[1] 1. Judicial Ethics & Misconduct – K. Veeraswami (1991) allowed prosecution of judges; SCAORA (2015) questioned Collegium transparency. Delhi HC report (2025) and Fire Dept. confirmed allegations against Justice Varma.
2. Appointments & Transparency – Second Judges Case (1993) established Collegium primacy. Justice Ruma Pal (2011) criticized its opacity. Judicial Standards Bill (2010) proposed reforms but lapsed.
[2] 1. Testimonies from first responders as recorded in official reports.
2. Statement issued by Justice Varma during preliminary inquiries.
3. Restatement of Values of Judicial Life, adopted by the Supreme Court in 1997.
4. K. Veeraswami v. Union of India, (1991) 3 SCC 655.
5. Analysis of judicial accountability mechanisms in India.
6. Overview of the Collegium system as established in the Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association v. Union of India, (2015) 11 SCC 1.
[4] 1.S.P.Guptav.UnionofIndia,1981AIR149;SupremeCourtAdvocates-on-RecordAssociationv.UnionofIndia, (1993) 4 SCC 441; In re Special Reference No. 1 of 1998, (1998) 7 SCC 739 – Established the Collegium system.
2.SupremeCourtAdvocates-on-RecordAssociationv.UnionofIndia,(2015)11SCC1–StruckdownNJAC, reaffirming the Collegium system.
5.TheJudicialStandardsandAccountabilityBill,2010(lapsed)andtheSecondAdministrativeReformsCommission (2007) proposed judicial financial disclosures, but no law mandates them.
[6] 1.Publicassetdeclarationsandindependentauditscanpreventfinancialirregularities(SupremeCourt Advocates-on-Record Association v. Union of India, 1993).
[10] 1.SupremeCourtAdvocates-on-RecordAssociationv.UnionofIndia,(1993)4SCC441–ExpandedtheCollegium to five members and made its recommendations binding unless reconsidered and reiterated.
2.SupremeCourtAdvocates-on-RecordAssociationv.UnionofIndia,(2015)11SCC1–StruckdowntheNJACAct, 2014, restoring the Collegium system to uphold judicial independence.
5.NJACAct,2014–TheConstitution(99thAmendment)Act,2014,andtheNationalJudicialAppointments Commission Act, 2014, were struck down in the Fourth Judges Case (2015).
[4] OECD, Measuring the Value of Data and Data Flows (OECD 2022) 7-8.
[5] James Manyika et al., The Value of Data: Implications for Insight and Innovation (McKinsey Global Institute, 2017).
[6] Viktor Mayer-Schönberger & Thomas Ramge, Reinventing Capitalism in the Age of Big Data (John Murray, 2018).
[7] David J. Hand, The Improbability Principle: Why Coincidences, Miracles, and Rare Events Happen Every Day(Macmillan, 2014).
[8] OECD, Measuring the Digital Transformation: A Roadmap for the Future (OECD Publishing, 2019).
[9] Vicky E. Barham and Stephen E. King, The Economics of Data Taxation (Oxford University Press 2020) 125-26.
[10] "Data valuation: Understanding the value of your data assets," Deloitte (2024) https://deloitte.com accessed 28 October 2024.
[11] Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data (General Data Protection Regulation) [2016] OJ L119/1.
[12] Tax Foundation, 'Digital Tax Update: 2024 Digital Services Taxes in Europe' (2023) Tax Foundation https://taxfoundation.org accessed 28 October 2024.
[13] “Maryland Digital Ad Tax Bill,” National Law Review (2021) https://www.natlawreview.com/article/maryland-digital-ad-tax-bill accessed 28 October 2024.
[14] CLOUD Act, Consolidated Appropriations Act 2018, Pub L No 115-141, 132 Stat 348.
[15] Duff & Phelps, "Expansion of India’s Equalisation Levy to Impact More Tech Companies," Transfer Pricing Times (First Quarter 2021) https://www.kroll.com accessed 28 October 2024.
[17] California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018, Cal Civ Code §§ 1798.100–1798.199.100 (2018).
[18] Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023 (India) https://www.dpdpa.in accessed 30 October 2024.
[19] Data Protection and Digital Privacy Act 2024, s 7.
[20] Data Protection and Digital Privacy Act 2024, s 5.
[21] Data Protection and Digital Privacy Act 2024, s 12.
[22] David G. Blanchflower and Andrew J. Oswald, ‘Taxation, the Politics of Data, and Artificial Intelligence’ (2019) 23(4) International Tax and Public Finance 1234.
[23] M A Albrecht, 'Blockchain and the Future of Taxation' (2018) 42(1) Journal of Taxation 55 https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26529805 accessed 28 October 2024.
[8]sub section (5) of section 8 BNSS : If the offence is punishable with fine or c ommunity service, the imprisonment which the Court imposes in default of payment of the fine or in default of community service shall be simple.
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[32] Melchor De Guzman, Maryann Stone White, The Criminal Justice System: Theory, Research, and Practice: Theories, Philosophies, Research and Practice 90 EBCN 3rd Rdn.,( page no 112)
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Citation
[1] Spencer Herbert: Principles of Sociology p. 537
[2] Dr. Allen C.K.: Law in the Making (7th ed. 1964) p. 85.
[3] Roncou Pound! The Sco|«f And Purpoil of Soclolojjicnl Jurisprudence (1911) 25 Hnr. L. Rev; 489.
[4] Part III of the Constitution of India relates to the Fundamental Rights and Part IV embodies the Directive Principles of State Policy.
[5] Keshavanand Bharti(AIR 1973 SC 1461: Minerva Mills v. Union of India, 1980 SC 1789.Waman Rao v. union India ,AIR 1980 SC 271)