AIR
1950 SC 27
[18]Maneka Gandhi v. Union Of India AIR
1978 SC 597
[19] Geeta and ors. V. State W.P.(CRL)
1558/2021
[20] Sunil Batra v. Delhi
Administration 1980 AIR 1579
[21] Iftikhar Gilani, My Days in Prison
(Penguin India 2005) 55
[22] Charles Sobraj v. Superintendent
1978 AIR 1514
[23] P. leelakrishnan, “Prisoner Rights
and Discretion of the Prison Administration” [1981] CULR 140, 142
[24] Hussainara Khatoon v. Home
Secretary , AIR. 1979 SC 1360
[25] O.P.Gandhi v. Tihar Jail
CIC/SA/A/2016/000884
[26] HT Correspondent, “In how many
days will I get released?’ Tihar prisoners file RTIs to get info” (Hindustan
Times, 17 February 2018)
<https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/in-how-many-days-will-i-get-released-tihar-prisoners-file-rtis-to-get-information/story-fPll8WCkZyvtbVyMtLUGIL_amp.html?utm_source=whatsapp&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=ht_AMP>
Accessed on 14 August 2023
[27] Sukirti Dwivedi, Akhil Kumar,
‘Sorry State Of Affairs In Tihar Jail: Top Court On Unitech Promoters Case’
(NDTV ,10 November 2021)
<https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sorry-state-of-affairs-in-tihar-jail-top-court-on-unitech-promoters-case-2605742>Accessed
on 15 August 2023
[28] Bhupinder Singh vs Unitech Ltd
I.A. Nos. 88960 of 2020 & 47525 of 2021
[29] Abraham Thomas,’ ED approaches
Supreme Court for custodial interrogation of Chandra brothers’ (Hindustan
Times, 18 November 2021)
https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ed-approaches-supreme-court-for-custodial-interrogation-of-chandra-brothers-101637177458105.html>
Accessed on 15 August 2023
[30] Arvind Ojha, ‘'Lonely Satyendar
Jain requests for more inmates in his cell, Tihar Jail superintendent gets
notice for shifting 2” (India Today, 15 May 2023) < https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tihar-jail-superintendent-show-cause-notice-satyendar-jain-cell-money-laundering-case-2379265-2023-05-15>
Accessed on 16 August 2023
[31] Nitheesh narayanan, “A TIHAR
EXPERIENCE: NITHEESH NARAYANAN” (Kafila , 05 October 2013)
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on 23 August 2023
Article Information
TIHAR JAIL- A DEEP INSIGHT OVER ITS ADMINISTRATION BY: MITHRAVINDHA.R
Authors: MITHRAVINDHA.R
- Journal IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
- Published 2024/04/20
- Issue 7
About Journal
International Journal for Legal Research and Analysis
- Abbreviation IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
- Access Open Access
- License CC 4.0
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