EXPLORING THE ROLE OF GENDER IDENTITY IN SPORTS: AN EVOLUTION ATTITUDE, FUTURE TRENDS AND CHALLENGES BY - SHAIK ISHRATH SADIQUA
EXPLORING THE ROLE OF GENDER
IDENTITY IN SPORTS: AN EVOLUTION ATTITUDE, FUTURE TRENDS AND CHALLENGES
AUTHORED BY - SHAIK ISHRATH SADIQUA
B.A.LLB. (HONS.)
2nd Year, Semester IV.
ABSTRACT
Sports and physical
activities are one of the human rights which are available to everyone
irrespective of their language, religion, gender, sexual orientation, nation
and so on. But reaching at a successful stage when chosen as a career is difficult
as it gets effected with socio-economic factors, opportunities, Government, and
frameworks which regulates its governance. The Gender identity has emerged as a
significant issue in sports, affecting participation, individual rights. The field
of sports is traditionally with sex binary categories when it comes to
discrimination it is not just with women it also includes non-binary gender
which includes transgender and intersex as well. There are limited number of
non-binary athletes who have undergone through controversies and debates over
the inclusivity, fairness in competition questioning the physiological
advantages. The transgender and intersex women are some of the people who have
often faced discrimination and legally questioned that they may have physical
advantage over the straight women. The perspective on these non-binary gender
athletes differs from country and societal view. The impact of gender identity
on sports can be analyzed from various lenses like societal norms and
perspective. There has been significant shift from non-recognition to categories
which is open for individuals irrespective of genders. In the contemporary era
there are several regulations and independent policies addressing the need of
gender inclusivity but still there are several challenges. This research paper
will into examining the impact of gender identity in the sports, how it impacts
the athletes as well as the evolution and potential future trends in the
perception of gender identity.
KEYWORDS: gender
identity, inclusivity, non-binary athletes, sports, transgender.
1. INTRODUCTION
Gender identity of an
individual refers to a person’s individual and internal experience of gender it
is not same as that of sex[1]. It
is one’s self conception as man or woman or combination of both, it can be
fluctuating between man and woman or outside of these categories. It is
different from biological sex which is limited between male or female[2]. Often,
we find sex and gender interchangeably but they aren’t, in a more simplified
manner ‘sex is a biological classification whereas gender is a social
construct’ of ones[3].
Sports is often considered to include positive
values, morals, ethics, equality, respect and fair play. It also has the
potential to reflect the opposite to these values like undesirable values,
unethical behaviors which may divide society[4].
In the field of sports, the involvement of physical exertion, skills play
primary focus.
The ‘gender identity’
plays an important role in sports as it can affect the basic or fundamental
integrity and often linked to other integrity issues of sports like harassment,
abuse or violence. The meaning of ‘integrity’ depends on the environment, when
it comes to sports it is understood as ‘respect for oneself and others, moral
responsibility and accountability’.[5] Sports
plays an essential role to throw light on how gender effects in the society. Promoting
equality in all facets of sport and recreational activities, irrespective of an
individual's gender identity, is known as gender equity in sport and achieving
this gender equity is a challenge[6].
Some of the key aspects of gender identity in sports include inclusivity along
with diversity, equality, fairness, representation, role modelling, social
justice and human rights.
The sociological perspective
on the gender identity and sports reflects on the complex interplay of human
inclusivity, discrimination, rights and fairness with the sporting world. The
rights of the transgender athletes differ from that of others as they face
different challenges and stigma, with respective to all these issues there have
been several policies and changes[7]. The
social perspective on gender identity in sports emphasizes the difficulties
athletes who do not conform to conventional or traditional gender norms
encounter in navigating eligibility requirements and facing discrimination in
sports, especially transgender people and women with variations in sex
characteristics.[8] This societal perspective on gender identity
in sports is impacted by cultural normal, societal expectations on athletes
with diverse gender identities, conventional ideas of masculinity and femineity
also impact the opinions about athletic achievement and others act as
obstacles. But these perspectives have been changing over the recent times,
with inclusivity and promoting gender diversity among few communities. With
this article I will examine the change in the attitudes, obstacles and
approaches towards the gender identity and sports changed over the time that is
from past to present and what would be future possibilities.
1.2 Research Problem:
The athletes do face
challenges in their field of sports but when it comes to gender identity it is
much more complex as it is associated with ones or individuals’ identity and rights. These athletes’ career is impacted with the
societal perspective as well. This research paper will be addressing the
evolution of attitude towards gender identity in sports, the challenges they
faced along with the regulations associated with it and what could be the
possible future implications.
1.3
Research Questions:
1. How does
Gender identity affect the participation and performance in sports?
2. How has the
view or perception of gender identity in sports evolved over the time, and what
are the potential future trends and challenges in the perception of gender
identity?
1.4 Scope and
Objective:
The research will
primarily delve into the complexities of gender identity within the realm of
sports, with a broad scope that encompasses athletes from diverse backgrounds
around the globe. The focus extends beyond any specific country, aiming to
address the multifaceted concerns and experiences of athletes worldwide. The
objective of this research paper is to:
·
Examine the relationship between the gender identity
and sports participations, considering the factors like societal perspective,
challenges, and inclusion policies.
·
Analyze the historical evolution of gender identity
perception in sports and how it impacts the participation of the athletes and the
address the future challenges and aspects.
1.5 Hypothesis:
There has been a shift
towards gender inclusive categories in sports and several regulations are made
to address the needs and challenges especially faced by non-binary gender
athletes like transgender. But still there exits issues like stigma, rejection
faced by the athletes based on their gender identity. In future these issues
will be addressed with more open opportunities for athletes irrespective of
their background.
1.6 Research Methodology:
A descriptive and
analytical method is followed throughout the course of the paper. Both primary
and secondary data are used to in this research paper. The descriptive research
method is used to obtain information concerning the current scenario with
respect to the research problem. Analytical research is followed in this paper
for the purposes of critically analyzing the research problem. All the
necessary and relevant materials which form a part of the study are collected
from a wide range of sources that include books, articles, journals,
newspapers, reports.
2. GENDER IDENTITY & SPORTS
PARTICIPATION
The term transgender
describes an incongruence between sex and gender: namely, the sex assigned at
birth does not fit the inner feelings of gender identity, a gender expression
that differs from that conventionally expected of people according to their
bodily sex; and/or a desire for alteration of the body's sex/gender
characteristics. Transgender
serves as a category that includes transgender males and females, non-binary
persons (i.e., individuals with gender identities that are neither exclusively
female nor male), and sometimes also non-identifying persons (i.e., individuals
who do not identity as male, female, or transgender).
2.1 Non- Binary Gender
Athletes in Sports:
The field of sports have
become inclusive, but the transgender athletes in sports have at the center of
a complex and controversial debate, reflecting a clash of perspectives on
fairness, identity, inclusion. This issue revolves around the participation of
transgender individuals in competitive sports, particularly women, transgender
women in sports with discussion on the physiological advantages, hormone
changes and impact on competition dynamics[9].
There are also intersex
athletes, the term intersex refers to a person who are born with a
reproductive sexual autonomy that does not fit the common definition of female
or male. It may include genitalia ambiguity and a person being assigned as a
male or female at birth but have characteristics of both sexes[10].
Physiological differences: There is an argument that
transgender women may have an unfair advantage because of their physiological
differences which have potential to endanger cisgender women in sports[11].
These concerns on physiological differences are present as there will be an
impact on hemoglobin levels, muscle mass, bone density and testosterone levels.
It can be an advantage in sports which is leading to debates on fairness and
safety in sports. On the other hand, some advocate for transgender athletes for
inclusion well-being and socialization in sports, also highlighting to how
hormone therapy can help create a more equitable playing field, lessen possible
advantages, and foster a more inclusive environment in sports.
Laurel Hubbard a weight
lifter from New Zealand is Olympics’ first openly transgender became a topic on
debate on fairness.
Rights and
Inclusivity: Human
rights issues are brought up in the conversation of transgender athletes in
sports, with a focus on the need to respect, defend, and support the rights of
transgender women and other people who identify as different from males in
their sexual orientation. It has been difficult for athletes with different sex
characteristics to seek remedy when their rights are infringed, which
emphasizes the need for activism, support, and education within the sports
community[12]. The
experiences of transgender athletes show the need to treat people with respect,
decency, and equity in sporting settings.
Policies and
Regulations: There
is a gap and absence of a unified international framework for transgender
participation in sports. This has
resulted in a patchwork of national and international sporting bodies' policies.
In order to maintain fair competition and athlete safety, eligibility standards
frequently take into account factors such as hormone levels, sex chromosomes,
and physical test results[13].
But there have been
legislative actions in various states and sport’s governing bodies which
imposed restrictions on transgender athletes' participation. They created a
legal landscape that varies significantly across regions and competitions with
an aim to regulate transgender athlete eligibility based on gender identity,
hormone therapy, and physiological factors.
2.2 Challenges faced
by Athletes associated with Gender Identity
Gender is a socially
constructed concept which is not just limited to men and women, in sports
gender plays a significant role in categorizing. Generally male are encouraged
comparatively to that of women. These gender stereotypes, categorization,
inclusion and exclusion impact the athlete’s performance which often act as
barriers.
Mental and Physical
aspects: The
participation in sports provide mental and physical benefits but Sports have
been traditionally perceived as masculine field giving importance to muscular
strength. These activities have the risk of getting hurt, lack of physical
strength are few factors which are considered as barriers to women. With
respect to this the women are underestimated and discouraged to participate.[14]
Barriers and Challenges: Gender discrimination between men
and women can be observed often. There are different factors which act as
obstacles for participation and compete on par with men. These challenges to
women include lack of family support, lack of role model, sexual harassment and
abuse, lack of infrastructure and career opportunities, socio-cultural and
economic barriers and so on.
Male-dominated
environment: Another
reason is the chauvinism that prevents male members, such as sports officials
and other male athletes, from encouraging the group. There are incidents of sexual
assault which act as obstacle to women athletes. Only 42.6% of female head
coaches are found in the statistics, while men hold roughly 57.4% of head
coaching positions in women's sports, painting a depressing picture of a
male-dominated industry[15].
Discrimination and
Transphobia: In
sports contexts, transgender athletes frequently face prejudice, criticism, cyberbullying,
and transphobia. Trans girls and women are disproportionately affected by
social-cultural and legal barriers in sports, which results in their exclusion
on the basis of gender identity. The media contributes to discriminatory
behaviors by upholding negative stereotypes about transgender and nonbinary
athletes.
3. EVOLUTION OF GENDER IDENTITY IN
SPORTS
The perspective on the
Gender Identity in the field of the sports has undergone through evolution
leading to the inclusivity and recognition of transgender men and women as
athletes. This complex evolution is explained through perspectives will be
further explained through three categories that is past perspective, present
trends and future challenges.
Perspectives in the
past:
The historical view of
gender identification in sports demonstrates a complex development or evolution
characterized by obstacles and slow advancements in the direction of
inclusivity. The dominant belief was that the success in sports is achieved
through masculinity. At first, gender was a major factor in sports segregation,
which promoted masculine characteristics in athletics and reinforced gender
stereotypes. The conversation on gender began to challenge the binary
understanding of gender by moving away from an emphasis on sex and towards an
interdisciplinary and relational approach. Scholars started to see gender as a
relational term and a process, which faced criticism of the patriarchal nature
of sports and the social norms that molded them[16].
This introduction of ‘gender’
in the discourse of sports studies started reflecting in 1970’s especially
female scholars, the second wave feminism and contemporaneous increase in the
participation of women in sports and female scholars in sport and studies was
observed. There was influence of postmodernism and deconstruction on the
development theory in sports and studies.
Scholars like Robert J.
Stoller [17]made a
distinction between ‘sex’ and ‘gender’ in which the difference between male and
female, culture and nature, as well as dualistic, hierarchical nature or forms of
sex and gender were questioned.
Historically, the sports system was firmly rooted
in a male-dominated and binary gender order, which prevented people who didn't
fit into the traditional notions of gender from engaging in organized sports.
The prevailing assumption of male domination in athletics led to the
continuation of sex-based athlete segregation, which exacerbated gender
disparities and discriminatory experiences. With the rigid sex-segregated
competitive structure there was limited scope to the opportunities of
individuals who did not fit into the norms, creating barriers to the inclusion,
perpetuating stereotypes about femininity and masculinity in sports. [18]
The rise of feminist perspectives
in sports studies challenged the traditional norms and called for a radical
transformation. The debate surrounding gender identity in sports has brought
attention to the need to transition from a gender-segregated organization to a
more inclusive and expanded definition of gender that is in line with larger
societal shifts in gender norms[19].
Present trends and
perspective:
Even though women
competed in the Olympic Games for the first time in 1900 in Paris, it wasn't
until the Summer Olympics in 2012 when all events were contested by women, and
every national Olympic committee sent a female athlete to compete. Professional
women's sports began to take off in the latter half of the 20th century[20].
The inclusivity of LBT+
athletes non-cis gender athletes in the organized sports showcases the present
era’s perspective on gender identity in sports. The non-cisgender athletes
include transgender men, transgender women, non-binary and non-identifying
individuals. As of now there are limited European countries like Argentina,
Iceland and Malta which recognize non-cisgender athletes.
There exists an issue of
transgender and intersex athletes' participation in sports, particularly in
their competitive structure of sports. The transgender athletes are frequently
held accountable for questioning fairness and the level playing field in
sports, questioning the binary sex-segregated elite and recreational sports
system, and possessing unfair physical advantages. In the European context the inclusivity of
transgender is rarely quantitatively examined, they face different challenges
like prejudice and sports organization are accused of implementing policies
which are discriminatory policies of adhering to binary sex-segregation and not
considering gender identity of other categories and systematically excluding
transgender athletes.[21]
Countries like Australia, Canada, USA and so on have made guidelines,
independent policies for more inclusive and gender-diverse people to
participate in sports.
The intersex athletes compete within female
competition as they do not fit in the gender binary and may have unfair
advantage when competing in a female sport. In an attempt to determine whether
an athlete should compete as a male or a female, the IAAF has established
regulations and carried out research[22].
The discontinuation of
sex testing is one of the big changes made by IOC (International Olympic
Committee) in relation with the gender identity in sports from the past. Here
women were undergone through sex testing that is they had to walk around in a
nude parade to prove their genitals. The problems with sex testing included
invalid screening tests, failure to understand problems of intersex,
discriminatory singling out of women based on lab results, stigmatization and
emotional trauma.
However, IOC has
continued in analyzing or testing hormones and chromosomes although the experts
appointed to the task have not yet reached a consensus on what hormone levels
are "normal" for female athletes. With respect to all these aspects
it is clear that there has been a sign of inclusivity and change in the attitude
towards the gender identity of athletes but still there exists different
challenges which are undergoing.
For better understanding
of the Gender identity in sports let us look at few athletes as give below:
Renée
Richards a former
tennis player participated in professional tennis competitions in the 1970s
changed her self-identification from male to female and underwent gender reassignment
surgery. Later she was denied from entry to the 1976 U.S. open for which she
disputed this ban and the matter was taken to the Supreme Court where a
landmark ruling on transgender rights were made. The court held that USTA had
discriminated and infringed her rights, further she was granted permission to
compete as a woman in U.S. Open and reached double finals.[23]
Caster Semenya first
gained worldwide attention in the year 2009 on competing in 800 meters at the
age of 18 years in the World championship in Berlin. The issue arises when she was subjected to
battery of tests by IAAF designed to determine whether she should be allowed to
race under the category of woman and media started reporting on alleged leaks
of tests. Semenya has never been publicly identified as intersex[24].
She got barred from running in certain races unless they lowered their
testosterone levels via medical intervention because of ‘differences of sex
development’ in order to compete in certain events[25].
Contemporary
Regulations of Non-Binary Athletes: There are several regulations, guidelines that are associated
with the non-binary athletes to address their participation in sports here are few
of them as given below.
In the year 2016, based
on the new guidelines adopted by the IOC transgender athletes were allowed to
compete in the Olympics and other international events without undergoing sex
reassignment surgery[26].
But later the International Olympic Committee (IOC) after two-year consultation
process with more than 250 athletes and concerned stakeholders released “IOC
Framework on Fairness, Inclusion and Non-Discrimination on the Basis of Gender
Identity and Sex Variations” on 16 November 2021[27].
This framework, which was
primarily developed from a human rights perspective with minimal consideration
of medical or scientific issues, supersedes the 2015 IOC consensus on
hyperandrogenism and sex reassignment, which was reached after an intensive
in-person meeting that concentrated on the scientific and medical aspects of
sex, gender, and performance[28].
In line with the values
embedded in the Olympic Charter, the IOC hopes to foster a secure and welcoming
environment for all participants in elite-level competition through the use of
this Framework. The Framework also recognizes the crucial role that eligibility
criteria play in maintaining equity, especially in women's high-level organized
sport, as a part of gender equality and inclusion[29].
This Framework
acknowledges the need to guarantee that everyone can engage in sports in a
safe, harassment-free environment that respects and acknowledges their needs
and identities, regardless of gender identity or sexual orientation. It also
acknowledges the interest of everyone, especially elite athletes, to take part in
fair competitions where no competitor has an unfair or disproportionate
advantage over the others.
Finally, the IOC points
out that men's and women's divisions compete independently in the majority of
elite organized sports events. The Framework's guiding principles in this
regard are meant to guarantee that competition in each of these categories is
safe and equitable, and that athletes are not disqualified based only on their
gender identification or transgender identity.[30]
The "Eligibility
Regulations for Transgender Athlete (Version 2.0)" were published by the
IAAF (International Association of Athletics Federations in 2023 and went into
force on March 31, 2023. According to these regulations, transgender male
athletes must present a signed, written statement confirming their gender
identity as male.[31]
According to the regulations, transgender athletes must also meet all
applicable eligibility standards in order to participate in World Rankings
Competitions in the sex category that corresponds with their gender identity[32].
But in the Paris 2024
Olympics transgender athletes faced restrictions compared to previous rules, as
it was recently decided that these athletes must have undergone or completed
their transitions before the age of 12 in order to avoid unfair advantage.[33]
Two-time Olympic champion
Sebastian Coe, president of the World Athletics Council, stated that there is a
"overriding need to protect the female category" (1980 and
1984). World Aquatics voiced similar opinions
when it announced the creation of its new "Gender Inclusion Policy."
"This does not imply pushing them to become transgender before the age of
twelve. Spokesman for World Aquatics President Husain Al-Musallam James Pearce
said, "It's what scientists say: if you transition after the onset of
puberty, you have an advantage, which is unfair".[34]
In an effort to protect
women's sports, the International Cycling Union (UCI) has prohibited
transgender athletes who have achieved puberty before changing from competing.
However, for individuals who don't fit the new gender norms, a new category
called "men/open" has been created[35].
All parties involved in
sports, such as the IOC, IFs, and sponsors are encouraging to provide, WADA
(World Anti-Doping Agency) and research organizations, including as medical and
biomedical research councils, to commit the required funds to carry out crucial
studies in order to promote more empirically based scientific solutions that
are congruent with a comprehensive understanding of human rights and justice.[36]
With respect to all these
aspects it can be said that the implementation of IOC’s 2021 framework is a
major challenge for IFs (International Sports Federation). The eligibility
regulations would be drawn by the sports IF based on the Fair competition. The
developments of 2021 IOC framework in many countries would be unlawful, leaving
all responsibilities to the IFs. Different countries have distinct perspective
and independent policy for more inclusive sports.
Future Attitude:
The sources emphasized
that a shift towards more inclusivity and acceptance of gender identification
in sports is anticipated in the future. Increasingly, academic fields agree
that transgender women and girls will play a significant role in sports in the
future, highlighting the significance of equality, empowerment, and universal
access to sports for all people[37].
The IOC’s 2021 framework
recommended that the athletes should not be deemed to experience an unfair or
disproportionate competitive advantage because of the sex variations,
transgender status or physical appearance[38].
The Center for American
Progress observed in 2021 that cisgender women and girls' engagement in sports
and athletic accomplishments have not been negatively impacted by the presence
of trans athletes in high school. In reality, the overall involvement of women
and girls has increased in places like Connecticut and California that have had
trans-inclusive policies for years[39].
Most scientific studies
on trans athletes are inconclusive, make incorrect comparisons, or expressly
state that their conclusions cannot be used to justify the outlawing of
transgender athletes. Studies are far too frequently chosen to fit particular
ideologies. The results of research on gender and sex are complicated, and the
most widely referenced studies include many biases, limits, and other issues.[40]
The majority of studies falsely
claim that trans women and cisgender men are biologically similar.
A shifting climate
necessitates nuanced methods to address structural discrimination and develop
inclusive initiatives for non-cisgender athletes, as seen by the growing
policies and conversations around the inclusion of transgender and intersex
athletes in sports[41].There
are active student-athletes who are
already looking through a gendered sporting lens, there are also perception of
threats to established gender norms which can influence the particular identity
and interests as per few researches[42].
In total the inclusion of
other genders other than cisgender into the sports is primarily an ideological
issue rather than a scientific issue and the attitude towards the non-binary
gender is subjective. With respect to all these aspects there are positive sign
towards the inclusivity of non-binary genders along with challenges like
traditional gender norms, debates on fairness, competitive advantages, and
balance between inclusion and maintaining integrity in sports.
CONCLUSION
By this analysis over
gender identity in sprots it can be concluded that gender identity plays a
significant role in terms of participation and performance with the athletes
often facing challenges like stereotypes, acceptance, inclusivity. The
conventional categories in sports includes binary sex-segregated system that is
male and female where often the male domination can be observed. When it comes
to gender identity it also includes transgender and intersex there are
arguments and debates that these athletes are challenge to binary
sex-segregated system and have unfair physical advantages where as other
emphasize the importance of inclusivity, equal opportunities regardless of
gender identity. As the society evolves the perception of gender identity also
have changed, there have been legal decisions that brought attention to the
inclusion of non-cisgender athletes, there has been shift from only male
dominated field to gender inclusive sports yet there are few countries which do
not completely accept or consider the inclusion. The future of gender identity
in sports is likely to involve all these aspects and make a societal shift
towards greater awareness, understanding of gender identity. Promoting
inclusive involvement, creating third categories, ensuring policy consistency,
and supporting ongoing research to support evidence-based decision-making are
some ideas for resolving these issues. All athletes, regardless of gender
identity, may engage in and succeed in sports if we work to create a more
welcoming and equal athletic environment.
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