Open Access Research Article
COMBATING QUEER DISCRIMINATION IN THE AGE OF LGBTQ RIGHTS - INDIA (By- Anushka Chowdhary)
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Article Details
COMBATING
QUEER DISCRIMINATION IN THE AGE OF LGBTQ RIGHTS
- INDIA
Authored by- Anushka Chowdhary, Delhi, India August, 2022
Index
|
Topic
|
Page Number
|
|
Introduction
-
Status In India
-
Statement Of Problem
|
3
|
|
Hypothesis
|
5
|
|
Data Collection
|
6
|
|
Research
Analysis
|
7
|
|
Limitations
|
9
|
|
History of LGBTQ
-
Rights Through Resistance
-
Hate Crime
|
11
|
|
Evolution
In Respect To Laws In India
- Progression
|
14
|
|
LGBTQ Movement and the Law
- Limitations and challenges
|
20
|
|
The Way Forward
|
23
|
|
Conclusion
|
27
|
|
Bibliography
|
28
|
Introduction
For a society to evolve, it must constantly change in accordance with the
needs for development. Under
International Law, the states are obligated to protect the human rights of each
individual including civil, cultural,
economic, political and social rights further referring to a collection of the following: the right to work, rights
at a workplace; right to security; rights to an adequate standard of living; right to education; right to health and
certain family and cultural rights.
“As men and women of conscience, we reject discrimination in general, and in particular discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender
identity. Where there is a tension between cultural attitudes and universal human rights,
rights must carry the day,”1
A society categorically structured between sex and gender prospects people as “male” or “female” on every level. In reality, the sexuality
of humans is diverse in nature and can be fixed or fluid. LGBTQ+ may not have received its legal recognition all
around the world but sure has made a
relevant identity around the world and has additionally achieved legal rights
in a few counties after years of
battles.
Status In
India:
A large number of protests against Section 377 were staged across India,
which led to political activism
across all parties to support its repeal. The Supreme Court Of India issued a
verdict on 6 September 2018, in a unanimous ruling declaring Section
377 to be unconstitutional as it infringed the fundamental rights
of autonomy, intimacy,
and identity, thereby
legalizing homosexuality in
India.2 However, combatting discrimination based on sexual
orientation and gender identity is a
task even in the 21st century with laws available to protect them.
Statement Of Problem
In a society where the only acceptable orientation is heterosexuality and homosexuality is viewed
as abnormal, LGBTQ individuals face numerous challenges. The goal of this hate
crime is to instill fear in a community with a message.
Moral, religious, and political
beliefs of dominant groups are a few factors to reinforce
homophobia on a larger scale.
Hypothesis
There is a need for separate laws in India to address the legal and
social challenges LGBT individuals face on a daily basis. In order to protect
LGBT rights as human rights, better implementation of laws is needed.
Data Collection
All the data collected for the research
study is secondary and is thoroughly analysed.
The data has been collected from several different articles,
newspapers, thesis, blogs, etc. Methods of the
data collection for the research
also include a review of literature, the history of homosexuals, etc.
2 Navtej Singh
Johar & Ors. v. Union
of India thr. Secretary Ministry
of Law and Justice
Research Analysis
There is no quick fix that can solve all the problems affecting LGBT
communities throughout the world. The next future action for LGBT activists
is to encourage, promote and demand a proposition
from the government for legislation that would permit LGBTQ couples to marry, adopt and inherit
property from their spouses and/or the family.
Even though the Union government left the legality
of Section 377 to the judicial
body in 2018, it has also stated to likely
to oppose any same-sex marriage petition. It is unconstitutional to deny these
basic rights solely based on a
person's sexual orientation, as this violates the fundamental rights to
equality and liberty, Article 14 and
Article 19 respectively
Same-sex couples are deprived of social and legal recognition and of
state benefits due to the denial of marriage rights
to the LGBTQ+ community. Legislation recognizing same-sex marriage
can be achieved through an amendment to the Special Marriage Act.
The core legal obligations of States with respect to protecting the human
rights of LGBT people include
obligations to:
?
Protect individuals from homophobic and transphobic violence.
?
Prevent torture and cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment.
?
Repeal laws criminalizing homosexuality and transgender people.
?
Prohibit discrimination based on sexual
orientation and gender
identity.
?
Safeguard freedom of expression, association, and peaceful assembly
for all LGBT people.3
Civil rights remain a barrier
for the LGBTQ+ community. In spite of homosexuality being decriminalised, still, the laws in India remain hostile
and prejudicial towards
the LGBT community. The boundless gap between the legislative and the judicial
perception of the LGBTQ+
community restrains their development.
Limitations/Challenges
Primarily, a petition
to assert the right of marriage to same-sex couples
under the Hindu Marriage Act is still pending and the outcome
remains uncertain in the Delhi High Court, further contributing to the current status of no
provisions for civil partnerships for same-sex marriages
Marriage
Section 13(2)(ii) of the Hindu Marriage Act states that a wife is
entitled to petition for divorce on the
ground of rape, sodomy, or bestiality committed on her by the husband, the same
is followed by the Special Marriage
Act as well as Parsi Law - however, due to the judgment for amendment of Section 377 Indian Penal Code, the
above-mentioned terms need to be redefined alongwith.
Family
-
Adoption: It is undeniable that adoption is a complex
issue and even heterosexual couples have a difficult
time adopting a child considering the anti-trafficking laws. Nonetheless, at least a heterosexual couple can apply
for adoption whereas, the act basically deprives same-sex couples of the right to adopt. While there are more
than 20 million orphans and abandoned
children in India, most of whom live in abysmally poor conditions, the law continues
to prevent partners
from adopting a child solely on the basis of their gender/sexual orientation.
Regulation 5(3) of the Adoption
Regulation Act, 2017
stipulates that only couples who have been
in a stable relationship for two years can adopt a child. Furthermore, the
section explicitly refers to the
couple as “wife” and “husband”.
-
Surrogate: Surrogacy Regulation Bill 2019 outlines
that “Indian Citizens who have been married for at
least 5 years” are eligible to parent a surrogate child, thereby, legally forbidding the queers to parent through
surrogacy.
Work:
The Employment Provident Fund Scheme, 1952, and Workmen’s Compensation
Act, 1923 are a few of the certain
economic legal benefits
that the people only related
either by blood or
marriage enjoy. Even though they were drafted decades ago, their
distinct explanation explicitly deprives
the LGBTQ+ community of the said benefits as well.
Exploitation:
Laws regarding rape and harassment are currently based on a 'male-female' binary.
The perpetrator can only be
male while the victim can only be female.
Reference; Section 375 Rape, Section 354A Sexual Harassment, Section 345B
Assault or use of criminal force to woman with intent to disrobe,
Section 354C Voyeurism, Section 345D Stalking, Indian Penal Code.
History of LGBTQ In India
Homosexuality has always been a part of India’s ancient and mythological
history. However, it took the system
more than 80 years approximately to win the long battle for a legal entity. A
law dating back to the nineteenth
century became a tool to harass and exploit all those who didn't conform
to the traditional binary of sexuality
and gender.
Vedic-Age Era
In ancient India, homosexuality, or non-normative sexual identity was
recognized as the third nature, or “tritiya prakriti” as per the Gay and Lesbian Vaishnava
Association (GALVA)4
During the pilgrimage dynasty temples constructed had explicit depictions
of queer couples. Devdutt Pattanaik,
Mythologist described the illustration as “One invariably finds erotic images including those that modern law deems
unnatural and society considers obscene.”
Mughal-Age Era
The first Mughal Emperor, Babur, has documented in his memoirs about a
young man named Baburi, often as
“Babur Nama” in his lovelorn strophes.
Auparashtika - transgender sexual activity, is widely discussed in Kamasutra to depict oral sexual gestures.
Rights Through
Resistance
While gender-neutral harassment laws are necessary, the private and
public sectors must also develop
anti-discrimination policies and take action to eliminate prejudiced
stereotypes based on homophobia and
transphobia.
Transgender: The trans community has been subjected to exploitation,
ostracization, exclusion, humiliation, and violence by both, society
and authorities in power. A public information campaign5 designed by the former High Commissioner Navi
Pillayi was instituted in 2013 with a motive
to raise awareness of transphobia adding to the violence and discrimination
against the LGBTQ Community in order
to promote respect and demand equality for the rights of LGBTQ identifiers.
4 The evolution of the perception and acceptance of the LGBTQ+
community in India
BY CAMILLE-MAYA JAYANTHI
LEMESL
Lesbian: Lesbianism has little if any room in India today and is considered
a personal problem.
A major challenge that presently confronts lesbians in India is the
absence of not only a social identity but also that of a historic-cultural context.
Patriarchal sexism conjointly with homophobia is a huge part of the LGBTQ community where the burden of supposed
heterosexuality is forced upon them when a woman declares herself as
lesbian or bisexual. It is a common belief that suggests
they undergo 'corrective rapes' in which she sexually
interacts with a man without her consent to treat the
'Disease of Homosexuality'.
Gay: Synonym with the lesser. As a result of representation, certain
issues can lead to a shift in addressing the perspectives. This often steers to a
gender-identity existential crisis.
-
Bullying - The common thread of such incidents is that they are manifestations of deep-rooted
prejudices and discriminatory attitudes that persist in these institutions.
from the university after being subjected to homophobic misconduct. He was filmed and blackmailed by unknown assailants who
broke into his home and invaded his privacy thereby, disclosing his personal relationship with his partner. Later,
the professor was found dead under cryptic
circumstances when he raised his voice and sought injustice in the court.
6 Moti @ Mohit vs State (Nct Of Delhi)
on 31 October, 2011
7 SR Siras
v. Aligarh Muslim
University, High Court
at Allahabad, India
(1 April 2010)
Evolution
In Respect To Laws In India
2001 - 2009
Naz
Foundation V. Nct Of Delhi
Lucknow police had detained men solely based on the suspicion of them
being gays. In addition to these men
being arrested, nine more men were arrested on the basis of them being
associated with a non-profit that
aimed to educate people about safe sexual practices and STD's.
After this incident, Naz Foundation alongwith Lawyers’ Collective filed a
petition in the High Court of Delhi
challenging the fundamentally violating nature aligned with the constitutional validity of Section 377 Indian Penal Code.
After years of litigation, the High Court
of Delhi decision
came out in 2009 which concluded that Section 377 of the IPC imposed an unreasonable
restriction on two adults engaging in consensual
intercourse in private. Additionally stating that under the law, public health
efforts to reduce the risk of
transmission of HIV/AIDS were undermined because people were afraid of being prosecuted under this Section which
further prevented an open discussion about sexuality and lifestyle.
2013
Suresh Kumar Koushal V. NAZ Foundation9
In light of India’s history based on cultural tradition, several faith
groups and individuals who value
norms over anything sternly rejected the idea of decriminalising homosexual
relationships. An 8-year-long battle
had been fought for the community to reach where it had reached, to be able to rejoice this significant victory
in this battle was tarnished when the Supreme Court, on 11th December 2013, overturned Delhi High Court’s
judgement and decriminalised Homosexuality.
This judgement by the Supreme Court was not received well and faced
severe backlash from every nook and
corner for neglecting the basic human rights of homosexuals.
Nonetheless, this judgment acting at the forefront of the LGBTQ movement
rekindled the spirit of the citizens
by bringing altogether a new wave of activism in India. As a result, we
witnessed an upsurge of people coming in support of the movement.
2014
The question in limelight before the Supreme Court was whether hijras and
transgender people deserved to be recognised as a third gender for the purposes
of public health,
education, employment,
reservation, and other welfare schemes.
The court recognized that a conflict between one's birth gender and his
or her identity is not necessarily
pathological. This turned into a landmark judgement creating a status of 'third
gender' for hijras or transgenders. After the judgment,
transgender people could proudly identify themselves as transgender/third gender and no longer had to identify
themselves as male or female.
-
Sex reassignment surgery:
This judgment was inclusive of transgenders changing
their gender without having to undergo sex
reassignment surgery.
-
State governments took small steps to assist transgender people with health and housing policies.
State governments took small steps to assist transgender people with health and housing policies.
8 WP(C) No.7455/2001
2017
K.S. Puttaswamy v Union of India11
Justice K.S. Puttaswamy is the retired judge of the Karnataka High Court
who challenged the government over the mandatory
Aadhar system. As a result of this case, Indian legislation criminalizing same-sex relationships was
put to a constitutional test. This led to constitutional challenges to a wide range of Indian legislation thereby turning
it into a landmark judgment.
A nine-judge bench
of the Supreme Court unanimously held that the right to privacy is part of the right to life and to personal liberty
under the umbrella
of Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. Individuals have a right to
privacy, including the right to make their own decisions, the right to maintain their own bodily integrity, and the right to keep their information confidential.
Furthermore, this observation indicates that the impact of the law is not limited solely to prosecution or punishment, but can even include indirect
effects, such as creating a hostile
environment
for LGBTQ+ communities.
However, K Puttaswamy
V. Union of India case, (popularly called as Aadhar judgment) Justice Chandrachud’s opinion featured a section
titled “discordant notes.” It basically dealt with two Supreme court judgments. The first was about the infamous case of Additional District Magistrate, Jabalpur v S.S. Shukla
which upheld the denial of basic fundamental rights while the second part referred to the Koushal case
rejecting the rhetoric of the “so-called” rights of the LGBTQ+ community.
2019
Navtej Singh Johar V. Union Of India12
Ultimately, Government officials stated that they would
not interfere in the matter
and would allow
the court to decide it in its wisdom. Section 377 was alleged
to violate the constitutional rights
to privacy, freedom of expression, equality, dignity and protection against
discrimination. The Court explicitly overturned its 2013 judgement. Ultimately, the Supreme
Court, in 2018,
ruled that Section 377 is unconstitutional because
it violates the fundamental rights
of autonomy, intimacy, and identity, which legalizes homosexuality in India. A major point of emphasis
was also that discrimination based on sexual
orientation is unconstitutional because it's a natural phenomenon, as proved by scientific and biological evidence. They also elaborated
on the issues of mental
health, dignity, privacy,
right to self-determination, and transgender issues.
Despite the fact that the Constitution prohibits discrimination, it only applies to the government and its agencies
Justice Indu Malhotra quoted
“History owes an apology to the members of this community and their families, for the delay in providing
redressal for the ignominy and ostracism that they have suffered through the
centuries”.
Progression
?
In February 2014, the Indian Psychiatric Society
released a statement saying homosexuality
is not a disease, and that it did not recognise it as one.
?
In April 2014, Health Minister
Harsh Vardhan made an unexpected
comment about equality, saying:
“Everybody, including gays, has human rights. It is the job
of the government to protect their rights.” 13
12 WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 76 OF 2016
1.
Inheritance: Himachal Pradesh High Court recognized
the right of Sweety(eunuch) to inherit the property of her deceased
chela following the guru-chela parampara of the Hijra community in 2016 in Sweety(eunuch)
V. General Public.14 As per the court’s decision, the appellant was recognized as a family
of the deceased and legal
heir.15
2.
In 2000, the 172nd Law Commission Report recommended
that both the perpetrator and victim
of sexual offenses should be described neutrally. However, the recommendation was met with fierce criticism from
activists who claimed it would ignore the reality of sexual violence in society, where
women are in a much more disadvantageous position.
3.
The Madras
High Court passed an order in June 2021 to adopt the guidelines laid down by the court for the purpose of creating a
conducive environment conducive to LGBTQ+ students in schools.16
1)
Ensure availability of gender-neutral restrooms for the gender-non-conforming student.
2)
Change of name and gender on academic records for a transgender person
3)
Inclusion of ‘transgender’ in application forms for
admission, competitive exams, etc.
4)
Appointing counselors who are LGBTQ+ inclusive for staff
and students to address grievances
and provide solutions.
5)
Implement measures laid down with respect to health,
education and social security for transgender
persons.
13 Live Law https://stories5629.rssing.com
14 R.S.A. No. 17 of 2016
15 MANU/HP/1242/2016
4. In a landmark ruling in March 2021, the Kerala High Court declared that transgender people should not be
refused entry to the National Cadet Corps (NCC) because of their identities.17
There have been basically two strands in the use of
legislation as a tool for attaining LGBT rights.
The first approach is to link up with transnational actors when the local
movements are nascent or dispersed.
If the local movement is consolidated enough to challenge the courts, then constitutional law and judicial
interpretation should be used as the second measure.
LGBTQ Movement And The Law
The law is tasked with effectively implementing the fundamental rights of
the Constitution of India by taking
out the subject of liberty and dignity from the realm of majoritarian
governments, in order to ensure
that constitutional morality can be properly applied to protect, among other rights of 'discrete and insular’ minorities.
Secondly, as explained by Justice DY Chandrachud, ‘Constitutional
morality requires that this Court must act as a counter-majoritarian institution which discharges the responsibility of protecting
constitutionally entrenched rights, regardless of what the majority may
believe’.
16 W.P.No.7284 of 2021
17 Hina Haneefa
@Muhammed Ashif Alin v. State
of Kera
Limitations To
The Rights Of The LGBTQ Community
Originally, the laws were not framed with an intention to explicitly
target homosexuals, just any sexual
acts that were not for procreation. Over time, however, these laws came to be
used more and more as an instrument
of oppression against LGBT+ Indians. “The lack of a united narrative about homosexuality across India meant
that there was no singular dissenting voice against the forced implementation of Section 377 in 1860.”
The Supreme Court's judgment only held that consensual homosexual sex
cannot be considered a crime under the Indian Constitution, this narrowed the scope of the judgment. Needless to mention, by signaling its support for the
LGBTQ community, the Court had a positive impact on the discourse about sexuality in public places.
Moreover, establishing legal principles of equality
- that a queer person is entitled to the full protection of the laws
without discrimination by the state
has laid the foundation for future challenges to other discriminatory laws.
Transgender Persons (Protection of
Rights) Bill, 2019: With the intent of protecting the rights of transgender people, the Transgender
Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill, 2019, was enacted to prevent discrimination against the
transgender community in employment, education, health care and access to government and private establishments. While attempting to empower the community, the bill exposes
them to institutional oppression and dehumanizes their bodies.
There is a discriminatory aspect of the bill, as it prescribes a
punishment of only two years in the case
of 'sexual abuse against transgender', while if the same type of offence had
occurred against women the punishment would extend to seven years. Consequently, imposing
different punishments for the
same crime solely based on gender identity is inherently discriminatory, arbitrary, and in contravention
of the equal protection clause.18
In its current form, the bill neglects the viciousness and atrocities
transgenders face within their own
families. Transgender individuals are barred from leaving their families and
joining trans communities, infringing on their right
to associate with any certain
organisation/community.
“‘The Parliament has passed the Transgender Persons (Protection of
Rights) Act, 2019 which is very
problematic as it does not allow for self-determination of transgender status.
The Act also does not offer the
reservations in public employment and education as had been directed by an earlier Supreme Court judgment. The Act
has been challenged in the Supreme Court and there is an urgent need to
remedy its more draconian provisions.’
A God-fearing society attempted to disguise their
unease by trying to show they treat trans as
God, but the community only
wants to be treated as humans.
The Context In
Question:
Hijras, Aravanis, Kothis,
Jogtas, and Shiva-Shaktis may or may not
identify themselves as transgender females, or part of the gender-variant
male communities.
In 2019, the Parliament passed the Transgender Persons (Protection of
Rights) Act, which is problematic
since it does not allow transgender people to determine their own gender
identity. Furthermore, the Act does
not provide reservations in matters of employment and education in accordance with a previous
Supreme Court decision.
The Act has been challenged in the Supreme
Court and there is an
urgent need to remedy its more draconian provisions.19
18 MANU/RH/1466/2017
In reference to Article 14, Article 15, Article 19, Article 21, and
Article 29, the lack of laws for non Recognition of same-sex marriages, not allowing adoption, guardianship,
surrogacy, IVF, not having access to
safe and LGBT+ inclusive schools, colleges and workplaces are all violation of Constitutional Rights.
Similarly, advocates' dress code is governed by the binary of male and
female. The Bar Council of India
rules under Section 49 (I) (gg) of the Advocates Act stipulates forms of
dresses or robes for “advocates” and
“lady advocates”.
The Way Forward
Several views contend that same-sex marriages can be permitted after
reinterpreting, adapting, or amending existing laws or by adopting
gender-neutral language in the
legislation.
In order to achieve compatibility for LGBTQ Community with the Special
Marriage Act, 1954, Section-4(c)
requires the following amendment;
?
“the
parties if ‘males’ and if ‘females’ must have attained the age of ‘twenty-one’
and ‘eighteen’ years respectively,
for the purpose of marriage”, and to incorporate a provision that ‘Same-sex marriages are permitted
?
the terms ‘Husband’ and ‘Wife’ should also be
interpreted with respect to the LGBTQ+ people,
in the Special Marriage Act, 1954.
By authorizing same-sex
marriages, the Special
Marriage Act, 1954, thus demonstrates its compliance with Article 15 of the Indian Constitution since
it would otherwise be discriminatory
toward same-sex couples, thereby violating Article 15. Human Dignity, Including
the Right to Life and Freedom From Arbitrary Deprivations of Life and Politically
Motivated Killings
19 W.p.10882/2014
A second strategy is to speak up for
intersectional justice within the human rights discourse.
"Like racism and all forms of prejudice, bigotry against transgender people is a deadly carcinogen. We are pitted against each
other in order to keep us from seeing each other as allies. Genuine
bonds of solidarity can be forged between people who respect
each other's differences
and are willing to fight
their enemy together. We are the class that does the work of the world and
can revolutionize it. We can win true liberation." -Transgender
Liberation: A movement whose time has
come
Last but not least, mainstream social movements must acknowledge that
among the voices that have been
overlooked are those of queer formations not linked to sexual politics and
sexual communities in LGBT historiography, since queer desires
transcend LGBT identities.
The way exclusion of LGBT workers from the labour market can diminish
their human capital is if they suffer discrimination in wages, which causes them to earn lower returns
on their investments in human capital than those
workers who do not face such discrimination. Investing may be less likely for LGBT people
if they receive lower returns due to discrimination.
The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and
Redressal) Act or POSH Act only recognises women as victims
of sexual harassment at the workplace. It automatically
eliminates the possibility of LGBTQ+ people being victims of workplace sexual harassment. Changing laws does require social change, but a lack of societal
readiness cannot be an excuse
not to change laws.
Oftentimes the law has to
lead, and society must simply follow.
Lgbtq & Educational Institutes
LGBT+ adolescents face tremendous physical,
mental, and emotional
abuse. In a survey conducted by the United Nations cultural
Agency on 400 LGBT+ youth in India, it was revealed that over 60% of LGBT+ youth faced bullying in middle school / high school, 43% reported
incidents of being sexually harassed in school, with 70% suffering from anxiety
and depression and shockingly 33% of them even drop out
because of bullying altogether.
A critical link between economic outcomes, stigma, and exclusion is the
educational and training process.
In order to become more productive and achieve economic growth, young people
need general human capital, which
includes skills, abilities, knowledge, and health.
Currently, there is not any concrete anti-bullying legislation or policy
regulating bullying and discrimination against
LGBTQ individuals in India. The policy must address the homophobic and transphobic violence,
including bullying which also
aligns with the mandate for proper quality
education for learning environments that are non-violent, safe, and inclusive.
In Delhi, the Directorate of Education (Lt Governor) has instituted a notification that a transgender child is included as a
"child belonging to the disadvantaged group" as defined under Section 2(d) of the RTE Act. To ensure
that schools are a safe places for LGBT+ students, it is imperative that other states take some of the same progressive
steps.
The LGBT movement is undergoing a leadership transition, with long-serving leaders
passing the baton to a new
generation. Many major LGBT leaders are baby boomers who will need to leave a
lasting legacy so that future leaders may
build on their pioneering efforts.
Leaders of LGBT non-profits now and tomorrow require assistance
throughout this continuing transformation so that their
organisations may maintain
their institutional vision,
knowledge, personal networks, and historical context. At the same time,
leadership investments are required to
assist new and rising leaders in using their energy and fresh ideas to
guarantee that their organisations
may become even more successful and contribute to the overall vitality of the LGBT equality
movement.
Conclusion
It is also important as a means of ending injustice. Whether or not a
part of the queer committee, but
mainly as citizens of the world, we have a duty to oppose injustice wherever we
see it. No freedom till we are
equals. The intersectional theory places language to the layers that make up each of us, identifies where they
intersect, and illuminates how we experience the world as a result of the compounding effects of
racial and gender discrimination. It is now widely applied within many social justice spaces to speak
to the compounding impacts of racial and gender discrimination. By ignoring these intersectionalities,
marginalized groups can be left behind even
more. This would not only be unjust,
but it would seriously undermine the credibility of the queer movement in the eyes of most of its
members.
‘I am what I am,
so take
me as I am’ – Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Bibliography
Articles:
?
Evolution of LGBT Rights in India and taking the narrative forward:
Living free and equal
?
TheQuint
https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/homosexuality-rss-ancient-indian-culture-section-377#
read-more
?
An Exploratory Study of Discriminations based on Non-Normative Genders and Sexualities
?
Inheritance rights of transgender persons in India https://www.nipfp.org.in/media/medialibrary/2021/08/WP_350_2021.pdf
Case Laws:
Article Information
COMBATING QUEER DISCRIMINATION IN THE AGE OF LGBTQ RIGHTS - INDIA (By- Anushka Chowdhary)
Authors: Anushka Chowdhary
- Journal IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
- Published 2022/08/03
- Volume 2
- Issue 7
About Journal
International Journal for Legal Research and Analysis
- Abbreviation IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
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