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AN ANALYSIS ON PROBLEMS FACED BY TRIBAL COMMUNITIES OF JHARKHAND
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AN ANALYSIS ON PROBLEMS FACED BY
TRIBAL
COMMUNITIES OF JHARKHAND
Authored By - MISS PRIYA KUMARI & DR.
ARVIND KUMAR SINGH
Student of Research, Professor of Amity
University Lucknow
Amity Law School, Amity University, Lucknow
Campus, Uttar Pradesh
ABSTRACT
The current study
considered the issues that Jharkhand's tribal groups were dealing with as well
as the causes of those issues. In India, there are 654 different tribal groups;
32 of these are found in the state of Jharkhand, and 8 of these 32 are severely
disadvantaged in terms of their economic, social, cultural, educational, and
political standing. They are referred to as primitive tribal communities
because of this. A descriptive study was conducted, and an interview schedule
was created to gather responses from 45 graduates from Tribal tribes that live
in the Kolhan district of Jharkhand. They were chosen using the purposive
sampling strategy. A map was created as part of the study to depict tribal
communities' issues and the elements that contribute to them. They were as
follows: 1. Social issue: child marriage, dwindling dorm populations, dwindling
of Bride price, wine consumption, intercaste marriages, traditional values, and
religion. 2. Intra-tribe cultural differences, a language barrier, the decline
of tribal fine arts, and religious superstition are all examples of cultural
problems. 3. Absence of higher education institutions in tribal languages, the
medium of instruction, a lack of tribal teachers, parents who are illiterate in
education, and a lack of resources are all issues with education. Scholarship,
Schools was situated in long distance. 4. Political issue: Vote banks and
deceptive confidence 5. Health Issues: Malnutrition, Lack of Seasonal Clothing,
and Clean Drinking Water Without a home 6. Lack of employment, insufficient
opportunities or qualifications Housework, Industrial Work, Farming Failure 7. Displacement Issues Caused by Dams,
Mines, Industrialization, and Urbanization
8. Economic Issues - Related to Shifting Cultivation, Tied to Used
Forest relating to a new form of land tenure, relating to debt 9. Poverty and
illiteracy are Naxolied problems. The study's conclusions were recommended.
Key Words: Scheduled
Tribes, Modern System of Land Tenure, Orthodoxy, Conventionality, Differences
in Intra-Tribal Culture.
INTRODUCTION
India is a huge land having a diverse tribal
population. Tribal societies can be found in almost every region of India. They
have unique culture and characteristics. India has the second largest tribal
population in the world.
"A tribe is a simple social group whose members
cooperate towards a common goal, such as the provision of food for
battle". Several parts of India have different names for tribal groups,
but the government of India declared them scheduled tribes and approved the
first scheduled tribes order following independence in 1951. 212 tribes in India's Scheduled Tribes in
order to meet their fundamental needs for survival and growth. The ST
population is 84.3 million, or 8.2% of the total population of the country,
according to the 2001 Census. With 31.8%, Chhattisgarh has the highest rate of
ST.
Orissa (22.1% of population) and Jharkhand (26.3%) are
next. There are currently 654 tribal communities in India, 32 of which are
located in Jharkhand, and the Indian government has classified 550 of them as
scheduled tribes. They are Santhal, Oraon, Munda, Kharia, Korba, Ho, Bhumij,
Chero, Kharvar, Bijhiya, Nagesiya, Prhiya, Beiya, Cheek- Badayka, Gonda, Baiga,
Khond, Lohara, Mahali, Sabar, Birjiya, Godayat, Bathudi, Kora, Karmali,
Soariya- Pahadiya, Mal- Pahadiya, Asur, Birhor,Banjara, Kanvar, Kol,. Census
data from 2001 shows that 35.46 percent of Jharkhand's tribal residents are
Santhal, whereas just 411 belong to Banjara groups. Tribal tribes of Jharkhand
include the Astrolayd, Proto-Astrolayd, and Travid races. Vidyarthi (...) Hill,
Kharia, Birhor, Korwa, and Korwa engage in hunting and gathering activities;
Sauria and Raharia engage in relocating agriculture; Mahli, Lohra, Karmali, and
Santhal, Munda, Oraon, Ho, and Bhumij practise settled agriculture whereas Chik
Baraik engages in basic artisan work. Of these 32 groups, 8 (Birjiya, Korba,
Mal-Pahadiya, SoariyaPahadiya, Birhor, Sabar, Parhiya, and Asur) are extremely
marginalised in terms of their economic, social, cultural, educational, and
political status. They are classified as primitive tribal communities because
of this. They are mostly recognised by their lifestyle, which predates the
advent of agriculture, their extremely low literacy rate, and the fact that the
birth rate has stagnated due to genetic issues and poor nutrition.
LITERATURE REVIEW
John, J., Asokan, S., Aswanth, K. P., Geethapriya,
P.R. and Shanmugaayel, A.K. (2015) did a study on the title of Caries and the
Associated Factors Influencing It in Tribal, Suburban and Urban School Children
of Tamil Nadu, India: A Cross Sectional Study and found that tribal school children had 89.3% caries
prevalence, where as it was 77% in suburban and 55% in urban school children.
In their 2014 study, Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Risk Factors Among
Permanently Settled Tribal Individuals in Tribal and Urban Areas in Northern
State of Sub-Himalayan Region of India, the authors Kapoor, D., Bhardwaj, A.K.,
Kumar, and Raina, S.K. discovered that the urban environment revealed a
changing lifestyle and high prevalence of DM among tribal migrating urban
tribes as compared to traditional tribes. In a report on the socioeconomic
effects of tribal women migrating to Chhatisgarh, Jharkhand, M.P., and Orrisa
that was submitted to the Planning Commission of the Government of India in
2010, the Society for Regional Research and Analysis noted that tribal migrant
women's socioeconomic status was poor and that they were physically and
sexually exploited in their new cities. Sen, S. and Ghosal, S. (2012) conducted
a study on the Oraons of Kolkata, one of the major tribes of Eastern India, and
discovered that they came from Jharkhand to Uttar Gargacha about 100 years ago
and lived there. Actually, the Zamindars brought them in order to clear jungle
areas and turn them into arable land. In his 1995 article on the phenomena of
tribalism and Sanskritazation, Singh K.S. provided a thorough explanation. Due
to their long-standing ties to the tribal population, the minority non-tribal
communities also adopted a number of social customs and traditions that had a
clear advantage over their own tradition and social customs. For example,
non-tribal castes adopted the tribal custom of cross-cousin marriage to get
around dowry issues. The function of tribal culture's dominance in broader
society is tribalism. According to Sharma (1995), in less than 50 years, around
20% of the indigenous population has been uprooted and relocated. The
depressing health data and Myth of the Healthy Tribal were reported by Singh
A.K. (1997) from two rural tribal blocks in the Ranchi area. Just 8% of
children were claimed to have received vaccinations, 40% of children under 65
were reported to have acute malnutrition, and 71% were reported to be taking
raw tobacco leaf-based medicine known as Khaini. A thorough analysis of the
tribal population's health situation revealed lower life expectancy, a higher
fertility rate than the national average, and greater IMR in the tribal
population.
STUDY GOALS:
The
following are the goals for the paper:
• To ascertain the tribes' standing in terms of today.
• To understand how people view different tribes, in
particular.
• To determine the degree of tribal acceptance in
Jharkhand.
RATIONAL OF THE STUDY:
The study's justification is that, in Jharkhand, the
Munda and Khadiya tribal communities first appeared about 600 and 1500 years
ago, respectively, and all others did so before the fifteenth century. Hence,
the history of tribal people in Jharkhand is too old, which begs the The tribal
people of Jharkhand had a literacy rate of 40.7% in the 2001 census, which
means that 60% of them were unable to express their opinions in writing.
According to Singh (1989), only four tribal communities—the Sathal, Urraw, Ho,
and Munda—comprise the majority of the literate Jharkhand tribal population.
The remaining 20% belongs to the other 28 tribal groups. The majority of tribal
members are hence far from an education. Census data from 2001 The average
growth rate of the ST population is 17.30%, which is 6.0% less than the average
growth rate of the State's population. It indicates that the majority of tribal
communities are capable of extinction. Researchers did not come across any
studies that were relevant to their own. So, this research was of a novel type
question of what elements influence the growth of those communities over a long
period of time. Census data from 2011 shows that 26.2% of the population is
tribal, which suggests that tribal development is essential for Jharkhand's
economic growth. Since 92.86% of the entire tribal population resides in remote
areas and 40.3% of them are considered to be below the poverty line, they have
not yet reached their full potential.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS:
1. What issues tribal groups in Jharkhand were dealing
with, and what were the contributing factors?
Research
Methodology:
To understand the issues facing the tribal groups in
Jharkhand and the causes of those issues, descriptive study and an adaptation
of the survey method were used.
SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES:
45 graduates from tribal tribes in the Kolhan region
of Jharkhand made up the sample. They reside in Jharkhand and are members of
many tribal clans. They were chosen using purposive sample strategies, and
table 1 gives more information on them.
Table-1: Sample size and different communities of
tribal
|
Sl. No.
|
Different
communities of tribal
|
No. of
samples
|
|
1.
|
Mahali
|
01
|
|
2.
|
Ho
|
06
|
|
3.
|
Santhal
|
24
|
|
4.
|
kharia
|
02
|
|
5.
|
sabar
|
03
|
|
6.
|
Oraon
|
04
|
|
7.
|
Munda
|
05
|
|
Total
|
|
45
|
Instrumentation and
Validation: Based on
the likely issues and contributing variables that affect tribal people in
Jharkhand, the researcher devised an interview schedule. A professor of
anthropology confirmed it.
Procedure: In this study, sample responses from
the interview schedule were collected by the researchers. To identify the
fundamental issues facing Jharkhand's tribal people and the contributing
variables, it used the percentage analysis technique and the maximum percentage
as a basis for analysis.
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA: PERCENTAGE ANALYSIS OF THE
FIFTEEN INTERVIEW QUESTIONS' RESPONSES.
|
Sl.
No.
|
Questions
of Interview
|
Responses
and its %
|
|
1.
|
Do they
experience social issues?
|
Yes 100%
|
|
2.
|
What Are
the Social Issue Factors?
|
50%
request for child marriage, 80% of those who drink wine reported doing so.
Dowry system: 12% requested, bride price: 22.5% requested, dormitories: 10%
requested.
Orthodoxy
demanded for 40%, conventionality called for 40%, and intercaste marriage at
30%
|
|
3.
|
Do they
have a problem with culture?
|
yes, 48%
|
|
4.
|
What are
the contributing cultural issues?
|
Missing
their native language was cited by 37.5% of respondents as well as
intra-tribal cultural differences. 40% of respondents questioned the decline
of tribal fine arts, and 40% questioned religious superstition.
|
|
5.
|
Do they
have academic issues?
|
Answered
yes: 85%
|
|
6.
|
What are
the causes of the educational
|
Lack of
resources (asked 60%), a lack of tribal
|
|
|
issue?
|
teachers
(asked 77.5%), illiterate parents (asked 62.5%), and the absence of higher
education institutions in tribal languages (asked 30%) were the other factors
that were raised.
50% of the
scholarship, and 55% of the schools were located far away.
|
|
7.
|
Are there political issues there?
|
Asking yes:
20%
|
|
8.
|
What are
the political issue's contributing factors?
|
Vote Bank:
20%; False reassurance: 12%
|
|
9.
|
Do they
have any health issues?
|
Answered
yes: 67.5%
|
|
10.
|
What contributes to health issues?
|
60% of
respondents cited malnutrition, 55% cited clean drinking water, and 52.5%
cited a lack of appropriate seasonal attire.
Homelessness:
40%
|
|
11.
|
Do they
have a migration issue?
|
yes: 32.5%
|
|
12.
|
What
contributes to migration?
|
Lack of job
was cited by 32%, a lack of opportunity or ability by 30%, and 20% for
household work, 20% for industrial labour, agricultural failure- asked 30%,
|
|
13.
|
Do they
have a housing issue?
|
Yes, 20
|
|
14.
|
What
contributes to the displacement issue?
|
Owing to
dams, mines, industrialisation, and urbanisation, respondents asked for 10%,
20%, 12%, and 10% of the total costs, respectively.
|
|
15.
|
Do they
have economic issues?
|
yes, 62.5%
|
SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE OF TRIBE IS IN TODAY’S PARLANCE?
After 67 years of independence, the societal relevance
of the tribe is still relevant today.
Unacceptable conditions exist for tribal people. Due to their caste and creed,
they are not regarded as members of the community. Schedule caste members
believe they are like us rather than different from us. The government provides
them with financial and social benefits, but the financial benefits do not
guarantee them equality in society, and they do not constitute social
integration. Various scheduled caste classifications receive accommodations in
the educational system and employment quotas to bring them into parity with
other Indian communities. But, the reality is that they will be respected for
their quality rather than their number; they receive preferential treatment and
are viewed differently due to their limited educational background. In India,
tribes have not been treated more favourably or with equality of opportunity.
Although if Indian tribes are economically equal, there is disunity because of
lack of merit. In India, the scheduled caste has a reputation for being unequal
to others.
The Government of India has provided the tribes with
some exemptions in order to ensure their appropriate representation, including:
( I) Exemption from age
limits,
(ii) A lowering of the standard of
suitability;
(iii)
inclusion
in at least the lower group for the purpose of advancement without passing the
necessary tests. 2015's (Mondal)
WHAT IS THE PERCEPTION OF PEOPLE
TOWARDS THE TRIBES ?
The only sources of information about tribal
development, rehabilitation, security, grants, safeguards, and welfare are
books and other written materials. The community lacks equality because of our
illustrious social system, which treats people differently depending on their
social status and level of income. The biggest disadvantage is that India, the
world's most populous country, has remained underdeveloped because it is
difficult to access basic amenities like clean restrooms. Scheduled tribes have
higher infant mortality and malnutrition rates than other population groupings,
as well as higher rates of poverty and "lack of access to proper
administrative and judicial mechanisms."
WHAT IS THE LEVEL OF ACCEPTANCE
OF TRIBE IN JHARKHAND ?
Tribes are not widely liked in Jharkhand. The tribe is
characterised as an agrarian civilization. Tribes have less of a tradition of
engaging in agricultural labour, but there has been an increase in their
involvement in mining, quarrying, manufacturing, processing, service, and
repairs within the industrial sector. They also employ a sizable number of
people in domestic work. The Adivasis practise the Sarna religion, which shares
Hindu religious ideals.
Agriculture, forestry, and labour are the mainstays of
the livelihood system in rural areas. Most households make do by maintaining a
varied pattern of employment due to very tiny holdings and very low land
productivity. Yet, there are small artisan tribal communities who offer their
services or take part in small-scale processing and marketing.
SUGGESTIONS:
Tribes are a nation's first citizens, but they
continue to lack access to fundamental amenities. Although being dispersed all
throughout, they are far from the limited facilities. Agriculture, forestry,
and labour are typically how they make a living. Their meagre income falls
short of satisfying demand.
The following are a few recommendations for the growth
of this community:
• It is recommended that the Government
of India, including the districts, make efforts for their general development.
Any tribe must be educated, and the government must make sure that children
from every household receive an education by inspiring them to do so.
• As long as the population is
illiterate, they will not be able to raise their social standing.
• The adivasi community fights for
their right to self-determination. Their circumstances, difficulties, and
experiences require individual and in-depth attention.
• The development of tribal territories
needs to receive more attention from the government.
• The tribes must receive marketing
help and fair compensation for the agricultural and forestry products they
generate. The scheduled tribes and other traditional inhabitants act, which was
first passed in 2006, recognises and grants forest rights and the ability to
occupy forest land to those who live in forests.
IMPLICATION OF THE STUDY
(RECOMMENDATIONS):
1. Providing indigenous people with
appropriate guidance regarding the policies and resources granted to them by
the government.
2. Periodically inspected by departmental officers or
personnel the amenities offered to them.
3. At all costs, give them education.
4. Encouraged them to engage in mainstream activities.
5. Promoted the benefit that would have been given to
them instead of stealing their land.
6. Increase public understanding of social and health
issues.
7. Improved their ability in the arts
8. Be mindful of the changing system of land tenancy
CONCLUSION & DISCUSSION:
The conclusion drawn from the analysis above is that
tribal Communities' problems are represented on a map with related components.
As follows: The first social issue is child marriage, the decline of
dormitories, the decline in bride prices, wine consumption, intercaste
marriage, and traditionalism. 2. Intra-tribe cultural differences, language
barriers, the decline of tribal fine arts, and religious superstition are all
examples of cultural issues. 3. Absence of higher education institutions in
tribal languages, the medium of instruction, a lack of tribal teachers, parents
who are illiterate in education, and a lack of resources are all issues with
education. Schools and scholarships were located far away. 4. Political issue:
Vote banks and deceptive confidence. 5. Malnutrition, access to clean water, a
lack of appropriate clothing for the season, and a lack of housing 6. Lack of
jobs, insufficient opportunities or skills, and Housework, Industrial Work,
Farming Failure 7. The issue of displacement brought on by dams, mines,
industry, and urbanisation Economic issues include those related to shifting
farming, new land tenure systems, bound to used forests, and indebtedness. 8.
Poverty and illiteracy are the Naxolied problem. According to a study by the
Society for Regional Research and Analysis, Scheduled Tribes (STs) are
indigenous, have a unique culture, are geographically isolated, and have poor
socioeconomic situations. Due to their residence in forested and hilly areas,
tribal communities have for generations remained beyond the purview of the
general development process.
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Article Information
AN ANALYSIS ON PROBLEMS FACED BY TRIBAL COMMUNITIES OF JHARKHAND
Authors: MISS PRIYA KUMARI, DR. ARVIND KUMAR SINGH
- Journal IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
- Published 2023/04/14
- Volume 2
- Issue 7
About Journal
International Journal for Legal Research and Analysis
- Abbreviation IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
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