Open Access Research Article
Special Protection Of Women In Indian Constitution (By-Kalyani Ravindra Shegaonkar)
Published Paper
Article Details
Special Protection Of Women In Indian Constitution
Authored By-Kalyani Ravindra
Shegaonkar
L.L.M 2nd Year (3rd Semester)
Abstract
Gender equality means a society in wherein both women and men enjoy the
same opportunities, rights and obligations
in different spheres of life. Equality in decision making, economic and social
freedom, equal access to education
and right to practice an occupation of one’s choice In order to promote gender
equality , we need to the empowerment of women.
• Special Protection Of Women In Constitution :
Freedom of speech and expression
and freedom to practice any profession or to
carry
any occupation , trade or
business – Article 19Protection of life and personal liberty-
Article 21
? Right to Privacy- Article 21
? Right
to property- Art. 300
Political
rights- women reservation in for instance, panchayats. Art 15 of the
Constitution allows special provisions
for women and children to be made for their welfare. Under the Legal Services
Authorities Act women and children are entitled to free legal aid Under the Constitution of India , the Directive
Principles of State Policy
contain duties of the State to apply these
principles while making laws. These
principles state that state shall
direct its policies to secure that citizens , men and women equally have the
right to an adequate means of livelihood, that there is equal pay for both men and women, provide
free and compulsory education for children and duty
to improve public health. Whereas incase of violation of fundamental rights , these rights are enforceable , that is , a
victim can seek legal redress through a court of law , the directive principles are only a guiding factor and its non observance is not actionable .
Introduction :
Legally a
female is known as a woman after she has passed through her childhood and
adolescence, i.e. basically after
crossing the teenage a girl is a woman. Government of India has made several
laws to proved qual status to women
in our country and secure their lives from various violence and crimes.
Constitution of India provides
fundamental rights and fundamental duties to the citizens of India; each and
every citizen of this country is
equally entitled of these rights and duties. The Constitution of India
guarantees to all Indian women
equality (Article 14), no discrimination by the State (Article 15(1)), equality
of opportunity (Article 16), and equal pay for equal work (Article 39(d)). In
addition, it allows special provisions to be made by the State in favor of women and children (Article 15(3)),
renounces practices derogatory to the dignity of women (Article 51(A) (e)), and also allows for provisions to be
made by the State for securing just
and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief. (Article 42). Rolling
back to the history of our country we
can find the pathetic condition of the women from the very first era. According
to studies, women enjoyed equal
status and rights during the ancient and the
early Vedic period. However in approximately 500 B.C., the status of women began to decline, and with the
Islamic invasion of Babur and the Mughal Empire
and Christianity later worsened women's
freedom and rights.
• Historical Background
Women were not always treated horribly in India. In ancient times, women
had substantial rights and social
standing. This is evident from their access to education, social customs
surrounding marriage, and the
portrayal of women in religious texts. Over time, these protections eroded as various
invasions made the country less stable. Furthermore, changes in Hinduism
and the emergence of Islam contributed to new cultural beliefs about the
role of women. This section of the paper
traces the evolution of women’s rights throughout Indian history. Unless
otherwise cited, the information in
this section is taken from India: A
History, Brittanica, or PBS’ timeline of Indian history.
Although the first human inhabitants migrated to India
between approximately 70,000 and 50,000 BC.,
the first major settlement of India did not occur until the Harappan Empire,
which lasted from around 3,000 to
1,700 BC. Together, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro comprised the Indus Valley Civilization.
The Harappans were not only the first people to use
wheeled transport, but were extremely
sophisticated and valued uniformity in city planning and construction, as
evidenced by their cities’ extremely
detailed, grid-like remains. Interestingly, there is no evidence of a major religion
and the Harrapans disappeared suddenly,
possibly due to severe climate
change. A significant period in early Indian history
was the Vedic period, which lasted from 1,500 to 1,000 BC. During this time, the foundational scriptures and hymns for
Hinduism, called the Vedas, were composed.
The Vedas are believed to be divinely revealed and are comprised of four books:
the Rig-Veda, the Sama-Veda,
the Yajur-veda, and the Athara-veda. Hindu priests, called
Brahman, memorized and transferred
these texts orally. The Vedas also contain evidence of the religious use of astronomy and math. Vedic literature contained three commentaries written by priests: the Brahmanas, Aranyakas, and Upanishads
During the Vedic period, daughters were less desirable than sons because people
believed that boys could contribute
more to the family. Sons were valued because of their physical strength,
ability to fight, and because they
remained with the family after they married. This preference for boys is reflected in sacred literature, including the Athara-veda,
which contains rituals to guarantee the birth
of a son. However, although daughters were less preferable than sons, girls
were still valued by their families. For example, one of the
Upanishads contains rituals used to guarantee the birth of an intelligent daughter. Greater proof for
the value of the female sex is evident in the fact that women could engage in religious activities, even sacrificial rituals.
Additionally, the Rig-Veda contains hymns that were divinely
revealed to female seers. In later times, widows were viewed as unclean,
but the Rig-Veda reaffirms their value. For example, one of its hymns
encouraged a widow to “rise up,
woman, into the world of the living” rather than giving up because of her husband was dead. Furthermore, certain
epics from this time portrayed widows as the guardians of their family, which reinforces the view of
a woman as capable of agency and strength, rather than dependent on her husband. In the Vedic age, customs surrounding
marriage were less harmful to women than modern day practices. Widows could remarry, and girls could remain single
until they had received a decent education,
which was around sixteen years old. The Athara-Veda
describes an educated woman as an
asset to the marriage. The Rig Veda mentions
educated girls several times, and in the Upanishads intelligent women engaged men intellectually. In short, the
Vedic period was a good time for women. Although they were not the equals
of men, they were still valued by
society.
The Aryan incursion, which overlapped with Vedic
period, was the next major shift in Indian history.
The Aryans were a seminomadic people who invaded the region gradually and in
waves of tribes, rather than through
force. Aryan society was built on three pillars: the language of Sanskrit, the priesthood of the Brahmans, and a
hierarchical social structure, which provided the foundation for the caste system that persists in
India to this day. Religion was incredibly important and helped propel linguistic advancement, an
obsession with holiness, and a fear of being made unclean, all of which contributed to a continued emphasis
on social stratification in India.
Constitutional /Jurisprudence Aspect
Our constitution is a set of fundamental ideologies and written codes
that is itself promoting equality
between sexes. Equality means that men and women should be treated alike in all
the circumstances unless an
intelligible differentia with rational reasoning is proven. The different waves of feminism
have endeavoured to change the vision of the socie2ty which carries
a patriarchal ideology. Modern
feminism has the set goal to eliminate gender distinctions and to promote absolute equality in all the
areas. To ascertain their goal, our constitution has already embedded
this philosophy.
B.R. Ambedkar, the draftsman
of the constitution was the
feminist before feminism
who certainly
ensured that women who were once deprived with power and were
treated unfairly should be treated with the same pair of lenses in
the post-independence period. The framers of the constitution of India were conscious of the
discrimination and unequal treatment
of women in every field of their lives and violence
against them including domestic violence. In one of the speeches said by the
Justice Chandrachud, he mentioned that our constitution is itself feminist
because feminism is a lot about the
disruption of social hierarchies and that is what the constitution intends to
do. Our constitution agrees to the
fact that women are weaker section and they should be provided with benefits so that their standards can be equally matched with that of men.
Where is the problem
The problem occurs at the time of interpretation. Constitution to its
core has demanded equality but the
interpreters have made it an arduous job. It is true that woman in today’s time is still falling under the realm of Moral slavery. Male dominance or the patriarchal structure of the society has turned out the societal vision
and has given ‘women’ the status of subordinate gender.
The vulnerable status of women is one of the issues that have not yet
witnessed a radical change in the era
of globalization and liberalization. The eternal truth of the constitutional
morality is that no country can see
the full swing of development in the
field of the social or economic
sector until the quandaries of women
are addressed and are further mitigated. Let’s take an example; the constitution says that women are a weaker
sex. The interpretation of this should be liberal and should state that women at one time were in a weak position and
consequently need assistance to function as said equals.
The wrong interpretation of the same is seeing
the women as a weaker
sex in today’s time just because the constitution has termed this. It
all depends on how the society is interpreting
the law.
Law For Women In The Constitution Of India
Laws for women exist from the commencement of the constitution when ‘We
the people’ have agreed to the
ideologies of equality, liberty, etc. The problem that is causing the undue
delay in providing justice is that
women are afraid to seek a remedy
through law enforcing agencies. They are
still living in the 3rd world where the stress of male domination manifests
itself in the form of various cruelties. The Indian constitution was very much conscious about
the interests of women and to provide them with the tag of equal to
their counterparts. The efficiency factor is
criticized on the grounds of
the enforcement agency as it remains neglected. The Judiciary aided the process of equalization during the post-independent period. However, the most sacred object, “the constitutional
mission of equalization” couldn’t be achieved due to ignorance of the law and
the indifferent and hostile attitudes
of law-enforcing agencies and also the lack of community support for women
seeking against discrimenation.
Exclusive Rights For Women Every Indian
Needs To Know
We
live in a world where goddesses are worshiped and women get tamed, harassed,
abused, raped, and kidnapped
every single day. Keeping a check on a number of women-related cases, the government of India provides crucial
rights to Indian women. "Human
rights are women's rights and women's
rights are human rights, once and for all." - Hillary Clinton .
Unfortunately, many of the women do
not know their rights.
On The Grounds Of Gender Equality, Here Are 11 Rights An Indian Woman
Holds In India
1.
Women Have The Right To Equal Pay
According to the provisions listed under the Equal Remuneration Act, one cannot be discriminated on the basis of sex when it
comes to salary, pay or wages. Working women have the right to draw an equal salary, as compared to men. Women are
eligible to get an equal pay under
the laws of India.
2.
Women Have The Right To Dignity
And Decency
In an event that the accused
is a woman, any medical
examination procedure on her must be performed by
-- or in the
presence of -- another woman.
3.Women have the right against workplace
harassment
The Sexual
Harassment of Women at Workplace Act gives
a female the right to file a complaint against any kind of sexual harassment at her place of work. Under this act,
she can submit a written complaint to an Internal Complaints Committee (ICC) at a branch office within a period of 3 months.
4.Women Have A Right Against Domestic
Violence
Section 498 of
the Indian Constitution looks to protect a wife, female live-in partner or a woman
living in a household like a mother
or a sister from domestic violence (including verbal, economic, emotional and sexual) by the hands of a husband, male
live-in partner or relatives. The accused shall be punished with a non-bailable imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and shall
also be liable to fine.
5.Female
Sexual Assault Victims Have The Right To Keep Their Identity Anonymous
Protests
against rape in India. To ensure that her privacy is protected, a woman who has
been sexually assaulted may record
her statement alone before the district magistrate when the case is under
trial, or in the protecton.
6.Women Have The Right To Get Free Legal Aid
Under the
Legal Services Authorities Act, female rape victims have the right to get free
legal aid or help from the Legal Services Authority who has to
arrange a lawyer for her.
7.Women Have Right Not To Be Arrested At Night
Unless there
is an exceptional case on the orders of a first class magistrate, a woman
cannot be arrested after sunset and
before sunrise. A woman cannot be arrested before sunrise and after sunset.
In addition, the law also states that the police
can interrogate a woman at her residence only in the presence of a woman
constable and family members or friends.
8.Women And Constitution
? Equality before law for women (Article 14)
?
The State not to discriminate against any citizen on
grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex,
place of birth or any of them (Article 15 (i))
?
The State to make any special provision in favour of women and children (Article 15 (3)) ? Equality of
opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment
to any office under the State (Article 16)
?
The State to direct its policy towards securing for
men and women equally the right to
an adequate means of livelihood (Article 39(a)); and equal pay for
equal work for both men and women
(Article 39(d))
?
To promote justice, on a basis of equal opportunity
and to provide free legal aid by suitable legislation or scheme or in any other way to ensure that opportunities for
securing justice are not denied to any citizen
by reason of economic or other disabilities (Article 39 A)
?
The State to make provision for securing just and humane conditions of
work and for maternity relief
(Article 42)
?
The State to promote with special care the educational and economic interests
of the weaker sections of the
people and to protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation (Article 46)
? The State to raise the level
of nutrition and the standard of
living of its people (Article 47)
? To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst
all the people of India and to renounce
practices derogatory to the dignity of women
(Article 51(A) (e))
?
Not less than one-third (including the number of seats
reserved for women belonging to the
Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled
Tribes) of the total number of seats to be filled by direct election in every Panchayat
to be reserved for women and such seats to be allotted by rotation to
different constituencies in aPanchayat (Article 243 D(3))
?
Not less than one- third of the total number of
offices of Chairpersons in the Panchayats
at each level to be reserved for women (Article 243 D (4))
?
Not less than one-third (including the number of seats
reserved for women belonging to the
Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled
Tribes) of the total number of seats to be filled by direct election in every Municipality
to be reserved for women and
such seats to be allotted by rotation to different constituencies in aMunicipality
(Article 243 T (3)).
?
Reservation of offices of Chairpersons in Municipalities for the Scheduled
Castes, the Scheduled Tribes and women in such manner as the legislature of
a State may by law provide (Article 243 T (4))
9.Women Have The Right Against Indecent
Representation
Depiction of a woman's figure (her form or any body part) in any manner that is indecent,
derogatory, or is likely to deprave, corrupt or injure the public
morality or morals, is a punishable offence.
10.
Women Have The Right Against Being Stalked
Section 354D
of the IPC makes way for legal action to be taken against an offender if he/she follows
a woman, tries
to contact her to foster personal interaction repeatedly despite a clear indication of disinterest; or monitor the
use by a woman of the internet, email or any other form of electronic communication.
11.
Women Have A Right To Zero FIR
An FIR that
can be filed at any police station irrespective of the location where the
incident occurred or a specific
jurisdiction it comes under, the Zero FIR can
later be moved to the Police Station in whose jurisdiction the case falls under. This ruling was passed by the Supreme
Court to save the victim's
time and prevent an offender
from getting away scot-free .
Constitutional Privileges
(i) Equality before law for
women (Article 14)
(ii) The State
not to discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race,
caste, sex, place of birth or any of
them (Article 15 (i)) .The State to make any special provision in favour of women and children (Article13(3)
(iii) Equality of
opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment
to any office under the State (Article 16)
(iv)
The State to direct its policy towards securing for
men and women equally the right to an adequate
means of livelihood (Article 39(a) equal pay for equal work for both men and
women (Article 39(d)) .
(v) To promote
justice, on a basis of equal opportunity and to provide free legal aid by
suitable legislation or scheme or in
any other way to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of
economic or other disabilities (Article
39 A)
(vi)
The State to make provision
for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief (Article 42)
(vii)
The State to promote with special care the educational
and economic interests of the weaker sections
of the people and to protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation
(Article 46)
(viii)
The State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard
of living of its people (Article 47)
(ix)
To promote harmony and the spirit of common
brotherhood amongst all the people of
India and to renounce practices
derogatory to the dignity of women (Article
51(A) (e))
(x) Not less
than one-third (including the number of seats reserved for women belonging to
the Scheduled Castes and the
Scheduled Tribes) of the total number of seats to be filled by direct election in every Panchayat to be reserved
for women and such seats to be allotted by rotation to different constituencies in a Panchayat (Article 243 D(3)) .
(xi) Not less than one- third of the total number of offices of Chairpersons in the Panchayats at each level to be
reserved for women (Article 243 D
(4).
(xii)
Not less than one-third (including the number of seats
reserved for women belonging to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes) of the total number of seats to be filled by
(xiii)
Reservation of offices
of Chairpersons in Municipalities for the Scheduled
Castes, the Scheduled
Tribes and women in such manners.
Landmark Judgements Changed The Course For Women In India
The Indian judiciary
has played a crucial role in
framing and interpreting the law to
uphold women`s rights and dignity in
India, resulting in several landmark judgments, writes Nivedita Pal. The Indian judiciary comprising the High
Courts of the states and the Apex Court i.e. the Supreme Court have, time and again, delivered judgments and orders that
uphold the rights and dignity of women
in the country. The progressive judgments delivered by these courts, since
Independence, have helped and, sometimes,
persuaded the Indian executive and the legislature to frame laws to uphold women`s rights.
India is one
of the few countries in the world with maximum number of laws that protect
women and empower them. The Indian
Constitution, through the Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties and the Directive
Principles guarantees equal rights to all citizens.
In fact, there are several
provisions in the Constitution that embody the spirit of gender equality
and lay the ground for framing
policies, mechanisms, safeguards and programmes for protection and, more
importantly, empowerment of women in
the country. The Indian Constitution upholds women’s rights through right to equality, right to life with
dignity and right to freedom from discrimination. In addition, there are
several laws that ensure protection of women rights and dignity.
When a
judicial body delivers an order, that order becomes binding on the parties, that in such cases are often the state or the central government. In this
manner, the judiciary plays a crucial role in
interpreting the law to uphold women’s rights, providing a lawful impetus to
the law-making bodies in framing laws
that protect women and setting precedents
for lower courts and guiding them to
deliver such judgments. There are countless judgments that have positively
influenced the women rights movement in India and upheld the
constitutional rights affecting different spheres of a
woman’s life.6
The Sexual Harassment Of Women At Workplace Act, 2013
•
Vishakha and others v/s state of rajasthan
One of the most important cases that provided for safety of women from sexual harassment at workplace was the Vishakha and others v/s State of
Rajasthan case. Bhanwari Devi, a social worker (saathin) in Rajasthan
was working with a state government programme
to prevent child marriages. At one such instance,
she tried unsuccessfully to protest against and stop a child marriage of a
one-year-old infant. The family head,
Ramakant Gujjar in a bid to seek revenge for the humiliation, raped Bhanwari--
Devi with five of his men in front of
her husband. The lower courts acquitted all the accused.
Consequentially, Vishakha
(group for women’s
education and research)
along with
four other women organisations filed a writ petition in the Supreme Court on the issue of sexual harassment of women at workplace and the absence of
any protection — to enforce Fundamental
Rights of working women under Articles 14, 19 and 21 of the Indian
Constitution. In 1997, the court
ordered framing of such guidelines as ‘Vishakha Guidelines’ to be practiced at workplaces by the employers. These guidelines eventually formed the basis of The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace
(Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 — an extremely important law to protect millions of Indian women who
step out of their households to earn
a living for their families
The judgment
laid down that it is the duty of the employer or other responsible persons in workplaces or other institutions to prevent sexual harassment and furnish employees
with mechanisms for effective
resolution of such incidents. The Supreme Court also defined ‘Sexual Harassment’ for this purpose as disagreeable sexually determined behaviour direct or indirect as:
? physical contact
and advances,
? a demand or request for
sexual favours,
? sexually-coloured remarks,
? showing pornography,
? any other unwelcome physical, verbal or non-verbal conduct of sexual nature
A Landmark Judgment On Acid Attacks
Laxmi v/s union of India (2006)
Another landmark
case, Laxmi v/s Union Of India (2006) where
an acid attack victim, Laxmi filed
a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in the Supreme Court praying for the
betterment of the acid attack survivors,
adequate compensation to the victim
and measures to regulate the sale of acid. Laxmi was a minor when she was attacked
by three men in New Delhi as she refused to marry a man named Naeem Khan. She faced severe physical and mental trauma.
The issues raised in the PIL were:
•
Considerable amendment in the Indian Penal Code (IPC), 1860 and Criminal
Procedure Code (CrPC), 1973 relating to acid attacks as
there is no specific provision for the same;
• Complete ban on the sale of acid and its various
forms and that such acids should not be
available over the counter, as easy availability
encourages such culprits;
• Prosecution of acid throwers
as well as the rehabilitation of acid attack victim which included treatment as well as compensation, as the treatment and surgeries are very expensive .
In 2013, the Supreme Court taking cognisance of the rise in cases of acid
attacks on women, imposed strict
regulations on the sale of acid, including ban on sale of acid over the counter and ban
on sale of acid to a person below 18 years. Dealers
can sell acid to a person only after furnishing
of a valid identity proof and the
need for the purchase. Also, it is mandatory for the dealer to submit the details of
the sale within three days to the police.
Many other orders
were passed by the court for providing guidelines for the betterment of the
acid attack survivors and granting
them justice. These include amendment in Cr .P.C requiring the government to compensate the victim, amendment
in IPC and inclusion of separate section
specifically dealing with acid attacks, minimum compensation of Rs
3,00,000/- to be given to every acid
attack victim, full and free medical treatment and assistance to be provided to
the victim even by private hospitals
and no hospital or clinic can refuse
treatment.
? Upholding The Dignity Of Rape Survivor
• Lillu v/s state of Haryana (2013)
In Lillu v/s State Of Haryana (2013), for the first time the agony and
trauma of a rape victim was realised who had to go through the
two-finger test to give her character certification. On the basis of various precedents, the court held that
the test is a violation of the victim’s right to privacy and dignity. The court held that rape survivors are
entitled to legal recourse that does not re-traumatise them or violate their physical or mental integrity
and dignity. They are also entitled to medical procedures conducted in a manner that respects their
right to consent. Medical procedures should not be carried out in a manner that constitutes cruel,
inhuman, or degrading treatment, and health should be of paramount consideration whi7le
dealing with gender-based violence.
•
Roxanna Sharma vs Arun Sharma
Roxana Sharma Vs Arun Sharma Roxann was involved
in a bitter child custody
battle with her estranged
husband. A court in Goa granted her interim custody of their child, but Arun
Sharma whisked their son away and
refused to let Roxann meet the child. She filed a case against him, which led
to the landmark judgment pronounced
by the apex court regarding children caught in a legal battle between parents. The Supreme Court ruled that when
estranged parents are involved in a legal tussle over the custody of a child who is under the age of
five years,
•
Tamil nandu vs Suhas Katti
Tamil Nadu Vs Suhas Katti This case led to the first conviction
under the Information Technology Act, 2000. The victim was being harassed by
the accused, Suhas Katti, when she
refused to marry him. He would send defamatory and obscene messages
to her online in a Yahoo message
group. To add to her
agony, she began
to receive phone
calls from unknown
people soliciting sex work. The victim filed a
complaint in
February 2004, and within seven months the accused was convicted. In an age of
merciless trolls and other forms of online harassment, this judgment acts as a tool that woman can use to safeguard
their dignity.
•
Termination of 24-week old pregnancy permitted on
account of abnormal fetus The petitioner, a rape survivor, who wished
to remain unidentified, approached the Supreme
Court seeking permission
to abort her 24-week abnormal fetus. The petition
challenged the 46-year-old Maternal Termination of Pregnancy Act that does not permit abortion of a
fetus after 20 weeks. The Supreme Court ruled in favour of the petitioner after the medical board submitted a report stating that continuing
with the pregnancy would put the mother'lifeatrisk.
Conclusion
It is a reality that women everywhere are likely to suffer in some form
or other discrimination. We need to
increase our efforts to empower women and increase their progress through their human rights. It is our moral, social and
constitutional responsibility to ensure progress by giving them equal rights and opportunities. One of the important
factors in the success of development
is determined by the status and position of women in society. Empowerment. Women need to have a cohesive approach,
a cause that requires constant
attention and leadership by all. Legal literacy and
awareness programs are other important measures to achieve women their rights. For this purpose, paralegals should
be trained to educate women about
their rights and the challenge
Suggestion
There are several laws in India that give women the authority to fight against
abuse, discrimination,
violence, harassment, indignities, etc. Being aware of them is the first step towards fighting against any injustice. Women’s
agency and their independence have been stifled
for way too long. From what they can say to how they can dress, their freedom
has been questioned and repressed.
There are too many ‘don’ts’ that a woman is forced to adhere to. Being compared to goddesses doesn’t
certainly help them. No one wants to
be put on a pedestal where every action of theirs has implications far worse
than what is necessary. Things have
changed a lot for the average Indian woman in the last few years. They are more
aware of their rights, contribute
directly to the economy, and have been trailblazers in various areas. Laws promulgated for the well being of
women have been laid down, but many of them are unaware of these. India’s judicial system is another men’s club.
Silencing of victims or slut shaming
are common in police stations. Unless the victim in question has political
links or monetary power, chances of
getting justice are bleak. But that shouldn’t stop women from knowing their laws and rights, because
that is the only solution.
Bibliography
?
BOOKS
? JOURNALS
? WOMEN PAWER
•
SUPREME COURT CASES
• CRMINAL LAW JOURNAL
•
ALL INDIA REPORT
? THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
Article Information
Special Protection Of Women In Indian Constitution (By-Kalyani Ravindra Shegaonkar)
Authors: Kalyani Ravindra Shegaonkar
- Journal IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
- Published 2022/08/05
- Volume 2
- Issue 7
About Journal
International Journal for Legal Research and Analysis
- Abbreviation IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
- Access Open Access
- License CC 4.0
All research articles published in International Journal for Legal Research and Analysis are open access and available to read, download and share, subject to proper citation of the original work.
Disclaimer: The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of International Journal for Legal Research and Analysis.