BLOCKCHAIN AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY---A DYNAMIC DUO FOR THE RADICAL UPHEAVAL BY - ABHISHEK SINGH & KRUNAL MODI
BLOCKCHAIN
AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY---A DYNAMIC DUO FOR THE RADICAL UPHEAVAL
AUTHORED BY -
ABHISHEK SINGH & KRUNAL MODI
ABSTRACT:
Blockchain is a
decentralized and tamper-resistant digital ledger that records transactions
across a network of computers. It ensures transparency, security, and the
immutability of data. As the name indicates, a blockchain is a chain of blocks
that contains information.
On the other side,
intellectual creations of the mind, such as inventions, literary and artistic
works, designs, symbols, names, images, etc., are used for commercial purposes.
Intellectual property (IP) rights give these creations legal protection through
patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets, enabling creators and
innovators to control and benefit from their creations.
Blockchain technology has
led to many technical developments, widening the scope and use of legal sectors
and areas, including IP law. But, on the other side, the topic of blockchain
has always been in controversies; there has been a finger on the point of
relying on the technology, as it comes with many uncertainties.
This paper gives a
hypothetical concept of blockchain technology and IP structure, which may bring
a great beneficial revolution to the IP industry. This paper includes a
thorough study of blockchain technology to help understand the benefits and
easements given by it. Also, suggestions against current challenges will be
added.
KEYWORDS:
Blockchain technology,
patenting, trademarking, copyrighting, hash keys, data, tamper-resistant,
peer-to-peer networks, intellectual property, nodes, challenges
INTRODUCTION
TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND BLOCKCHAIN:
In history, before the
concept of intellectual property rights emerged, creative works and inventions
were often shared freely or protected through mechanisms like trade secrets or
royal monopolies. In ancient times, for example, artisans and craftsmen passed
down their techniques orally or through apprenticeships, and there wasn't a
formal system to protect their creations as we have today. It wasn't until much
later, with the development of printing and the rise of capitalism, that the
need for intellectual property rights became more apparent.[1]
Intellectual property
rights encompass a variety of rights and areas of law, and it is critical to
distinguish between these laws. There are several parallels and variances among
the various rights. The objective of the right, whether to create a monopoly or
to prohibit illegal use of the product, can be a useful way to discern between
these.
Another type of
differentiation is the registration requirement, which determines whether the
right is subject to the completion and submission of a formal application and
registration process. The requisite formalities do not end there; in fact, they
are only the tip of the iceberg, as such rights cannot be awarded to any Tom,
Dick, or Hardy. The application is subjected to thorough scrutiny and review by
the competent authorities, who ensure that it does not infringe on anyone's
rights. The right places the owner in a privileged position, granting the
ability to develop a monopoly on a certain commodity as well as the authority
to prohibit anybody from utilizing the property while the owner can exploit it
as he sees fit.
Intellectual property
rights are inherently negative in nature. This implies that it prevents others
from doing anything—exploiting their property, replicating it, and other
parties that have independently achieved the same result but are ignorant of
ownership, among other things.
There are various
distinct sorts of rights and areas of law that collectively comprise what we
refer to as intellectual property rights. Some of these are:[2]
• Copyright
• Rights to
performances
• The law of
breach of confidence
• Patents for
inventions
• Registered
designs
•
Unregistered design rights
• Trade marks
• Passing off
• Malicious
falsehood (trade libel)
In the current scenario,
intellectual property rights are the same as any other property right. They
allow the authors or owners of patents, trademarks, or copyrighted works to
profit from their own effort or investment in the production. These rights are stated
in Article 27 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights[3].
The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (1883) and the
Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (1886) were
the first to recognize the value of intellectual property. The World
Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) administers both accords.[4]
CURRENT
REGISTRATION PROCEDURE OF PATENT AND TRADEMARK:
The set of procedures
required to get a patent grant is referred to as the patent process in India,
or patent prosecution. The patent office and the assignee, inventor, or patent
agent must communicate with each other regarding the patent application during
this complex process.
Here is a condensed
summary of the important phases:
Step 1: File a patent application. You can
file your patent application online or at one of the regional patent offices in
Chennai, Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, or Delhi[5].
Step 2: Publication: After 18 months from
the date of submission, the application is automatically published by the
patent office. Requests for early publication are accepted, and the office will
usually publish it in a month[6].
Step 3: requires the applicant to file a
Request for Examination (RFE) and submit it within 48 months of filing the
application or priority date. Failure to do so may result in application withdrawal[7].
Step 4: Patent Examination: During this
phase, the patent is carefully examined, and within two months, a First
Examination Report (FER) is released by the examiner. The applicant is given
six months to address any concerns brought up in the FER[8].
Step 5: Examination Response: In order to
avoid application abandonment, the applicant must address objections and
provide a response to the FER within a six-month period, making sure all
information is accurate[9].
Step 6: Grant of Patent: Following the resolution
of all objections, the patent office issues the patent and, within seven days,
emails a grant certificate[10].
Step 7: Renewal of Patent: In order to keep
the patent in effect, renewal fees must be paid at the conclusion of the second
year and each succeeding year [11].
Step 8: Opposition is an elective step in
which third parties may register a pre-grant opposition upon publication or a
post-grant opposition within a year of the patent's issuance. The patent office
holds a hearing to decide whether to maintain, alter, or revoke a patent after
the Opposition Board has reviewed objections and submitted recommendations.
This extensive procedure guarantees a methodical approach to acquiring and
preserving patents in India [12].
Anyone claiming to be the
owner of a trademark that they use or plan to use and who would like to
register it must submit an application in writing to the Registrar, following
the guidelines, in order to register a trademark. Thus, the law makes it
possible for anyone who wants to register a trademark to do so. The primary
prerequisite is that he must be able to prove he is the mark's owner.
A trademark may be registered at one of three levels, specifically:
(1) Registration at the national level:
Due to their geographical character, trademarks are only protected in the
nations in which they are registered.
(2) Regional Registration: One way to
register at the regional level is to file a trademark application with the
European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO). One can get trademark
protection in every nation within the European Union by submitting a single
application to the EUIPO.[13]
(3) International registration (using the
Madrid system): It's crucial to remember that there isn't just one application
that can be submitted anywhere in the world to file a trademark. Only the
nation or area in which the trademark application is lodged is granted
protection.
The application must be
submitted to the Trade Marks Registry, which is situated inside the boundaries
of the applicant's principal place of business in India. In the event that the
registrar discovers mistakes or feels the trademark shouldn't be registered
after accepting the application, the acceptance can be withdrawn after hearing
the applicant.
After an application is approved,
the registrar publicizes it. Anyone has three months to object to the
registration by sending the registrar a written notification. After being
notified of resistance, the applicant has two months to reply. Refusing to
answer indicates giving up on the application.
The registrar determines
whether to approve registration after both parties have a chance to present
evidence in the event that the applicant submits a counterstatement. The
registrar registers the trademark, using the date of the first application as
the registration date, if there is no objection or if the opposition is
resolved in the applicant's favor.
The applicant receives a certificate from the registrar upon successful registration. The first ten years of trademark registration are valid; however, they can be renewed for an additional ten-year period. In the digital era, trust and transparency are being revolutionized by blockchain, a decentralized ledger technology. By securely logging transactions over a dispersed computer network, it generates an unchangeable data chain. Blockchain ensures authenticity and integrity without the need for middlemen, in contrast to traditional systems, and does so without a central authority.[14]
Beyond cryptocurrency, blockchain is used in digital identity verification, voting, supply chain management, and medical records. Blockchain promises a more transparent and inclusive future by improving security, decreasing fraud, and increasing efficiency.
Intellectual property
(IP) is seeing a significant transformation as a result of blockchain
technology, which is upending established practices. Blockchain is
fundamentally a distributed, decentralized ledger technology that makes
record-keeping safe and transparent.
MECHANISM
OF THE BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY:
DLT, also known as
Distributed Ledger Technology. When this method was first presented by a team
of researchers in 1991, its primary goal was to date digital records to prevent
manipulation. Anybody can access a distributed ledger, or blockchain, at no
cost.
They possess a
fascinating quality. It is exceedingly difficult to alter data once it has been
entered into a blockchain. What is the process by which something operates?
|
DATA
|
|
HASH OF THE PREVIOUS BLOCK
|
|
HASH
|
There is some data in
every block. the block hash as well as the block's preceding hash. Depending on
the kind of blockchain, different data might be kept inside the blocks. The
Bitcoin blockchain, for example, stores the details about a transaction here,
such as the sender, receiver, and the number of coins. A blog also has a hash.
You can compare a hash to a fingerprint. It identifies a block and all of its
contents, and it’s always a unique code (for example, ensRnjsTnjszldf38jjdsnjnczmdf5), just like a fingerprint. Under IP
law, a country should have its own website run through blockchain technology.[15]
Illustration:
Websites can be designed
through themes of inventions, logos, symbols, or contents. Suppose, ‘X’ is a
person owning "ZIQO,” a name for the chains of Chinese restaurants, and if
he wants to trademark the same, he can simply enter his name, address, contact number,
data related to his restaurants, logo, and fully express it, on the
blockchain-based website made by the government on the theme of trademarks made
in restaurant chains. In that, a block will contain the data, and the hash key
given by the ‘online government trademark website’ and the hash key of the
previous block will be formed. Then, if a person ‘D’ with the name “ZIKO” of
Chinese restaurant chains, wants to register his trademark, he would not be
able to do so. With the help of blockchain technology, no one can register the
name or logo, that is similar to the existing or previously existing trademark.
Once a block is created,
its hashes are calculated; changing something inside the block will cause the
hash to change. So, in other words, hashes are very useful when you want to
detect changes to blocks. If the fingerprint of a block changes, it is no
longer the same block. The third element inside each
block is the hash of the previous block.
This effectively creates a chain of blocks, and it’s this
technique that makes a blockchain so secure.
|
????
|
|
????
|
|
????
|
Hash 4H6F Hash 5K9M Hash
8J2M
Previous hash: 0000 Previous hash: 4H6F Previous hash: 5K9M
Here, for instance, is a chain made
up of three blocks. Every block has its own hash as well as the previous
block's hash. Thus, block two points for block number two, and block three
points for block number one. Since there is nothing before the initial block,
it cannot point to earlier blocks. Another name for it is the Genesis block.
Now, if the second block is tampered with, the block's hash also changes.
Because they no longer include a valid hash of the preceding block, the third
block and all subsequent blocks will become invalid as a result. Hence, by
altering one block, all subsequent blocks will remain valid. However, hashing
alone is insufficient to stop tampering.
Computers these days are
very fast and can calculate hundreds of thousands of hashes per second. You can
effectively tamper with a block and recalculate all the hashes of other blocks
to make your blockchain valid again. So, to mitigate this, blockchains have
something called proof of work. It’s a mechanism that slows down the
creation of new blocks. In Bitcoin’s case, it takes about 10 minutes to
calculate the required proof of work and add a new block to the chain. This
mechanism makes it very hard to tamper with the blocks, because if you tamper
with one block, you’ll need to recalculate the proof of work for all the
following blocks. So, the security of a blockchain comes from its creative use
of hashing and the proof-of-work mechanism. 16 But there is one
more way that blockchains secure themselves, and that is by being distributed.
Instead of using a central entity to manage the chain, blockchain uses a
peer-to-peer (P2P) network, and everyone is allowed to join.
The people in the above
picture are the participants in the blockchain; they are called nodes. A
complete copy of the blockchain is given to each new member of this network.
The node (participant) can use this to verify that everything is still in
order. If someone creates a new block, that blog is sent to everyone on the
network. Each node then verifies the block to make sure that it hasn’t been
tampered with. Once everything is in order, every node appends this block to
its own blockchain. In this network, every node establishes consensus. They
both agree on which blocks are legitimate and which aren't. Blocks that are
tempered will be rejected by other nodes in the network. So, to successfully
tamper with a blockchain, you’ll need to tamper with all the blocks on the
chain, re-do the proof of work for each block, and take control of more than
50% of the peer-to-peer network. Only then will tempered blocks be accepted by
everyone else. So, this is almost impossible to do. [16]
WORKING OF
MECHANISM IN FIELD OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY:
Intellectual property
management is another field where the implementation of blockchain-based
solutions could have an important impact. IP is a hot topic in the current
Internet age. By using a distributed ledger to manage IP rights, artists,
authors, and businesses can have tamper-proof evidence of ownership of their IP
and copyright protection. They can also use smart contracts in an ecosystem
that allows smart IP rights management. One of the most important aspects when
talking about IP rights is their registration and protection. In most
legislation, IP rights, trademarks, and copyrights are valid from the moment of
their inception. A blockchain-based registry with time stamps that show when an
IP right has been generated could present a proof of first use. This would make
it much more difficult for vulture firms to file for patents, for technologies
that have been created and used by their original authors, but have not yet
been registered by them. A timestamp on the blockchain’s immutable ledger would
be transparent and proof to the whole world of its rightful IP ownership.[17]
Blockchain-based solutions open a world of possibilities for IP-related
products such as music, films, software, and pretty much any form of
authorship. First of all, blockchain platforms would facilitate content
creators and artists to monetize their work in a decentralized system based on
digital money and smart contracts. It. It would be possible to build systems
and frameworks that trigger automatic IP payments based on usage with great
precision. For example, music and video streaming could be charged by the
minute or even the second with micropayments processed instantaneously, as in
the other industries we have discussed so far. 18 These systems
could work in a direct peer-to-peer way without any unnecessary intermediaries.
Such solutions could be especially effective in situations where a little-known
artist creates a product and needs to rely on a third-party platform to protect
his or her IP rights. Stream Space offers authors the independence to choose
their commercial strategy on their own and charge customers using stream share
tokens. Another project involves blockchain media. In order to assist musicians
in expressing their rights and desires for the commercialization of their work
in an interchangeable file format, blockchain is constructing a music content
rights register.[18] Data is
maintained across a distributed network that utilizes, blockchain technology.
This solution facilitates the recording of music and meteorites into the works
of artists themselves. Blockchain maintains partnerships in the music and wider
media industries to enable seamless data exchanges between more than 63 million
globally recorded works from independent and major label artists and the dot-BC
ecosystem. It remains to be seen how such decentralized marketplaces will
develop in the future, and if they will reach a critical mass of users. One of
the main challenges ahead of them is the governance model of a decentralized
community of disparate stakeholders, which is in fact a common issue for all
decentralized systems. Regardless, thanks to blockchain technology, we will
likely see a significant disruption in the way artists manage their
intellectual property. Chances are the playing field will be more level in the
future, and artists will have better opportunities to publish, distribute, and
monetize their content on their own in an environment that also protects their
IP rights.[19]
So, basically, the nodes
available 24/7 on the network will be the “blockchain task force." Anyone registering for any patent or
trademark in the form of data, will have to submit such detailed information to
the nodes of the national government website, which may be formed by the
central government itself under the official gazette. In the future, a treaty
is expected to be signed by the countries that are interested in getting the
“RIGHT OF PRIORITY” in the trademark and patents. Under such a treaty, a global
online portal for registering the logo, symbol, name, invention, content, etc.
should be established, in which nodes from different corners of the world will
maintain the security and immutability of the blockchain technology. It will be
on the nodes, to see whether to accept the block or reject it, as earlier explained.
The invention patented, shall not only have the information of the patentee and
details of the invention, but certain algorithms of artificial intelligence
would also help to find out a relevant part of copying the invention, or whole
itself.[20] Similarly,
when a mark is trademarked, it will be supported by certain algorithms of
artificial intelligence, which will help in finding out the relevant parts that
are recognized by its distinctiveness and fanciness and shall not be copied by
anyone. By doing so, most infringements
on patents, trademarks, and copyrights can be prevented.
When a person enters the
details of his invention, logo, artistry, etc., he enters the data into that
particular block. After entering it, the details and the block go to every node
that is registered in that particular region.
Suppose that if someone tries to tamper with
the data in a single block of the blockchain network through hacking, they need
to hack the software of each and every node present in that region, which is merely
impossible.[21]
SCENARIO OF
IP LEVELING UP WITH BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY:
IP offices and their
users have changed the intellectual property landscape together. Both users and
offices have moved online, and everything has become more and more friendly in
order to better help develop businesses and their brands. There is also a
strong direct connection to the enforcement of rights and the fight against
counterfeits and piracy now. Moving to the next level and together to start the
IP Register project in blockchain technology.[22]
Blockchain, by design, is a reliable and distributed platform to share data and
services securely. Instead of centralizing the data in one database, it will be
distributed automatically to interconnected nodes owned by the participating IP
offices for robust defense against attack. The blockchain technology will
update the trademark view and patent view in real time with quality data and
reflect the IP rights status as they change over time while maintaining an
auditable and immutable history.[23] This, for
example, would simplify end users’ priority rights claims and evidence from one
IP office to another due to its interconnected network and data protocols.
There are neither single points of failure nor a single authority that controls
the system. These features make blockchain the ideal technology for trademark
and patent views. The IP Register Blockchain is developed in consultation with
IP officers, users, and legal teams to make sure the requirements of all
stakeholders are taken into account. International. Offices will come on board
as well, progressively over time. The IP Register blockchain technology
improves our services now and will provide the foundation for the inclusion of
other IP rights as well as for new services benefiting businesses and citizens.[24]
JURISDICTIONAL CHALLENGES IN
BLOCKCHAIN-RELATED IP DISPUTES:
Blockchain technology's
global and decentralized nature can lead to jurisdictional issues in
intellectual property conflicts. As blockchain operates on a decentralized
network, assigning activities to specific physical locations becomes
challenging. This is especially true when transactions involve individuals from
all over the world, making it difficult to determine the jurisdiction for legal
action. Additionally, users often use pseudonyms, making it difficult to trace
the identity and whereabouts of those involved in intellectual property issues.
Smart contracts, which
operate independently, may lack clear jurisdiction, especially when code runs
autonomously without human participation. Blockchain projects and participants
may operate across various jurisdictions, making it difficult to navigate
complicated international legal systems and deal with contradictory rules and
regulations. IP infringement on blockchain networks could have global
consequences. Enforcing intellectual property rights may require judicial
proceedings in numerous jurisdictions to address these challenges.
International
intellectual property rules may not give clear advice on jurisdictional
concerns relating to blockchain. Parties involved in a dispute may struggle to
navigate the legal landscape, and changing legal frameworks may be required to
solve blockchain-related jurisdictional concerns. The regulatory clarity and
adoption of blockchain technology vary among nations. Parties participating in
a dispute may be unsure about the legal status of blockchain transactions and
the enforcement of intellectual property rights in different countries.[25]
Addressing Jurisdictional Challenges:
? Choice of Law and Forum Clauses: Contracts and agreements related to
blockchain projects can include clauses specifying the choice of law and forum
and providing a framework for dispute resolution.
? International Cooperation: Encourage international cooperation
and collaboration among regulatory bodies to establish guidelines for
addressing cross-border blockchain-related IP disputes.
? Global Standards: Develop global standards or
treaties that harmonize IP laws concerning blockchain technology to provide
clearer jurisdictional guidelines.
Navigating jurisdictional
problems in blockchain-related intellectual property disputes necessitates a
thorough grasp of the technology, international legal frameworks, and the
dynamic nature of blockchain legislation. Legal experts and legislators play an
important role in resolving these issues and providing clarity for a successful
conflict settlement.[26]
RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR LEGAL FRAMEWORKS ACCOMMODATING BLOCKCHAIN AND IP:
Developing legal
frameworks that effectively accommodate both blockchain technology and
intellectual property (IP) requires a nuanced approach. There are various
recommendations for creating legal frameworks that foster innovation, protect intellectual
property, and address the unique characteristics of blockchain.
? To effectively understand and
interpret blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies, it is crucial to define
their legal framework. Recognizing digital assets, including tokenized
intellectual property, is essential. Legitimizing smart contracts as
enforceable legal instruments will define their legal status and binding
conditions.
? Mechanisms for registering,
protecting, and enforcing intellectual property rights on blockchain should be
established, including digital registries and legal recognition for proof of
ownership. Promoting interoperability standards for blockchain systems can
facilitate seamless integration into existing legal frameworks. Addressing
digital identity and privacy protection is also crucial.
? The text emphasizes the importance of
cross-border recognition of blockchain transactions and intellectual property
rights, fostering international cooperation, and harmonizing legal standards.
It also calls for investment in educational programs to improve understanding
of blockchain technology among legal professionals and policymakers.
? The text also calls for a responsive
regulatory approach that evolves with blockchain technology, regularly updating
regulations to address emerging challenges. It also calls for public
consultation and collaboration with industry stakeholders to create regulations
that consider diverse perspectives.
CONCLUSION:
The evolution of
intellectual property through technological advancements can be distinctly seen
through developments over the years. This development has indeed affected and
expanded the penumbra of intellectual property laws. The emergence of digital
technologies and the internet has created new challenges for protecting
intellectual property rights, leading to the need for constant updates and
revisions in legislation. As technology continues to evolve, there is a need
for intellectual property laws to adapt in order to address new forms of
infringement and ensure fair protection for creators and innovators. The
amelioration of blockchain technology, which is facilitating other industrial
sectors across the globe, can be improved and utilized for the betterment of
intellectual property protection. Blockchain technology has the potential to
revolutionize how intellectual property rights are managed and enforced,
offering increased transparency and security. By leveraging blockchain,
authorities can create immutable records of ownership and usage rights, making
it easier to track and protect intellectual property in the digital age. So,
this blockchain technology will provide a tamper-proof service to IP with the
advanced and easy procedure of registration, prevention of infringement, and
tampering of the data, with the motive of giving priority to the person who
gave out his or her creations. According to the current situation, blockchain
is still in an underdeveloped stage where many of the mechanisms need to be
enhanced, even with all of its potential advantages. Before blockchain-based IP
management systems are extensively used, a number of issues like scalability,
interoperability, and regulatory concerns need to be resolved. Blockchain must
also have user-friendly interfaces and efficient procedures in order for
producers from various backgrounds to find it useful and accessible.
To overcome these
challenges and realize blockchain's full potential in the field of intellectual
property, research and development are still ongoing. Blockchain technology has
the potential to completely transform how artists maintain and preserve their
works in the digital age, provided that innovation and cooperation are
sustained.
[1] WIPO, “What is Intellectual Property?" http://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/intproperty/450/wipo_pub_450.pdf,
accessed on January 29, 2024.
[2] David I. Bainbridge, “Intellectual Property” (first
published in 1992, Pearson), accessed on January 31, 2024.
[3] Everyone has the right to freely participate in the
cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts, and to share in scientific
advancement and its benefits.
[4] Supranote1
[6] Indian Patent Act, 1970, S 11A
[7] Indian Patent Act, 1970, S 11B
[8] Indian Patent Act, S. 12
[9] Indian Patent Act, S. 11B
[11] Indian Patent Act, Rule 80
[12] Indian Patent Act, S. 25
[13] Sharma, Dushyant Kumar.
"Intellectual property and the need to protect it." Indian J. Sci.
Res 9, no. 1 (2014): 084-087, accessed on:
February 2, 2024
[15] Haber S. and Stornetta WS, “How to Time-Stamp a Digital Document” (Journal of Cryptology, January 1, 1991), https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00196791, accessed on February 4,
2024.
[16] ibid
[17] Grover, N. (n.d.). National Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Policy: Science and Technology
Notes. Prepp. https://prepp.in/news/e-492-national-intellectual-property-rights-ipr-policy-science-technology-notes, accessed on February 8,
2024
[18] Ito, Kensuke, and Marcus O’Dair. "A
critical examination of the application of blockchain technology to
intellectual property management." Business Transformation through
Blockchain: Volume II (2019): 317–335, accessed on February 11, 2024
[19] Gupta, V. (2017). A Brief History of
Blockchain. Harvard Business Review. Available at:
https://hbr.org/2017/02/a-brief-history-of-blockchain.
(https://hbr.org/2017/02/a-brief-history-of-blockchain), accessed on February 16, 2024.
[20] ibid
[21] Rambhia, Vidhi, et al., "Intellectual
Property Rights Management Using Blockchain." Information and
Communication Technology for Competitive Strategies (ICTCS 2020): Intelligent Strategies for ICT. Springer Singapore.
Accessed on February 18, 2024
[22] Savelyev, Alexander. "Copyright in
the Blockchain Era: Promises and Challenges." Computer law and security
review 34.3 (2018): 550–561. Accessed on:
February 21, 2024
[23] ibid
[24] Supranote13
[25] Inshakova, Agnessa O., Tatiana V.
Deryugina, and Evgenij Y. Malikov. "Intellectual property exchange as a
platform for exclusive copyright transfer by means of smart contracts."
13th International Scientific and Practical Conference: Artificial Intelligence: Anthropogenic Nature vs. .
Social Origin. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020, accessed on
February 25, 2024
[26] Bonnet, S., & Teuteberg, F. (2023).
“Impact of blockchain and distributed ledger technology for the management of
the intellectual property life cycle: A multiple case study analysis." Computers in
Industry, 144, 103789. Accessed on: February
27, 2024