Open Access Research Article
Sustainable Development: Challenges and Remedies - By Sanjay Aher and Dr. Sanjeev Shinde
Published Paper
Article Details
“Sustainable
Development: Challenges and Remedies”
1) Author- Sanjay Aher,
Assistant Professor,
B. V. New Law College, Sangli (MS)
2) Co- author- Dr. Sanjeev Shinde,
Assistant Professor,
Vivekanand College, Aurangabad (MS)
Abstract:
The importance of natural resources
and environment in human life is unique and without alternatives. Recognizing
the importance of natural resources, Mahatma Gandhi said that nature can meet
the needs of man but not the greed. However, today there is a fear that
man-made development could lead to the demise of mankind, especially, economic
development. Sustainable development is a process of development that promotes
not only environment friendliness but also qualitative improvements in human
life through environmental protection, conservation and minimising unwanted use
of it. Development is a basic human right. Man is taking advantage of this
right from other beings and making unlimited use of natural resources. It is
causing huge damage to the environment, consequently, to himself. In the
context of India, the concept of sustainable development needs to be developed
in order to eradicate poverty, reduce environmental pollution, change
lifestyles, improve the quality of health, and live in harmony with nature.
Otherwise, while meeting the needs of today's society, future generations will
have to bear the brunt of this development. Fintech services are the
combination of use of technology and the socio-economic development of human
beings by reducing the adverse effects on environment. These services reduce
human interference with the nature, assure less harm to natural resources and
accelerate economic and commercial developments by avoiding traditional and
physical contents. It encourages, energise, and enlarge the socio-economic
development in consonance with sustainability and restoration of natural
environment.
Keywords: Sustainable development,
Ecosystem, SDG, Pollution, natural resources
Introduction:
The rapid degradation of the
environment and its adverse effects on the present generation as well as future
generations are evidently seen. For this cause, man needs to be aware of his
basic duty and responsibility along with his right to development. Sustainable
development is essential to this realization. Sustainable development
emphasizes justice with various elements of society, justice for future
generations and justice with nature in terms of development, meaning the
principle of natural justice is embedded in sustainable development. There should
be minimal resources for the use of the coming generation through sustainable
development which is focused on the present generation. But today's human
beings are engaged in the race of economic development by over-exploitation of
natural resources, environmental pollution, deforestation etc. Humans are only
enjoying the fruits of material happiness in this race. The consequences of
human materialistic thinking and attitudes are beginning to be frightening and
devastating. If the race for economic and material development continues like
this, future generations will have to pay more for the use of natural
resources. The future of future generations may be bleak as the political and
economic decisions of developed and developing countries of the world prove to
be conducive to environmental degradation.
Many serious problems in the world
today, such as population explosion, disturbed ecological balance, increasing
socio-economic turmoil, increasing environmental pollution, etc., have raised
important questions about the sustainability of the environment. Environmental
degradation is mainly the result of efforts made by developed countries for
their development and modernization by adopting modern technologies. Like the
developed world, the development efforts of the developing countries are
leading to depletion and exploitation of natural resources. The efforts made by
developed and developing countries for human development have gone against
nature. Today, all the countries of the world have neglected the concept of
environmentally friendly development and are moving towards self-development,
so human society has found itself in the pit of many problems. In such a
situation, it is necessary for human beings to overcome the problems that have
arisen in front of them, develop the social, political, economic and cultural
conditions and keep all kinds of resources for future generations. For this,
the concept of sustainable development is becoming very important. In modern
times the concept of sustainable development has emerged as a very popular
concept in public administration and especially in development administration.
The use of technology and virtual platforms for banking and financial
transactions for socio-economic development reduce the usage of material resources
like, land, water, vehicle, food, public utilities and so on. Today,
sustainable development is linked to the existence of human communities as well
as the environment. That is why this research paper explores the concept of
sustainable development, global challenges, and sustainable solutions in the
sustainable development process.
Objectives of the Paper:
Ø To know the concept, scope,
significance of sustainable development
Ø To understand the challenges to
sustainable development and remedies therefor
Ø To know the fintech products and
services in India
Ø To understand how fintech services
catalyse sustainable development
Sustainable Development
Concepts,
Scope and significance:
Man is a social animal and lives in a
natural and social environment. This requires coordination between economic
development and the environment. The word sustainable development is made up of
two words 'sustainable' and 'development' respectively. The word sustainable
means 'stable', 'permanent', 'comprehensive', 'complete', and 'continuous',
while the word development in the Oxford Dictionary means the process of moving
towards a higher, perfect and mature state.[1] It
means moving towards a stable or permanent high, perfect and mature state.
Today the whole world is influenced by the concept of development. At present,
all developed and underdeveloped countries are moving towards development.
Today, everyone wants to be ahead of each other in the race for development.
The evolution of human beings from prehistoric times to the present day does
not appear to be a lasting development. That is why the idea of ??sustainable
development emerged from the facts of human history, human civilization and
human development.
In 1987, the United Nations
established the Global Environment and Development Commission under the
chairmanship of GH Brandland, Director of the World Health Organization. At
that time, the commission elaborated on the concept of sustainable development.
The Brandland report states that sustainable development is "development
that achieves the goals of today's generation, without compromising its ability
to meet the needs of future generations."[2] In
other words, the current human needs are ensured while meeting the needs of
future generations.
According to Robert Allen, sustainable
development is a lasting tool for human needs and a means to an end. In the
concept of sustainable development, pure development after deducting the cost
of environmental degradation while calculating the increase in income is called
sustainable development. Sustainable development is based on the carrying
capacity and regenerative capacity of natural resources.[3]
In short, the concept of sustainable
development pushes for qualitative improvement in every field such as health
education, social security, social justice, social equality, basic needs, etc.,
so that maximum welfare of the common man can be achieved. The concept of
sustainable development is conducive to the elimination of social
discrimination, exploitation and unnecessary social pressure. Sustainable
development presents an ideal model of resource utilization. It also emphasizes
future needs, sustainable economic growth and protection of the ecosystem.
Origin and
Growth:
The evolution and development of the
concept of sustainable development is the result of ideas created over the last
two to four decades. At the global level, the issue of environment was first
raised internationally at the 1972 Stockholm Conference. This was followed by a
10-year report (1972-82) prepared by the United Nations Environment Program
(UNEP) on the natural environment and the social environment. The natural
environment includes water, land, air, forests and wildlife. The social
environment includes elements such as human population, health, agriculture,
culture, industry, resources, transportation, tourism and all aspects of
society that affect human life. For the first time, the conference focused on
poverty, inequality and underdevelopment as major obstacles to sustainable
development.[4] In
addition, the issues related to the environment of developed and developing
countries were also made the main topic of discussion in this conference.
In 1980, the concept of sustainable
development became more important through global defence policy. The main
objective of this policy was to bring about qualitative improvement in human
life keeping in view the limitations of the environment. The adoption of a
concrete policy on sustainable development and good environmental management
led to the report of the United Nations World Commission on Environment and
Development (WCED) established in 1983. The Brundtland Commission published its
General Future Report in 1987, also known as the Brundtland Report.[5] In
this report, the Brundtland Commission has termed the term 'sustainable
development' to stop the decline of human standards if today's human race
continues to exploit natural resources, environmental pollution, misuse of
material resources, neglect of poor people etc. Developed.
The most significant benefit of the
Brandland Commission report was that it laid the groundwork for the U.N.
Conference on Environment & Development in Brazil. The United Nations
Council is known as the Rio Summit, the Rio Council and the Earth Council.[6] The Rio Summit is considered a landmark event in
terms of sustainable development. Its impact appears to have been felt at the
UN summit. The Earth Summit was held in Rio de Janeiro, the capital of Brazil,
from 3 to 14 June 1992. The conference was attended by 172 government
representatives from 108 nations. The conference was attended by a total of
17,000 people, including representatives from 2,400 NGOs around the world,
environmental consultants and those working in parallel for NGOs.[7]
Environment and Sustainable Development was the main theme of this conference.
Earth Summit inspection of production models of toxic components such as lead,
radioactive chemicals in petrol; Use of alternative energy sources instead of
fossil fuels contributing to global climate change; The four issues discussed
were carbon emissions from vehicles, congestion in urban vehicles, use of
public transport to reduce health problems caused by air pollution, and the
growing causes of water scarcity. The Earth Summit was indeed a big leap
towards sustainable development. Through this conference, for the first time,
global concern was expressed in the context of social environment and emphasis
was laid on developing a better social environment for sustainable development.
The Earth Summit was a milestone in awakening the world's citizens to the need
for a non-discriminatory development process for future generations.
The World Conference on Human Rights,
held in Vienna in 1993, took stock of human rights, population, social
development, information and humanitarian agreements, as well as the need for
environmentally sustainable development.[8]
The World Summit on Development was held. The recommendations made at the Rio
Conference were reviewed here. At that time, it was found that most of the
recommendations had not been implemented. At the conference, an agreement was
reached to provide continuous water supply to 2.4 billion people by 2015, to
reduce poverty, to set up conservation systems for endangered fish species, to
conserve endangered species, etc.[9].
In 2012, the Earth Summit was held in
Rio de Janeiro after 20 years. This conference is called Rio +20. The main
theme of the conference was the Institutional Plan for Green Economy and
Sustainable Development in the context of Poverty Alleviation and Sustainable
Development. It focuses on the three objectives of achieving political
consensus for sustainable development, reviewing existing international
agreements and presenting emerging challenges. The Rio + 20 conference focused
on paving the way for a safer life for all, equitable conditions, a clean and
green environment, and overall prosperity.[10]
This conference is considered to be the largest conference ever for sustainable
development. Following the conference, in view of the pressures of
international organizations and the declining environmental standards, some
policies were adopted by each national government to protect and improve the
environment. Thus, the Rio Conference developed a new model with a greater
emphasis on environmentally friendly development in terms of development, which
has emerged as a new model known as sustainable development.
Goals of
Sustainable Development:
Sustainable Development (SDG) is a
set of goals related to future international development. In September 2015,
the United Nations drafted a blueprint for its member nations, the Sustainable
Development Goals 2030. In it, it has been decided that all the countries of
the world have to achieve a total of 17 goals of sustainable development by
2030. These goals will be implemented from 2015 to 2030. There are 17 goals in
total and 169 specific goals for these goals. In August 2015, 193 countries
covered poverty eradication, hunger eradication, better health, quality
education, gender equality, clean water and sanitation, renewable and
affordable energy, better jobs and economics, new initiatives and
infrastructure, inequality reduction, sustainability. Cities and communities,
responsible use of available resources, climate change, sustainable oceans,
sustainable land use, peace and justice, and partnership for sustainable
development are recognized.[11]
Sustainable
Development and India:
The developed and developing
countries of the world are expected to work together to achieve sustainable
development through 17 goals of sustainable development in 15 years from 2015
to 2030. India falls in the category of developing countries. India signed the
Sustainable Goals at the United Nations in September 2015. The Sustainable
Development Goals India Index 2018 (Sustainable Development Goals India Index
2018) was published by the Policy Commission of the Government of India. The second
revised version of the index report for the year 2019-20 was released on
December 30, 2019. The SDG index of each state in India has been calculated. A
total of 100 marks were assigned to each state on the basis of indicators. This
report covers all the objectives 1 to 16. The report provides for a qualitative
assessment of Objective-17.[12]
According to the 2019-20 report, Kerala is leading the state with 70 marks out
of 100 in the top ten. It is followed by Himachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh,
Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Karnataka, Sikkim, Goa, Gujarat and Maharashtra.
Chandigarh is leading in Union Territories.[13]
The Sustainable Development Report
2020 has been released by the United Nations. It has released the updated
Sustainable Development Index (SDG) for the year 2020. India ranks 117th out of
166 countries in the Sustainable Development Index 2020. India has made great
strides in the areas of poverty alleviation, clean drinking water and
sanitation, decent work and economic growth as well as meteorological work.
India has achieved its goal in the areas of SDG 13 e.g., Climate Action. The
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) include a comprehensive development agenda
for India by integrating social, economic and environmental dimensions. India
has taken a number of proactive steps to mainstream sustainable development
goals in government policies, plans and programs.[14]
Global
Challenges to Sustainable Development:
In modern times, all the developed and
developing countries of the world have emphasized on the process of rapid
development. The development process in developed countries has slowed down to
some extent, but the development process in developing countries continues
towards developed countries. Today, human beings are facing new challenges as
developed and developing countries have not considered the future challenges in
implementing development work. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set by
the United Nations for sustainable development are binding on all developed and
developing countries. But all countries face various challenges in implementing
sustainable development policies. The major challenges are as follows.
1) Environmental
Pollution: Pollution
has become a very serious problem nowadays. Pollution is on the rise due to
growing population, deforestation, industrial waste, misuse of natural
resources. Pollution is the process of mixing substances that are harmful to
living things into the atmosphere, water, air or food. The problem of pollution
is no longer confined to India but to the whole world. Pollution affects not
only humans but all living things. The problem of pollution is increasing day
by day, industrial waste is mixing directly in the soil, water and air. Despite
this, people do not seem to take pollution and its consequences seriously. This
could be very painful for future generations. Pollution poses a huge threat to
human health. In India, pollution is higher in urban areas than in rural areas.
Pollution is increasing in urban areas due to industry, large population, number
of vehicles.
Air
Pollution: As a
result of the development of industrialization, industries have developed and
the level of production has also increased significantly, but increasing
industrialization has largely exacerbated the problem of environmental pollution.
The problem of air pollution has become serious due to the smoke coming out of
the sparrows of factories, vehicles etc. These fumes contain toxins, which can
cause many health problems. Persistent air pollution in the atmosphere has
become a trap for unhygienic human life.
Water
Pollution: Just
as pure air is polluted by industrial development, so too is water polluted by
its contact with water. Inadequate access to drinking water is becoming a major
problem for human beings today. Clean water is polluted by industries,
factories and companies. Environmental pollution has also received a major
boost due to the ongoing deforestation to meet the needs of the people.
Deforestation has a major impact on the environment. Scientists believe that
this problem could lead to drastic changes in the climate and the loss of
rainfall. This will affect the supply of pure drinking water.
Noise
Pollution: Noise
pollution is caused by factory machinery, loud noises of vehicles as well as
loud songs. The result of measuring the intensity of sound is
"decibels". If noise emits more than a certain decibel, it causes
noise pollution. Sound or noise of 80 to 120 decibels can be harmful to humans.
In short, environmental pollution
poses a serious challenge to sustainable development. Environmental pollution
has created a crisis for the environment of the whole world. There are several
responsible aspects to this, it is as follows.
A)
Greenhouse effect: Due to the burning of fossil fuels, the amount of carbon dioxide gas in
the atmosphere is increasing, so the earth's atmosphere is getting warmer. This
is called the greenhouse effect. According to some researchers, if this
temperature continues to rise in the Earth's atmosphere, the temperature will
rise by 2030. Earth's temperature will rise from 15 C to 4.5 C. Global warming
will shorten the winter and make the summer long, so it will have a very bad
effect on humans. It will also have an adverse effect on flora and fauna.
Global warming will also have an adverse effect on the water cycle. As the
Earth's temperature rises, more ice will melt, and if more ice melts, more
water will be in the rivers, causing the area around the rivers to be
submerged. Rising river and sea levels will submerge coastal areas, affecting
human life.
B) Ozone
depletion: A
layer of ozone gas is found in the stratosphere of the atmosphere, which emits
harmful rays from the sun, called ultraviolet rays. It absorbs and sustains
life on Earth. At present, however, the depletion of the ozone layer poses a
threat to human life. The main reason for the depletion of the ozone layer is
the increasing use of chlorofluorocarbons in refrigerators. Increasing the
depletion of the ozone layer can pose a threat not only to humans but also to
animals, birds, plants, etc.
C) Acid
rain: Acid
rain also promotes environmental pollution. The combustion of fossil fuels
produces oxides of Sulphur and nitrogen in the atmosphere, which react together
when the oxides of these gases come in contact with sunlight and atmospheric
moisture. They form acid. Sulfuric oxides react with sunlight to form sulfuric
acid, which is sulfuric acid, and oxides of nitrogen produce nitric acid, or
saline acid. After this they come to the ground with rain, fog or snow, which
is called acid rain. This rain kills fish in rivers and streams and stunts the
growth of some other crops. Thus, this acid rain is dangerous for wildlife and
plants.
2) Population
Explosion: Today,
the huge problem of population explosion poses a serious challenge to
sustainable development. The rate of population growth has increased
significantly, especially in developing countries. Rapid population growth is
the most important irony of the 21st century. In every country (developed and
developing) the effect of population growth is evident on development related
activities, utilization of natural resources, land use, irrigation system etc.
Between 1970 and 1990, the world's population grew by 40 percent. Due to the
growing population, the majority of the people do not have access to civic
amenities. Today, more than a million people in developing countries live in
extreme poverty. About 1.5 billion people in these countries do not have access
to safe drinking water. Also, about 2 billion people do not have access to
basic services like sanitation and health.
3)
Pesticides: In
the modern age, especially in agriculture, the spread and use of pesticides has
increased tremendously, which has made the problem of environmental pollution
serious. The WHO estimates that about half a million people in the world are
consuming pesticides imported from abroad, and most of them live in third world
countries. Pesticides, acid rain, etc. pollute the soil in many parts of the
world every year, containing about 338 million tons of industrial and human
waste. From the above description, it is clear that this has become a major
challenge towards saving human life in view of the ever-declining level of the
environment.
4) Stress on
land and water resources: The ever-increasing pressure on resources like land and water is also
becoming a major challenge to sustainable development. The world's water
resources have tripled in the last 40 years. Many parts of the world, such as
North America, Central America, Southeast Asia, and Southwest America,
experience severe water shortages. In addition, the spread of industrialization
and the increasing use of fertile land for housing due to the growing
population has increased the pressure on cultivable land. In addition,
population growth and natural disasters have increased the demand for food,
which has exacerbated the problem of agriculture.
5)
Immature, selfish, narrow vision of political leaders: Politicians, especially in third
world countries, have immature, selfish and narrow vision towards sustainable
development. As a result of this approach, politicians in these countries
believe in ad hocism. The objectives of their policies are narrow, not
far-reaching. The leaders here are more interested in exploiting the common man
than in developing him. At the same time, they lack a sense of commitment. That
is why these politicians are failing to come up with better legislation to
overcome the challenges to sustainable development in these countries.
6)
Unnatural and Excessive use of natural resources: Indiscriminate use of natural
resources in the race for economic development is also a major challenge to
sustainable development. In the last 100 years, developed countries have been
relying on natural resources for their economic and industrial development.
Today human beings want to develop themselves by exploiting nature more and
more. Nature today is a victim of human hunger due to the idea of ??making
progress in economic direction. With the increasing exploitation and
unrealistic use of natural resources, human beings want to push economic
development to the skies. This greed of man is the biggest challenge of
sustainable development. Human labours, water, land, wood, wildlife, life
cycle, fuel, food etc. are being unreasonably used by humans that threatened
the very ecosystem and existence of life system on the earth.
Remedies
for Sustainable Development:
The challenges facing sustainable development
can be overcome by developing non-polluting and renewable energy sources (waste
and recycling) by making little use of renewable resources that provide
environmental education and awareness to meet the challenges of sustainable development.
The following measures can be important for sustainable development.
1) Reduction
in usage of land: Man has usurped a lot of land for his lust. Returning that land to nature
is an important step. Currently most of the industrial farming is chemical.
Turning from this model of industrial farming to natural farming. Grasslands,
wetlands, sand plains, deserts are all natural ecosystems. One of the important
goals of sustainable development is to cultivate using local seeds within the
perimeter of the natural ecosystem according to our geographical location.
Numerous research has shown that farming in this way is very productive and
keeps the farmer alive. This will save water and energy and reduce the human
burden on the earth.
2) Decentralization
of resources: The
economy of all the countries of the world is focused on centralization.
Creating small human colonies that are self-sufficient, at least in terms of
food and energy, is an important goal of sustainable development. The farm
couple will be able to run small cottage industries. It will be a sustainable
economy without exploitation. The available resources should be decentralized.
3) Circular
Economy: The
model of circular economy is important for sustainable development. It will not
generate waste in any product. Because the waste produced in one product will
be the raw material of another industry. These industries will of course be
more decentralized and self-sufficient in energy.
4) Unconventional
energy sources: Solar energy and hydropower are the two best options to meet the basic
energy needs. But it is more sustainable to generate small amounts of
decentralized energy and connect it to the grid if needed, rather than building
large dams. Basically, making a lifestyle change that reduces energy needs is a
big change.
5) Population
Control: The
most important challenge to sustainable development is population explosion.
Some concrete measures are needed to control the rapidly growing population.
For population control, especially in developing countries, management or some
basic policies related to population control should be formulated, so that the
pace of population can be maintained.
6) Proper use
of resources: Minimize
the use of non-renewable resources and energy sources that cannot be renewed
should be used sparingly. For example, they cannot be renewed due to renewable
sources like coal, diesel, petrol etc. In addition, the use of such devices
increases pollution. Therefore, these sources of energy should be used sparingly.
7) Environmental
education and information: Environmental education and dissemination of information among the public
is also able to solve serious problems like environmental pollution. Due to
illiteracy and poverty, developing countries lack adequate environmental
education and knowledge. This ignorance has created problems like water
pollution, air pollution, increasing use of pesticides, deforestation etc. By
providing information and education to the public about the need to protect the
environment, pollution can be saved to a great extent. In this context,
environment should be made a compulsory subject in all schools and colleges. In
addition, at the village level also maximum information should be given by the
concerned officials.
8) Development
of non-polluting and renewable energy sources: To meet the challenges of sustainable
development, it is imperative to develop energy sources which can be renewable,
and which do not spread pollution, for example solar energy (using solar energy
will be more useful. Solar energy is also renewable). Hydroelectricity
(generating electricity from water) is another example of this. Such energy
sources can spread more.
9) Recycling
of waste: Recycling
is required for low volume production of waste. The contribution of the masses
is needed to solve these problems. Every citizen must recycle waste. Non-food
items such as empty matches, fuse bulbs, polythene plastic, disposable
materials, wastepaper, all types of packaging can be sent back to the
respective factory so that they can all be reused. In this way we can get rid
of problems like land pollution.
10) Necessary
changes in environmental laws: Necessary changes in environmental laws can also play
an important role in solving the problem of environmental pollution. It is imperative
that all these laws be updated and adapted to the needs of modern times. At the
same time, these laws should be strictly adhered to, especially in developing
countries, and their implementation should not be neglected.
11) Political
Vision: Political
vision can also play an important role in overcoming the challenges of
sustainable development. It is lacking in almost all developing countries. But
the politicians of these countries must rise above selfish interests and
formulate policies that will have far-reaching consequences and that can make a
significant contribution to environmental protection and conservation.
12) Use of
Technology for Socio-economic development: the use of technology for socio-economic development
is must. It can avoid the use of natural and material sources for this purpose.
It saves human labours, time, money, vehicle use, law and order and so on.
Banking and financial products, services are playing vital role in
socio-economic development of people. If it is coupled with technology,
especially, virtual use of these product and services, it will reduce the
burden on natural and material resources. Every banking, financial, insurance,
etc. transactions could be accomplished in virtual mode which essentially avoid
public contacts, expenses, time, material services and so many. Fintech
products and services play a strong role to catalyse socio-economic development
without adverse effects on natural and material resources which consequently
results in sustainable development
Conclusion:
It is concluded that if we want to
secure the future of the upcoming generations, we must take firm decisions and
do whatever is discussed, suggested by the experts in this regard. Otherwise,
things are getting worst day by day and many of us have been facing in one or
the other forms. This is high time to act and promote and compel the masses to
act for the protection of natural resources, environment at any cost or we will
lose the hopes for the entire humankinds on this planet.
[2] Dhage S. K., ‘Environmental Protection Needs Time for
Sustainable Economic Development’ (2016) 6 Indian Streams Research Journal 1
[3] Sonawane Manik, ‘Environmental
Protection for Sustainable Development’ (2013) Interlink Research Analysis
Journal 15
[4] Dhage (n 2) 11
[5] Rio Conference <https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/5987our-common-future.pdf> 2 January 2022
[9] Rio (n 5)
[13] Kuber Girish, Editorial, Daily
Lok Satta, (Pune, 24 December 2020)
Article Information
Sustainable Development: Challenges and Remedies - By Sanjay Aher and Dr. Sanjeev Shinde
Authors: Sanjay Aher, Dr. Sanjeev Shinde
- Journal IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
- Published 2022/11/12
- Volume 2
- Issue 7
About Journal
International Journal for Legal Research and Analysis
- Abbreviation IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
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