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[1]The author is an LLM student specializing Corporate and Commercial Law in School of Law, Christ (Deemed to be University)
[2] Umakanth Varottil, The Evolution of Securities Regulation in India: A Historical and Comparative Perspective, 10 J. INDIAN L. & SOC'Y 45 (2019).
[3] Securities & Exch. Bd. of India v. Rakhi Trading Pvt. Ltd., (2018) 13 SCC 753 (India).
[4] Pratik Datta, Retail Investor Protection in India’s Securities Market: Assessing SEBI’s Regulatory Response, 32 NAT’L L. SCH. INDIA REV. 125 (2020).
[5] MCX Stock Exch. Ltd. v. Sec. & Exch. Bd. of India, (2012) 7 SCC 579 (India).
[6] Sec. & Exch. Bd. of India v. OPG Sec. Ltd., (2020) 15 SCC 294 (India)
[7] Umakanth Varottil, The Evolution of Securities Regulation in India: A Historical and Comparative Perspective, 10 J. INDIAN L. & SOC'Y 45 (2019)
[8] Donald C. Langevoort, Rethinking Retail Investor Protection in Derivatives Markets, 96 CORNELL L. REV. 45 (2011).
[10] Commodity Futures Trading Comm’n v. Schor, 478 U.S. 833 (1986).
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[13] Sec. & Exch. Bd. of India v. Rakhi Trading Pvt. Ltd., (2018) 13 SCC 753 (India)
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[2] Fatma Nausheen, Khan, “Changing trends and discrepancies in laws regarding marital rape in India a socio legal analysis” (2022) pg 03-06 available at http://hdl.handle.net/10603/472737
[3] Indian Penal Code,1860, Section 375, exception 2
[32] A J. Marin, R. N. Felipe, Feminist Perspectives on Male Violence Against Women: Criiquing O’Neil and Harway’s Model, in M. Harway; J. M.O’Neil (ed.), What Causes Men’s Violence Against Women?, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, https://legaleagleweb.com/articalsdetail.aspx?newsid=22
[3] The Constitution (Sixty-first Amendment) Act, 1988 lowered the voting age from 21 years to 18 years, reinforcing the principle of universal adult suffrage.
[5]Introduction of VVPAT by the Election Commission of India, 2013 enhanced voter confidence.
[6]EVMs are stand-alone machines that use write once read many memory. They are self-contained, battery-powered and do not need any networking capability.
[7]Voter verifiable paper audit trail (VVPAT) or verified paper record (VPR) is a method of providing feedback to voters who use an electronic voting system.
[8]Dinesh Trivedi, MP v. Union of India, (1997) 4 SCC 306 highlighted the concerns over unregulated electoral funding and corruption.
[9] Article 324 of the Indian Constitution- Superintendence, direction, and control of elections to be vested in an Election Commission.
[10]Article 326 of the Indian Constitution- Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies of State elects to be on the basis of adult suffrage.
[11]Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters
Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, a. the validity of any law relating to the delimitation of constituencies or the allotment of seats to such constituencies, made or purporting to be made under article 327 or article 328, shall not be called in question in any court; b. no election to either House of Parliament or to the House or either House of the Legislature of a State shall be called in question except by an election petition presented to such authority and in such manner as may be provided for by or under any law made by the appropriate Legislature.
[12]Article 324 of the Constitution governs the powers and responsibilities of Election Commission of India.
[13]Mohinder Singh Gill v. The Chief Election Commissioner, (1978) 2 S.C.R. 272 clarified the plenary powers of the Election Commission under Art. 324 of the Indian Constitution.
[14]Election Commission of India v. Dr. Subramaniam Swamy, (1996) 4 SCC 104 clarified the quasi-judicial powers of the Election Commission
[15]Article 326 of the Indian Constitution ensures universal adult suffrage, granting voting rights to all citizens aged 18 and above.
[16]Article 329 of the Indian Constitution prohibits interference by courts in electoral matters during the election process.
[17] Representation of People Act’s 1950 and 1951 outlines the preparation of electoral rolls and conduct of elections in India.
[18]A pluralistic society is a society that accepts and embraces diversity in its people, their values, religions, social groups, and political powers. In a pluralistic society, different groups are able to develop freely and participate in the political process equally.
[19]Lily Thomas v. Union of India, (2013) 7 SCC 653 made disqualification mandatory for convicted legislators, even during appeal.
[20]Sadiq Ali v. Election Commission of India, (1972) 4 SCC 664, addressed and clarified conflicts regarding party symbols as outlined in the Election Symbols Orders of 1968.
[21] Election Commission of India - Model Code of Conduct (MCC) - https://www.eci.gov.in/mcc/
[22]Introduction of the Model Code of Conduct by the election Commission of India, 1968 ensured fairness during elections.
[23]S. Subramaniam Balaji v. State of T.N, (2013) 9 SCC 659, discussed the implications of election freebies and voter inducement on fair elections.
[30] Public Interest Foundation v. Union of India, 2019 (3) SCC 224, directed the candidates to fill out the election commission form completely disclosing any criminal history.
[33]Common Cause v. Union of India, (1996) 2 SCC 752, emphasized the necessity for stringent auditing and the establishment of limits on election expenditure.
[34] [2021] 2 SCR 851 Writ Petition (Civil) No 880 of 2017
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