Open Access Research Article
NET NEUTRALITY IN INDIA: REGULATING CYBER SPACE - BY SMITA PATEL
Published Paper
Article Details
NET NEUTRALITY IN INDIA:
REGULATING
CYBER SPACE
SMITA PATEL, research scholar,
Dr. Ram
manohar lohiya national law university, lucknow.
ABSTRACT
Net neutrality has been in news for the
past decade across the globe. In a free and democratic country like India, the
Internet has progressively become a very important platform of data
distribution and exchange of opinions and views, especially during and post
pandemic time (COVID-19) when almost everything possible is being done via. Internet. India supports the
freedom of speech and expression which is constitutionally guaranteed to its
citizens in the physical world likewise it also values an Internet that is
accessible to all for expressing or communicating any information and does not
discriminate between its users. Hence it is high time for Indian legislators to
come up with specific legislation that should be based upon core principles of
the net neutrality to avoid any discriminatory practices of ISPs, unrestricted
access of internet, traffic management, etc, including the limitation and scope
of network management for smooth functioning of this space. However debate
centers to provide equality based treatment of citizens with the aspiration to
make world a better place to live in with equitable arrangement and
distribution of stakes.
KEY WORDS- Net neutrality,
information technology, internet service providers (ISP)/ telecom service
providers (TSP), government, end users and freedom of expression.
INTRODUCTION
Development and progress of Information Communication technology leads to information revolution in which the internet plays important and pivotal role which changes our lives tremendously. In the
present world and the times to come more and more things, including work,
communication, shopping, banking, news and education
are done and will only be done online. Web has been a medium that has made advancement in innovation, business and
administration. India is as case
study in the power and potential of a free, neutral and open web. Positive
steps taken by Government in recent
years such as Digital India Programme, amendment in Information Technology laws and guidelines provided by
Department of Telecommunication have brought benefits to millions of Indians, while internet penetration rates are rising
fast. There is no doubt that the current net neutrality debate will reverberate
around the world. India, which is estimated to have the second largest number
of internet users in the world, may now be in the lead.[1]
However, in recent years, cases of censorship of contents present online have
amplified exponentially in India.
In 2011, India adopted
the new ‘Information Technology Rules 2011’[2] that supplemented
the “Information Technology Act, 2000”. These rules necessitated removal of
obscure and objectionable contents within thirty six hours of receiving a
grievance by Internet intermediaries. However, the terms involved were vague
and open to interpretation. These rules have been heavily criticized, but they
are in effect. In 2011, the government also drew criticism when it asked major
websites such as Google, Facebook and Yahoo to pre-screen their content and
remove objectionable and defamatory content before its online publication or
putting it online. Government demands to ban content have also increased
multifold in recent years. Meanwhile, as instant messaging apps such as
WhatsApp and Viber grew in popularity, telecom companies began speaking out
against accelerating users and usage or rather over usage of these services.
They have been vociferous in recent years about their distaste for Over-The-Top (OTT) services, which is responsible for taking
their sales away by affecting their main revenue
streams calls and SMSes.[3]
Due to the open and
democratic nature of the internet, users have very few restrictions on their
information and content. Thus it can easily be accessed by anyone around the
globe. There is an opinion or contention that weakening the neutrality of the
open Internet could have an effect on the prevalence of diverse data and its
independence.
There is an ongoing debate as to whether or not network
operators in the sense of Internet Service Provider/Telecom Service Provider
(ISP/TSP) ought to have the power to decide on the content delivered to their
users and influence the essential design of the Internet. This has shaped
important argument in support of internet neutrality.[4] However,
ISPs try moderately not to violate any law. They
have approached TRAI for the losing revenues
and are awaiting its decision on regulation instant messaging app by OTT
players. Most decisions here are made
by DoT and TRAI. It would be a good
move to get things legally
on paper, while Internet access in India is still at its infancy.[5]
CONSTITUTIONAL VIEWPOINT OF NET NEUTRALITY IN INDIA
Net neutrality is about the
rules of the road for Internet users, and about the relationship between the owners of those roads and the
users. Since its commercialization initiated
about 20 years ago, the Internet has evolved from a professional
research field to a worldwide
phenomenon. It has completely changed the way we communicate, acquire information, work and conduct business,
and its use has brought significant social and
economic advantages.
Freedom of expression is one of the fundamental right
enshrined under Article 19 of the Constitution of India, it has
been reinforced as a basic human right enshrined in Article 10 of the
European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and at the same time it also finds
place in the International Covenant On Civil And Political Rights (ICCPR) under
Article 19, this is sufficient to give us an idea about the importance and
relevance of this right. The right to freedom of expression has been strengthened by the Internet,
while providing simple and cost-effective opportunities to communicate, access exchange and obtain
information. The market for Internet
access products and services provided through the internet has grown rapidly in the past few years. Notably as a universal
and general purpose technology, the Internet
has contributed to increasing productivity and growth in many sectors of
the economy, while opening up
entirely new areas of business activity. Though there is no specific legislation for this issue but there are
laws which have been developed or are there in our country which regulate
the contours of net neutrality.
The first issue when we try to bring in ISP/TSP under
obligation of equality (Article-14-Right to equality) and freedom of speech and
expression(fundamental and basic right as provided in Article-19 of the Constitution) is whether they could be
subjected under these articles because
ISPs are private entities and not Government. If one analyzes the stand of Supreme Court in India, one comes to the
conclusion that private entities too are made to follow similar standard of obligation like in the case of
Unnikrishnan v. State of Andhra Pradesh[6] where the constitutionality of the state law regulating high capitation fees charged by private educational institution was involved.
Though not going into the nature of obligation, it was held that discharge of education by private institution is a
public duty which requires to be
acted fairly.
Moreover following E. P. Royappa v. State of Tamil Nadu,[7]
one can draw that this case laid down
equal protection in a new sphere in India. Equality is a dynamic concept; it cannot be “cribbed, cabined
and confined”. Also equality is antithetic
to arbitrariness. As equality and arbitrariness are opposite to each other and arbitrariness is the whim of the monarch
whereas equality is the rule of law and no bias. Arbitrariness is an implicit idea and contrary to political
logic and constitutional law as it is
unequal. Therefore, it can be argued it is violative of Article 14; if one
follows these analogies it can be
said that ISP/TSP also perform public duty so they must act fairly and without discrimination and without
giving priority to any individual, thus giving equal opportunity to all. Further Article 19 of the Indian
Constitution guarantees all citizens of India
the right to freedom of speech and expression. This right is applicable on both the
spheres i.e. offline as well as
online. Any limitations imposed
on access to data platform are equivalent to restrictions on the right to free
expression. The virtual place of internet is open space just like street or public area so that restrictions
of Article 19 must apply for circulation of free speech. ISPs while acting as gatekeepers play the same role
which the government once played, to manage and maintain these avenues of expression. The openness of the Internet means that the information and content are largely
unrestricted which is accessible by every user. Another viewpoint holds that the independence and diversity of
data and information may be impacted if the “open Internet and its neutrality”
deteriorates. It has been questioned whether equal access to the web can be
separated from freedom of expression
given the exponential growth of social media and employing the Internet as a
dais for expressing thoughts and opinions.[8] The majority believe that only users
should have full and unrestricted rights to access legal content on the
internet and that operators or carrier cannot discriminate either on the price,
speed or quality of content out there on the net. Some net neutrality advocates
acknowledge the requirement for traffic management, and disclosure of the
practices employed by operators for traffic management should be sought from
operators to ensure net neutrality. However it claims that recognizing the need
for traffic management and disclosure of network operators’ traffic management
practices is not enough thus it should be complemented by the user’s right to
obtain additional information so that net neutrality could be achieved.[9] As
a result, they may be subjected to public law obligations regarding freedom of
expression.
In the sphere of privacy and security, a number of
developments have also occurred, which also includes the nine judge decision of
the Hon’ble Supreme Court in Retd.
Justice K S Puttaswamy v. Union of India[10]
which affirmed that the right to
privacy is an essential component of the right to life and personal liberty
enshrined in Article 21 and therefore constitutes one of the freedoms
guaranteed by Part III of the
Indian Constitution. This decision also provided
recommendations regarding a proposed data protection bill as well as made
reference to review the nation’s current data protection laws. Since net
neutrality debate includes ISPs dealing
with end-users data therefore data protection and issue of privacy also becomes part of this discussion. The regulators and TRAI must take this aspect also in consideration while formulating law and regulations. Article
38 of the Constitution provides that the state shall endeavor to eliminate inequalities
in status, facilities and opportunities
hence when framing regulations or laws, the Government should take this
in consideration, consequently interests of all is protected.
Tampering with net neutrality
could undermine the competitive functioning of both the telecoms and content
provider markets, resulting
in a poorer internet experience for citizens. Allowing
paid prioritization could
lead to cartel type collusion between telcos and OTTs, squeezing out smaller players as they try to enter the market and stifling innovation. The
success of Digital India will depend heavily on efficiently functioning broadband markets that deliver
high-speed internet access at affordable prices to all Indians.
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY LAWS AND NET NEUTRALITY IN INDIA
The
boon of technology is like any other idea comes with bane; here the threats
involved are data theft, privacy
breach, discrimination, cyber fraud, cyber terrorism, etc. Since India did not
have any law for regulating the new sphere of digital world, following the “United Nations Commission on
International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model”[11]
on E- Commerce, the Government of
India enacted the “Information Technology Act” in June 2000. The purpose of UNCITRAL model law on electronic commerce
is to provide a framework for commerce through
electronic means by providing guidelines to the countries to prepare their own legislation
and to provide basic legal validity and raise
legal certainty. Moreover it brings uniformity of law. The objectives of
the Model Law are equal treatment of
different techniques (e.g., e-mail,
Internet, telegram, telex, fax), equal treatment
of paper-based and electronic transactions, media and technology neutrality. Consequently to deal with the enhanced scope of such
threats which led to serious social
and legal problem as traditional law were inefficient to deal with new era crimes and to regulate the cyber space,
the Information Technology, 2000[12]
was enacted by the legislators to fill the lacuna in this area by defining
and prescribing the punishment
of cyber menace. This law provides legal recognition to the transactions conducted
using electronic data interchange and other forms of electronic communication, which are surprisingly referred to as “electronic
commerce.” It also encourages the employment of alternatives to paper-based strategies for communicating and storing information; facilitating E-Governance in
the country. It also establishes a regulatory framework and lays down punishment regimes for different
cyber crimes and offences.[13]
The growth and development of information technology
enabled services like e- governance
and e-transaction created a greater requirement for stringent law so that data
could be protected and privacy
secured. And for this purpose amendment of 2008[14]
was carried out which along with other issues provided
for protection of privacy through
data protection which imposes liability on body corporate
possessing, dealing and handling personal sensitive data. It shall be the responsibility of such body corporate to
implement and maintain reasonable security practices and procedures and they
may be held liable for damages in case of negligence. It additionally prescribes punishment for breach of confidentiality and privacy by disclosure of information without
consent. The new amendment also empowers Government of blocking of public access to information through computer resource.
The IT Rules further emphasize on the issues of
obligations of intermediaries, privacy
of data and some exceptions. The “Information Technology (Intermediaries guidelines) Rules,”
2011[15] were
enacted by the Central Government in order to carry out the powers granted by
section 87(2) (zg) read with section 79(2) of the Information Technology Act,
2000. These rules require
intermediaries to exercise due diligence in carrying out their obligations by
publishing the rules and regulations, privacy policy, and user agreement
governing the access or usage of the intermediary’s computer resource by an
individual. These intermediaries are obligated not to post or publish any information about persons who are there in
virtual space however there is an exception that is whenever there is a requirement by lawful order and government
agencies are in need of assistance from such intermediaries, they shall provide
data or any help to Government agencies which are responsible and lawfully
authorized for investigative, protective, cyber security activity.
Such information or any assistance may be helpful to government
aiming for verifying the identity, or for preventing, detecting, investigating, prosecuting, cyber security
incidents and punishing criminals and
keeping a check on cyber offences under laws currently in force in India. There
is a requirement to apply in written stating clearly the reason of seeking or asking for such data or any such assistance
by those in need of it. Social media
intermediaries were later added under the “Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics
Code) Rules, 2021”[16]
which also stipulated that the intermediaries must secure their computer
resources and the information they contain in accordance with the “Information Technology (Reasonable Security Practices
and Procedures and Sensitive Personal
Information) Rules, 2011”.[17]
They should take all reasonable steps to protect the data. Since the
intermediaries include ISPs/TSPs thus they are
bound by all these IT laws and
rules; consequently protecting the data of end users is their
obligation but in exceptional cases they have to provide data to the Government
for more pressing issues of national
interest.
With proliferation of information technology enabled services like e- governance, e-commerce and e-transactions,
protection of personal data and
implementation of security practices and procedures relating to these
applications of electronic communications have assumed greater
importance and they require harmonization with the provisions of the
Information Technology Act and Rules
for making country technologically
vibrant. All the more, the compliance of such Laws and Rules becomes utmost important for upholding the rights
of individuals present on digital
platform.[18]
TRAI AND NET NEUTRALITY IN INDIA
Over
the past decade, the Indian telecommunications industry has experienced tremendous
growth in terms of both market
penetration and connectivity. India is currently one of the world’s
marketplaces with the fastest rate of growth for information and communication
technology, mostly credited to the mobile revolution. We tend to currently have 1177.97 million[19]
subscriber base, with 1157.75 million[20]
of those being wireless subscribers,
up from a few million connections in
1997. With this, the overall tele-density in India at the end of March, 2020
stood at 87.37%[21] with decrease of 4.06 million[22] subscribers in comparison to 2019.[23] India is additionally experiencing
incredible expansion in terms of the overall number of web users. In the month of June 2019, there were more than
665.31 million[24]
Internet customers across the country, of which over 643.64 million used
cellular internet and 21.67 million used landline internet. There were 749.07
million[25]
internet users have been recorded at the end
of June, 2020, of which there are 23.06 million wired and 726.01 million
wireless internet users. Therefore,
the current Indian telecommunications and Internet access services are largely
wireless in nature.
The number of broadband customers has likewise been steadily
increasing over time. Currently, there are
around 563.3 million[26] broadband
customers in india and this figure is expected to grow extensively in upcoming years, especially
considering the famous initiative of Government i.e. “Digital India” program.
This project is focused on the urgent national imperative of
providing all citizens with technological services, one of the cornerstones of which is
‘Broadband for All’. Bringing broadband to everyone requires significant
investment in infrastructure development
and at the same time it additionally requires an important build-out of networks
of service providers.[27]
The growth of the Indian
economy has been accelerated multifold due to increased access to data
and communication technologies. Enlarged connectivity to the net has amplified information
dissemination, increased access to markets, led to expansion of social
networks, and the proliferation of online media and content and has also led to
improved consumer well-being. Additionally, it has led to the rise of a
brand-new class of service providers who supply services via the Internet while
utilizing cutting-edge and creative business strategies.[28]
Telecommunication service providers (TSPs) have been
compelled to look for novel solutions by the rising number of Internet users
and Internet traffic. While TSPs must increase their investment in network
infrastructure to keep up with the growing demand, they may also deploy traffic
control solutions to alleviate network congestion problems. This has sparked
new discussions about the suitability of the tools and regulations that TSPs may
use to manage internet traffic and therefore the potential for abuse
by TSPs for discrimination or anti-competitive acts. To manage traffic, the access providers shall conform to the limits and restrictions that are proportional and transient to the need
of managing the case.[29]
TRAI Regulations
The Telecommunications Regulatory Authority of India (“TRAI”)
published its “Recommendations on Encouraging data usage in Rural Areas
through Provisioning of Free Data”[30]
recently. These recommendations follow from the consultation process initiated regarding Free Data in
India. The digital divide cannot be denied in
India, particularly within the rural areas. The Free Data
Recommendations itself states that, Our performance of 7% penetration of broadband is
well below the world average of 46%[31].Internet access has been a subject of heated discussion in India over the past number of years. The TRAI regulation on
“Prohibition of Discriminatory Tariffs for Data Services Regulations, 2016,”
which forbade discriminatory pricing for data services based on content, was
one of the most notable advancements in this area.[32]
On March 27, 2015, TRAI released a consultation paper titled
“Regulatory Framework for Over-the-Top (OTT) Services” in an effort to gather
opinions from stakeholders regarding this topic. The views on the framework are under consideration by the Authority.[33] A
Consultation Paper on “Differential Pricing for Data Services” was published by
TRAI in December 2015. Based on stakeholder feedback and internal discussion,
TRAI produced the “Prohibition of Discriminatory Tariffs for Data Services
Regulations, 2016”. According to the rule, telecom service providers are not
allowed to charge different rates for data services based on the online content
which is being accessed by a consumer.
The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) has also established a
high-level group to investigate the concerns and challenges related to net
neutrality and other related sectors. This committee provided their
recommendations in a thorough report, which was made public in May 2015. DoT
notified in its policy which had net neutrality as one of its issue, that the Government wants to
promote policies that increase opportunities for their social and economic development by use of novel technologies.
The aim of this document was to lay down a consistent policy
and principles framework, that will enable creation of a vibrant
competitive telecom market to strengthen India’s long term competitiveness
and achieve the goal of digital empowerment and improved well-being of the people of India. It
emphasizes the need for appropriate regulatory safeguards for secure digital
communications and emphasizes the need to ensure that the core principles of
net neutrality are upheld and in line with service requirements, bandwidth
accessibility, and network capabilities as well as next-generation access
technologies. It also calls for the license agreements to be changed to include
the principles of non-discriminatory treatment of content, as well as
appropriate exclusions and equitable treatment, among other things. It also introduces appropriate disclosure and transparency requirements for assurance of compliance with net neutrality principles.[34]
In 2017, a consultation paper on net neutrality was released by TRAI
which specifically highlighted many
contentions relating to net neutrality such as: traffic management practices,
defining the core principles of net
neutrality, transparency requirement, monitoring framework and other regulatory instruments seeking
feedback from all categories of stakeholders therefore specific regulatory measures could be adopted and appropriate
institutional framework can be established. The discussion is as follows:
i.
Traffic management practices: The service providers employ a variety of techniques to control the efficiency,
security, and safety of their networks. It is crucial to make sure that such
techniques are not utilized by service providers in an unfair and discriminatory manner. Any such
regulation or policy pertaining to net neutrality, however, must not obstruct
service providers’ capacity to fairly and sensibly operate their networks.
There are two regulatory strategies that could help achieve this objective.
First, a broad approach that includes defining
the ambit of “reasonable” traffic management practices. It would therefore describe the contours of those
practices and principles which could further determine whether or not a service
provider’s interference with internet traffic is appropriate or unacceptable. A
restricted approach, on the other hand, would confine itself to a list of
unreasonable traffic management techniques.[35]
ii.
Determining the core principles of net neutrality: For the sake of our
legal and regulatory framework, responsible government authorities in India
have not yet decided on the exact parameters of net neutrality and have not
made a definitive decision on the matter. It is significant to
make list of core principles of net neutrality for India based on an analysis
of the various reasonable and unreasonable traffic management strategies used
in the country. At the same time, it is important to identify any traffic
management strategies that may go against these fundamental principles.[36]
iii.
Transparency requirements: It is crucial to make sure that the affected
population, i.e., the end users, have
online access to pertinent data regarding what types of traffic shaping
practices are being used by service providers and at the same time, the
justification for selecting those specific practices, prior to finally defining
the permissible extent of reasonable traffic management practices and
implementing it. They might require this information in their capacities
as current or potential customers of a TSP, content creators looking to connect
with a TSP’s customers, rival TSPs in the same industry, or members of the
general public. Therefore, it is crucial to identify the particular
transparency-related duties that must be adhered to in every situation.[37]
iv.
Monitoring framework: It is essential to establish an appropriate
framework for monitoring and enforcing
the principles of net neutrality to
achieve its objectives. Because of the fast changing technology, evolving
regulatory/policy atmosphere and rapid- developing
business models, we require relevant and appropriate monitoring mechanism for these ever-changing conditions and situations. Thus, depending on the tools employed to
implement net neutrality principles in India,
the monitoring responsibilities may change from one in which the authorities
and other governmental agencies continue to bear the primary responsibility to
another in which we may rely on participatory/collaborative models for
monitoring and exchanging compliance information. We can also use a combination
of these models.[38]
v.
Regulatory measures: Authorities should also consider the various tools
that can be used for achieving a net neutrality framework in India. This can be achieved, for example,
through voluntary commitments that the TSPs have agreed to under the guidance
of the authorities. Alternatively, by adopting more specific regulatory
instruments, such as recommendations to introduce legislation on the matter;
amending the terms of
the license agreement to require TSPs to adhere to net neutrality requirements
and development of net neutrality
regulations by the Authority, using the authority to regulate on the topic of Quality of Service (QoS) that have been
granted to it under the TRAI Act.[39]
CONCLUSION
While net neutrality as it exists today may not be
completely neutral but it plays an important role and differentiation in the treatment of different services and the
traffic of various service providers by Internet service providers (ISPs) has been kept within rigid controls as
internet service providers, telecommunications companies, and governmental
organizations are required to treat all data on the Internet equally, without
making any distinctions or charging different rates based on users, content,
websites, platforms, applications, type of connected device, or mode of
communication and this is known as the “net neutrality” principle.
Internet has
further brought up numerous challenges for public policy however it
must not result in restrictions neither on network creators nor on network
users that unreasonably and unnecessarily stifle experimentation and
furthermore cause hindrance in innovation
in technologies and business models either in telecommunication networks or the
larger economic world. Net aims to
provide level playing field for all players for internet activities. However it would hinder the private interest of
broadband provider. Thus there will be conflict with public interest
of competitively innovative environment of
the internet. What is required
is balancing of these conflicting interests. India will need to adopt a logical strategy and create
objective policies that are especially suited to the needs of our nation, given
the size of the internet user base and the significant role that the internet
plays in the economic, social, and political spheres. The net neutrality debate becomes all the more relevant in case of India where the penetration of smart phones is increasing and efforts are on to bring more people to the
Internet, through the digital India campaign.
[1] Among
other nations, China had the highest percentage of internet users. China has
854 million internet users, which is more than twice as many as the
third-placed United States, which had just over 313 million, available
at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/262966/number-of-internet-users-in-selected-countries/ (Visited
on June 2, 2022).
[3] Alexis C. Madrigal and Adrienne
LaFrance, “Net Neutrality: A Guide to (and History of) a Contested
Idea” The Atlantic, Apr. 26, 2014.
[6] Unnikrishnan v. State of Andhra Pradesh,
1993 SCR (1) 594.
[8] Pieter Nooren, “Net Neutrality and the value chain
for video” 14 Emerald Group Publishing Limited 45
– 58 (2012).
[9]
TRAI Consultation Paper on Traffic Management Practices (TMPs) and Multi-Stakeholder Body for Net Neutrality, January
2020.
[10] K S Puttaswamy v. Union of
India, (2017) 10 SCC
1.
[11] Yogesh Kolekar, “A Review of Information Technology Act, 2000” SSRN (2015), available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2611827 (Visited on July 6, 2022).
[12] Information Technology (Amendment) Act, 2008, available at: https://www.meity.gov.in/writer eaddata/files/The%20Information%20Technology%20Act%2C%202000%283%29.pdf (Visited
on July 6, 2022).
[13] Available at: http://law.uok.edu.in/Files/5ce6c765-c013-446c-b6ac-b9de496f8751/Custom/Information
_Technology_Act.pdf (Visited
on July 6, 2022).
[14] Information Technology (Amendment) Act, 2008, available at: https://eprocure.gov.in/cppp/rulesan dprocs/kbadqkdlcswfjdelrquehwuxcfmijmuixngudufgbuubgubfugbububjxcgfvsbdihbgfGhdfgFHytyhRtM
Tk4NzY= (Visited on July 6, 2022).
[15] Information Technology (Intermediaries guidelines) Rules, 2011, available
at: https://www.meity.gov.in
/writereaddata/files/GSR314E_10511%281%29_0.pdf (Visited
on July 6, 2022).
[16] Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital
Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021,
available at: https://www.meity.gov.in/content/notification-dated-25th-february-2021-gsr-139e-informa tion-technology-intermediary (Visited on July 6, 2022).
[17] Information Technology (Reasonable Security Practices and Procedures and Sensitive Personal
Information) Rules , available at: 2011https://www.meity.gov.in/writereaddata/files/GSR313E
_10511%281%29_0.pdf (Visited on July 6, 2022).
[18] Supra Note 11.
[26] Ibid.
[27] Ibid.
[29]
The consultation paper on Traffic
Management Practices (TMPs) and Multi-Stakeholder Body for Net Neutrality, 2020.
[30]
TRAI’s Recommendations on Encouraging data usage in Rural Areas through Provisioning of Free Data, 2016.
[31] Ibid.
[36] Ibid.
[38] Ibid.
[39] Ibid.
Article Information
NET NEUTRALITY IN INDIA: REGULATING CYBER SPACE - BY SMITA PATEL
Authors: SMITA PATEL
- Journal IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
- Published 2022/10/21
- Volume 2
- Issue 7
About Journal
International Journal for Legal Research and Analysis
- Abbreviation IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
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- License CC 4.0
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