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A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OF THE CO-OPERATIVE BANKS IN INDIA by : ANAMIKA TANHAJI GAWADE
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A CRITICAL
ANALYSIS OF REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OF THE CO-OPERATIVE BANKS IN INDIA
Authored by :
ANAMIKA TANHAJI GAWADE
Roll No : 11
ACADEMIC YEAR 2022-23
LL.M. 2nd Year
Under Guidence of :
Asst.Prof.Manisha Sagaverkar
MODERN LAW COLLEGE, GANESHKHIND,PUNE,
MAHARASHTRA
411053
Abstract
This research work mainly emphasizes on the banking structure and system
follows in entire India. This project clearly states the relationship shared by
RBI and other banks (either private or
public). Whole banking structure is regulated by RBI, RBI determines the financial position of bank.
RBI plays important role in boosting banking sector by slashing or increasing
Repo rate, Reverse repo rate etc., according to the demand of the situation. There are several
functions of banks and powers
of RBI discussed further in this research. In short, every
decision taken by RBI affects in a way or another banks of India.
Introduction
Co-operative banks are an important financial
institution that belongs
to its associates, who are both owner and consumers of their bank. A
cooperative bank is always made by individuals join the same locality who
shares a general interest. It generally offers their people with a broad
variety of banking services such as loan, deposits, saving and current accounts and ATM facility1.A cooperative bank varies from the action bank by their
firm, their goals, their importance and their domination. In
many nations, it is controlled by banking authority and should obey prudential
banking rules, which situate them on an equivalent footing with a shareholder
bank.A co-operative bank is much more significant in India than any
place else in the globe.The distinguishing nature of it is service at a lesser rate and services without
misuse.This bank has achieved its vitality by the position assigned to them,
the expectation they are supposed to accomplish and the number of branches they
function. Its role in rural finance pursues to be vital gradually, and their
dealing in the cities also has risen extraordinarily in recent time chiefly
because of the quick raise in the
number of prime Co-operative banks. In rural locality, to the extent that the
farming and associated activities are considered, the delivery of credits were
insufficient, and money lenders would use the poor public in rural locality
giving them loans at higher interest rate. Hence, these banks mobilize deposit
and rural credits with a broad outreach and give institutional credits to the farmer. Co-operative banks2 have also been
a significant tool for many growth schemes, mainly subsidy-based programme for poor.3
History of Cooperative Banking in India:
Cooperative movement in India was started primarily for dealing with the problem
of rural credit.The history of Indian cooperative banking started with
the passing of Cooperative Societies Act in 1904.The objective of this Act was
to establish cooperative credit societies “to encourage thrift, self-help and
cooperation among agriculturists, artisans
and persons of limited means.”
1 Banking Structure in India- The Way Forward,
Discussion Paper, Reserve
Bank of India, 2013, https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs//PublicationReport/Pdfs/DPBS27082013_F.pdf.
3 Paramashiaviah, A Study on Cooperative Sector Banks in India: Problems
& Prospects, Ignited
Minds Journals, Apr, 2019
Many cooperative credit societies were set up under this Act. The
Cooperative Societies Act,19124 recognised the need for establishing new organisations for supervision,
auditing and supply of cooperative credit. These organisations were-
(a) A union, consisting of primary societies;
(b) the central
banks; and
(c) provincial banks.
Although beginning has been made in the direction of establishing
cooperative societies and extending
cooperative credit, but the progress remained unsatisfactory in the pre-
independence period. Even after being in operation for half a century, the cooperative credit formed only 3.1 per cent of the
total rural credit in 1951-52.
What are cooperative banks?
A co-operative bank is
a financial entity which belongs to its
members, who are at the same
time the owners and the customers of their bank. It is often established by
people belonging to the same local or
professional community having a common interest. It is formed to promote the upliftment of financially weaker
sections of the society and to protect them from the clutches of money lenders
who provide loans at an unreasonably high-interest rate to the needy. The
co-operative structure is designed on the principles of cooperation, mutual
help, democratic decision making and open membership. It follows the principle of ‘one shareholder, one vote’ and ‘no profit, no loss’.Cooperatives Banks are registered under the Cooperative
Societies Act, 1912. These are regulated by the Reserve Bank of India and National
Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
(NABARD) under the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 and Banking Laws
(Application to Cooperative
Societies) Act, 1965.
Importance of Cooperative Banks:
The cooperative banking system has to play a critical
role in promoting rural finance and is
specially suited to Indian conditions.
4 Report of the Expert Committee
on Licensing of New Urban Co-operative Banks
(Chairman: Y. H. Malegam), 2011, https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs//PublicationReport/Pdfs/MFR120911RF.pdf.
·
It has an extensive branch network all over the country, making
credit easily available even to rural areas. It
accounts for 67 per cent of total rural credit.
·
It is an integral
source for credit to agriculturalists.
·
It confirms
to the requirements of democratic
planning and economic
progress.
·
It provides
support to small and marginal
farmers for buying inputs, storage
and marketing assistance.
Types of Cooperative Banks in India5
The co-operative banking structure in India is divided into the following
5 categories:
1. Primary Co-operative Credit Society
·
The Primary
Co-operative Credit Society
is an association of borrowers
and non- borrowers residing in
a particular locality.
·
The funds of the society are derived from the share capital and deposits of members and loans from central
co-operative banks.
·
Borrowing constitutes the most important
element of their working capital.
2.
Central Co-operative Banks
These are the federations of primary credit societies in a district
and are of two types:
1. Those having a membership of primary societies
only.
2. Those are having a membership of societies as well as individuals.
3.
State Co-operative Banks
·
The state co-operative bank is a federation of central
co-operative bank and acts as a watchdog of the co-operative banking structure
in the state.
5 Developments in Co-operative Banking,
Report on Trends and Progress
in Banking 2018-19,
Reserve Bank of India,
https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/05CHPT5_24122019878A5AF64EB74900B7AD6FF7
093EE45F.PDF.
·
It procures funds from share capital, deposits,
loans and overdrafts from the Reserve Bank of India.
4.
Land Development Banks
·
These are organized in 3 tiers, namely; state, central, and
primary level with the objective to
meet the long term credit requirements of the farmers for developmental
purposes.
·
National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)
supervises Land development banks.
5.
Urban Co-operative Banks6
·
It refers to primary cooperative banks located in urban and semi-urban areas.
·
Earlier the scope of these banks was restricted, which now has been considerably widened.
Control & Direction By R.B.I Over Cooperative Bank
The BR Act, 1949 allows the R.B.I to provide guidance, to cooperative
bank generally and to any CB particularly, concerning any phase of the
functioning of the co- operative bank considered. Whilst S.21 grants power to
provide guidance regarding advance by CBs, S.35A includes
every aspect of the function
of CBs. These 2 secs jointly have provided power to the
R.B.I to provide every direction on each matter regarding the operations of
co-operative banks particularly, or all CBs, or group of CBs, generally.
Besides carrying out usual scrutiny in these sections, the R.B.I is also authorized to do an inquiry of the
dealings of the CB, at any time it is concerned essential to do so.Considerably, the N.A.B.A.R.D has also been constitutionally empowering to conduct the
scrutiny of CBs than, but prime CBs however such authorities have been
provided, lacking unfairness to the power of R.B.I, to do such inspections.
(S.35)
6 https://blog.ipleaders.in/cooperative-banking-system-in-india/
The R.B.I is empowered to depute, in case it is considered essential to do so,
for the reorganization or extension of credits on strong lines, many of its
officials to observe the proceeding
at any conference of the BODs of any CBs comprised by it and need these banks to offer a chance to the officers,
so deputized, will be listened
to at these conferences. The
R.B.I might assign more than 2 of its officials to watch the way in which the
dealings of banks or its divisions are being carried out, need such officials
to make a brief statement thereon.7
Various
Advantages Of Cooperative Credit Institutions Are Given Below:8
I. Alternative Credit Source:
The main objective of cooperative credit movement is
to provide an effective alternative to the traditional defective credit system
of the village money lender. The cooperative
banks tend to protect the rural population from the clutches
of money lenders. The money lenders have so far dominated the rural areas and have been
exploiting the poor people by charging very high rates of interest and
manipulating accounts.
II.
Cheap Rural Credit:
Cooperative credit system has cheapened the rural
credit both directly as well as indirectly:(a)
Directly, because the cooperative societies
charge comparatively low interest rates, and (b) Indirectly,
because the presence of cooperative societies as an alternative agency has broken money lender’s
monopoly, thereby enforcing
him to reduce the rate of
interest.
III. Productive Borrowing:
An important benefit of cooperative credit system is to bring a change in the nature of loans. Previously the
cultivators used to borrow for consumption and other unproductive purposes.
But, now, they mostly borrow for productive purposes. Cooperative societies discourage unproductive borrowing.
7 9Id, p. 227
8 M.L. Jhingan, “Money,
Banking, International Trade and Public
Finance”, Vrinda Publication Pvt. Ltd., 7th Edn., Reprint 2007
IV.
Encouragement to Saving and Investment:
Cooperative credit movement has encouraged saving and
investment by developing the habits of thrift among the agriculturists. Instead
of hoarding money the rural people
tend to deposit their savings in the cooperative or other banking institutions.
V.
Role of Cooperative Banks before 1969:9
Till the nationalisation of major commercial banks in
1969, cooperative societies were practically the only institutional sources of
rural credit. Commercial banks and other financial institutions hardly provided
any credit for agricultural and other rural activities. Cooperative credit to the agriculturists as a percentage of total agricultural credit increased from 3.1 per cent in 1951-52
to 15.5 per cent in 1961-62 and further to
22.7 per cent in 1970-71.
On the other hand, the agricultural credit provided by
the commercial banks as a percentage
of total agricultural credit remained almost negligible and fell from 0.9
percent in 1951-52 to 0.6 percent in 1961-62 and then rose to 4 per cent in
1970-71.
Categories & Functions
Of Co-Operative Bank In India
A co-operative bank is
small sized parts which function both in city and
non-urban centers. They finance undersized borrowers in commercial and trade
sector beside business persons
and Govt. servants.
Controlled by the R.B.I, they are governed by the “Banking Regulations Act
1949” and “banking laws (co-operative societies) act, 1965”. The co-operative bank composition in India
is segregated into types such as10
Prime Co-operative Credit Societies
It is a union of borrowers and non-borrower reside in a specific area. The fund of
the society is got from the share capitals and deposit of affiliates and loan from state
co-operative bank. The lending power of affiliates as well as of the society is
fixed. The loan is provided to associates for the buying of cattle, fodders,
fertilizer, pesticide, and so on.
9 https://razorpay.com/blog/business-banking/cooperative-banking/
10 K.V. Nagaraj, A Case Study on Banking
Operations in Cooperative Sector, PARIPEX, Volume:
4 | Issue: 8, Aug 2015
Central Co-operative Bank .
This is a federation of primary credit society in
districts and is of 2 categories- those have memberships of primary societies
only and those having a membership of society
over and above people. The funding of the central bank consists of share
capitals, deposit, loan and overdraft from state co-operative bank. This bank gives funds to
member society in the limit of the borrowing capacities of society. It also
conducts all the businesses of joint stocks bank.
State Co-operative Bank 11
The state co-operative bank is association of state
co-operative banks and performs as a regulator of the co-operative bank system
in state. Its funding is got from share capitals, deposit, loan and overdraft
from the R.B.I. The state co-operative bank lends
funds to central co-operative bank and prime society and not straight to farmer.12
Urban Co-operative Bank
The word U.C.B, even if not officially defined, refers to PCBs placed in
urban and city area. UCBs, till 1996, were permitted to borrow funds only for
non- agricultural purpose. UCBs were conventionally centered on societies,
areas, workplace members. They basically
loan to SME sector firms. Nowadays, scope of UCB’s operation has broadened significantly. They offer credits
to MSMEs, salaried
workers, and other urban and city residents.13
Functioning of a Co-operative Bank
A Co-operative bank does the fundamental bank function
of banking but it varies from commercial bank.
11 https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/co-operative-banksunder-R.B.I-supervision
12 Subashchandira Bose, P. Nagarajan, Current
Scenario of State Co-Operative Bank in India and Its’ Working
Performance, IJSR, Impact Factor (2017): 7.296
13 K.V. Nagaraj, A Case Study on Banking
Operations in Cooperative Sector, PARIPEX, Volume:
4 | Issue: 8, Aug 2015
a. A
commercial banks is joint-stock company as per the companies act, 1956, or PCB
in a specific act whereas a co-operative bank was set up in the co-operative
society act of various state Govt.s.14
b. Commercial bank structure is branch banking
structure whereas co-operative banks have a threetier
setup, with state co-operative bank at apex level, central / district
co-operative bank at district level, and primary co-operative societies at
rural level.
c. Only
some of the sections of banking regulation act of 1949 (fully applicable to commercial banks), are applicable to
co-operative banks, resulting only in partial control by R.B.I of cooperative banks.
Case of Punjab and Maharashtra Cooperative Bank (PMC Bank)
·
The PMC Bank had Rs 11,617 crore in deposits
as on March 31, 2019. It had violated
Reserve Bank of India (RBI) norms by lending heavily to one client-real-estate
firm Housing Development and Infrastructure Limited (HDIL), which itself is
facing bankruptcy proceedings. PMC
Bank has extended 73 per cent of their assets to HDIL.
·
The former chiefs
of the bank and the promoters of HDIL have been booked
for cheating, and lookout
notices have also been issued against them.
·
The PMC Bank crisis shows how the
watchdogs -the bank’s auditors, the RBI and the government were lousy in doing
their jobs and taking responsibility.
·
An action was taken by RBI under
sub-section (1) of Section 35A of the Banking Regulation Act,1949 read with Section
56 of the Act which deals with the power of RBI to give directions.
·
PMC Bank cannot grant or renew any loans or advances or to make any investments or accept any new deposits without
the prior approval of RBI for the next six months.
Other Provisions
Sec.22(4): Cancellations/rejections of licenses
Sec.23 (4A): Cooperative banks looking consent
of R.B.I for division opening is needed to forward application to R.B.I via N.A.B.A.R.D;15
14 5 https://blog_media.testbook.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/All-About-Cooperative-Banks-in-India- GKNotes-for-SSC-Banking-Exams-in-PDF.pd
•
N.A.B.A.R.D will provide
its remarks on the value of the case and forward to R.B.I
copy of the applications will be forwarded by the Cooperative bank directly to the R.B.I.
Sec.24-A: R.B.I had authority to let off CBs from the whole of or every division
of the provision of Sec.18 or
Sec.24 of the Acts.
Sec.35 A: Power of R.B.I to provide guideline: R.B.I is allowed to
provide direction to CBs generally or
to CBs particularly on every aspects of functioning of these banks.
Sec.45: As per sec.45, the R.B.I may suggest to the Union Govt., to array
a suspension regarding cooperative Banks.
The power to issue such a moratorium however rests with the Central Govt.
Sec.46: As per sec.46, various penalties that may be imposed on
cooperative banks, for rebelliousness with the different provisions of the B.R.
Act, have been mentioned.
Sec.53: Powers to except; The Union Govt. may, in the proposal
of R.B.I, except any
bank or any class of banks from any or every provision of these BR Act.
• Prime farming society is excluded from the range of the BR Act 1949;
• the
least capital requirements are only Rs. 1,00,000 for banking institutions;
• Cooperative banks can’t employ in every trading activities;
•
A Cooperative bank has to keep a cash reserve
ratio of 3 percent of N.D.T.L in cash
and current accounts by R.B.I and another
important bank. SCBs have to keep CRR in
the R.B.I rule in a report by R.B.I. In general, the cash reserve ratio
requirement is less than that for a
commercial bank.16
•
CBs require
to keep constitutional liquidity ratio of 25 percent of N.D.T.L in the form of gold, balance by state CBs and on
unencumbered sanctioned security;
• CBs
can’t hold above 5 percent
of private capitals
of all others cooperative societies;
•
CBs
have to present many returns to R.B.I in regards to C.R.R./S.L.R, asset and liability, unsecured loan to director,
advance to priorities and rural and backward sectors, shareholding in
cooperative societies, NPAs and balance sheets, P&L accounts of
constitutional audit reports
as stated by the periodicity described for various declarations.17
16 Subashchandira Bose, P. Nagarajan, Impact
Factor (2017): 7.296
17 Paramashiaviah, A Study on Cooperative Sector Banks in India: Problems
& Prospects, Ignited
Minds Journals, Apr, 2019
Reforms In The BR Act, 1949:
Resulting on the execution of suggestions of Committees on revitalization
of the cooperative societies, some revisions to the B.R. Act would be needed
and this will include:
•
All CBs should be on balance with conventional
bank to the extent that regulatory standards are considered;
•
R.B.I will set down fit and appropriate
criterion for voting to Board of CBs. These criterions would though not be in
conflict with the nature of memberships of main cooperative banks which
comprise the memberships of the D.C.C. Bs and S.C. Bs;
•
Though, as a financial institution, such Boards
should require least assistance at the Board level. So, the R.B.I shall set criterion
in favor of professionals will be on the
Board of CBs. Suppose a member with such professional qualification or experience don’t get selected in the usual
voting processes, then the board to be needed to appoint such professional to the boards and they would have complete
voting right.
•
The C.E.Os of a cooperative bank should be
employed by the particular financial institutions himself and not by the State Govt.
Though, as such banks, R.B.I would set the
least qualifications of the C.E.O to be selected and the name suggested by CBs for the post of C.E.O would have will be
sanctioned by R.B.I;
•
Cooperatives other than CBs as sanctioned by
R.B.I will not recognize non-elected member deposit. These types of
cooperatives will also not employ terms such as “bank”, “banking”, “banker” or
no other derivatives of the term
“bank” on their listed names.18
Regulatory Frameworks 19
In India, a cooperative bank is registered in the specific State
cooperative society act and managed by State Govt. via the Registrars of
Cooperative Society regarding incorporations,
registrations, management, audits and liquidations. They are ruled and
controlled by R.B.I as per BR Act, 1949 and the BR (Co-operative Societies)
Rule, 1966. N.A.B.A.R.D has
18 T. R. Radhakrishnan, Supervision of co-operative banks by R.B.I,
Tax Guru, 02 Jul 2020
19 Report of the High Powered
Committee on Urban Cooperative Banks (Chairman: R. Gandhi),
2015, https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs//PublicationReport/Pdfs/HPC3934E91FA21241B8B0ABC4C4DBF28A40. PDF.
simultaneous power to scrutinize S.C.Bs and D.C.C.Bs.
P.A.C.S is only in the
purviews of N.A.B.A.R.D. As a result, there is variety of domination.
The Banking Regulation Amendment
Bill, 202020
The BR Amend bill looks to impose stricter banking
regulations by R.B.I on CBs whereas management problems and
challenges are still directed by the Registrars of Cooperative Society. The
"Declaration of Object and Reason" make obvious the legal intention
to carry CBs on parity with regulations and growth in banking industry and to
have superior control, raised professionalisms, accesses to capitals, progress
governance and guard depositor interest.21
Highlights of the Bill
·
Co-operative banks are exempted
from several provisions of the Banking
Regulation Act, 194922. The Bill applies some of these
provisions to them, making their regulation under the Act similar to that of
commercial banks.
·
Co-operative
banks may raise equity or unsecured debt capital from the public subject to
prior RBI approval.
·
RBI
may prescribe conditions on and qualifications for employment of Chairman of
co- operative banks. RBI may remove a
Chairman not meeting ‘fit and proper’ criteria and appoint a suitable person.
It may issue directions to reconstitute the Board of Directors
in order to ensure sufficient number of qualified members.
·
RBI
may supersede the Board of Directors of a co-operative bank after consultation
with the state government.
·
The
Bill allows RBI to undertake reconstruction or amalgamation of a bank without
imposing a moratorium.
20 The Banking Regulation (Amendment) Bill,
2020, https://www.prsindia.org/sites/default/files/bill_files/The%20Banking%20Regulation%20%28Amendmen t%29%20Bill%2C%202020.pdf.
21 Niloufer Lam, India:
Co-operative Banks In India: Heading
Towards Reform, Mondaq,
22 June 2020
22 Report of the Working Group
to examine issues
relating to augmenting capital of UCBs (Chairman: N. S.
Vishwanathan), 2006, https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs//PublicationReport/Pdfs/74324.pdf.
Key features
of the Bill are:
·
Co-operative
banks provide banking facilities to people of small means. However, absence of regulatory oversight by RBI on par with commercial
banks has contributed to the poor performance of co-operative banks. The Bill seeks to extend RBI regulation of co-operative banks with respect to management, capital, audit and winding up.
·
‘Banking’
is a Union List subject in the Constitution and ‘incorporation, regulation and
winding up’ of co-operative societies’ is in the State List. The question is whether regulation of management, audit,
capital and winding
up of co-operative banks are essential to regulating the
activity of banking, and therefore whether
the Bill falls within the legislative
competence of Parliament.
·
The Bill enables co-operative banks to issue
equity shares to members and to persons residing within the banks’ area of operation. Since co-operative societies raise capital from members, it is unclear
what it means to raise equity capital
from the public. Further, restrictions on redemption of
share capital by members may limit their option to exit.23
Conclusion
Failure of cooperative banks would signify
breakdown of best expectation for rural
people. It is anticipated that the provisos recommended in this study will not
only make sure the independent and self-ruled working of CBs, but also
guarantee the responsibility of
administration to the associates and other stakeholder and will give for
prevention for infringement of the provision of Act. A cooperative bank is at
present in the double management of cooperative society with R.B.I. Although
the responsibility of the cooperative societies comprises incorporation,
registrations, managements, audits, supersession of BODs and liquidations,
R.B.I is accountable for legal functions. The
reform in the recent Bill would cause fewer State Govt. interventions
and will initiate up skill in administration and professionalism in the capability to function CBs. There
should be more attention on the boards and supervision and thorough review of
capital necessities and fund raising for CBs. As there
are future needs for scheduled
share offering and as a cooperative seem at fund raisings in open market,
23 Paramashiaviah, A Study on Cooperative Sector Banks in India: Problems
& Prospects, Ignited
Minds Journals, Apr, 2019
this would cause more lucidity and disclosures on the
economic position and processes of CBs. The judiciary now has power
concern completing proceeding of CBs in some cases,
which was previous vest with the Registrars of Cooperative Society.Units would be incentivized to lift up their standard
to be healthier because of superior level of
inspection. To expect further regulations by R.B.I on administration and rule
of the CBs more in line with banking regulations. The power and potency of
R.B.I, will make sure CBs avoid a PMC
like catastrophe in the future.
Bibliography
Articles
•
Paramashiaviah, A, A Study on Cooperative Sector
Banks in India: Problems & Prospects, Ignited Minds Journals, Apr, 2019
•
K.V. Nagaraj, A Case Study on Banking Operations
in Cooperative Sector, PARIPEX, Volume: 4 | Issue: 8, Aug 2015
•
Subashchandira Bose, P. Nagarajan, Current
Scenario of State Co-Operative Bank in India and Its’ Working Performance,
IJSR, Impact Factor (2017): 7.296
•
T. R. Radhakrishnan, Supervision of co-operative banks by R.B.I, Tax Guru, 02 Jul
2020
•
Sangeeta Nair, Parliament passes Banking
Regulation (Amendment) Bill, 2020, Jagran josh, Sep 22, 2020
•
Niloufer Lam, India: Co-operative Banks in
India: Heading Towards Reform, Mondaq, 22
June 2020
•
M.L. Tannan, “Tannan’s Banking Law and Practice
in India”, Wadhwa and Company Nagpur, 21st Edn., Reprint 2017.
•
M.L. Jhingan, “Money, Banking, International
Trade and Public Finance”, Vrinda Publication Pvt. Ltd., 7th Edn., Reprint 2007
Books
•
S.N. Gupta, “The Banking Law”, Vol. II,
Universal Law Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., 5th Edn., 2010. • M.L. Jhingan, “Money,
Banking, International Trade and Public Finance”, Vrinda Publication Pvt. Ltd.,
7th Edn., Reprint 2007.
Websites
•
https://blog_media.testbook.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/All- AboutCooperative-Banks-in-India-GK-Notes-for-SSC-Banking-Exams-in-PDF.pdf
•
https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/co-operative-banksunder- R.B.I-supervision
•
https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-9653-co-operative-banks-a-critical- analysis.html.
Article Information
A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OF THE CO-OPERATIVE BANKS IN INDIA by : ANAMIKA TANHAJI GAWADE
Authors: ANAMIKA TANHAJI GAWADE
- Journal IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
- Published 2023/04/05
- Volume 2
- Issue 7
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