* Assistant Professor, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara Law College, Centre for Post Graduate Studies and Research in Law, Mangaluru (Affiliated To Kslu, Hubballi)
[1] Article 44 Uniform Civil Code for the Citizens - The State shall endeavour to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India.
[2] Constitutional Assembly Debates, Vol. VII, 23.11.1948, at p. 541
[5] P. Ishwara Bhat, Law and Social Transformation (Eastern Book Company, Lucknow 2020) at. p717
[6] John Vallamatton v. Union of India, (2003) AIR 2902 (India)
[7] Numan Khan, Is UCC the Unity we Aspire for in our Diversity?, JUDICIAL ACADEMY JHARKHAND (Feb 17, 2025, 11:27 AM) https://jajharkhand.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Is-UCC-the-Unity-we-aspire-for-in-our-Diversity.pdf
[8] The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, No. 25, Acts of Parliament, 1955 (India)
[9] The Hindu Succession Act, 1956, No. 30, Acts of Parliament, 1956 (India)
[10] The Dissolution of Muslim Marriage Act, 1939, No. 8, Acts of Parliament, 1939 (India)
[11] Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986, No. 25, Acts of Parliament, 1986 (India)
[12] Press Information Bureau, Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, (Feb 17, 2025, 11.43AM) https://pib.gov.in/FactsheetDetails.aspx?Id=148565®=3&lang=1
[13] Saurav De, Navigating the Complexities of Implementing a Uniform Civil Code in India: A Historical and Comparative Analysis, 7 IJLMHS 1516, 1536 (2024)
[14] TOI News Desk, Uniform Civil Code implemented in Uttarakhand: Rules Released, Portal Launched, TOI, Jan 27 2025, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/uniform-civil-code-implemented-in-uttarakhand/articleshow/117595906.cms
[15] The Uniform Civil Code Rules, Uttarakhand, 2025, No. 101, Govt of Uttarakhand, 2025 (India)
[16] Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum (1985) 2 SCC 556 (India)
[17] Danial Latif v. Union of India (2001) 7 SCC 740 (India)
[18] John Vallamatton v. Union of India, (2003) AIR 2902 (India)
[19] Shayara Bano v. Union of India WP ( c ) 118//2016
[20] K Ariffa, Uniform Civil Code in India: Impact on its Implementation 1 JLLRD 30, 31 (2024)
[21] PMF IAS, Uniform Civil Code: Need, Challenges & Different Views on UCC, (Mar 10 2025, 4.34 AM) https://www.pmfias.com/uniform-civil-code/
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[1]Canara Bank vs Deccan Chronicle Holdings Limited, 2017 SCC OnLine NCLAT 255
[2]Mr. Ajay Kumar Bishnoi vs M/s Tap Engineering and Other, 2020 SCC OnLine Mad 1474
[3]Indorama Synthetics (I) Limited Nagpur vs State of Maharashtra and Ors, 2016 (4) Mh.L.J. 249
[4] Shah Brothers Ispat Pvt Ltd vs P.Mohanraj & Ors, (2021) 6 SCC 258
[5] Ajay Kumar Radheyshyam Goenka v. Tourism Finance Corporation of India Ltd, (2023) 6 SCC 258
[6] Varrsana Ispat Limited Through the Resolution Professional Mr. Anil Goel vs. Deputy Director, Directorate of Enforcement, Company Appeal (AT) (Insolvency) No. 493 of 2018
[8]Ms. Anju Agarwal, Resolution Professional for Shree Bhawani Paper Mills Ltd vs Bombay Stock Exchange & Ors, Company Appeal (AT) (Insolvency) No. 734 of 2018
[2] Globally, discriminatory legislation against women remains a persistent challenge. Even where legal frameworks promoting gender equality exist, enforcement often falls short. According to UN Women’s Progress of the World’s Women 2011–2012: In Pursuit of Justice and the Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on Effective Practices in Preventing Violence Against Women (A/HRC/17/23), gaps in legal implementation hinder progress. Additionally, the UN Working Group on discrimination against women highlights ongoing challenges in both legal provisions and their practical application. www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Women/WGWomen/Pages/WGWomenIndex.aspx
[3] Labeling a person who has faced sexual violence as either “victim” or “survivor” largely relies on the individual's own preference or self-identification. UN personnel ought to honor these decisions. The situation in which the term is applied may differ. For instance, the word “victim” is frequently employed to signify that an individual has endured a breach of international law or a criminal act. The term encompasses a wide range of individuals, including those who have directly undergone sexual violence and those who have been indirectly impacted (such as children resulting from CRSV). The word “survivor” is often associated with the healing journey of someone who has faced sexual violence, as it suggests empowerment and strength. There is no consensus across the United Nations on the use of one term over another. Both terms can be utilized at the same time and in place of each other.
[5] See also OHCHR, Fact Sheet No. 23: Harmful Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children, and Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, general recommendation No. 14 (1990) on female circumcision.
[7] Regional human rights agreements include mechanisms to monitor compliance by member states. These oversight bodies include the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, the Council of Europe, and the European Court of Human Rights.
[2] THE RIGHT TO INFORMATION: STRENGTHENING DEMOCRACY AND DEVELOPMENT. (n.d.). Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative.
[3] Singh., Right to Information: The Basic Need of Democracy, JOURNAL OF EDUCATION & SOCIAL POLICY, vol.1(No.2), https://www.jespnet.com/journals/Vol_1_No_2_December_2014/13.pdf
[4] India, legal Service, “Right to Know and Right to Information.” Legal Service India. Accessed July 29, 2023. https://www.legalserviceindia.com/article/l88-Right-To-Information.html.
[5] Evolution and Development of the Right to Information Act in India. (n.d.). Legal Service India. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-323-evolution-and-development-of-the-right-to-information-act-in-india.html#google_vignette
[6] Evolution and Development of the Right to Information Act in India. (n.d.). Legal Service India. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-323-evolution-and-development-of-the-right-to-information-act-in-india.html#google_vignette
[7] The Right to Information Act 2005- Historical Background and Key Objectives. (2021, November 16). Adda247. https://www.adda247.com/upsc-exam/the-right-to-information-act-2005-historical-background-and-key-objectives/
[8] Right to Information Act', Wikipedia, the encyclopaedia of Social Sciences, 11 October, 2010.
[9] Khanwalker. (2011, April). THE RIGHT TO INFORMATION ACT IN INDIA: ITS CONNOTATIONS AND IMPLEMENTATION. The Indian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 72(No. 2 (April-June, 2011)), 387–393. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/42761423.pdf?refreqid=fastly-default%3Aa814dbfb4c910f240c5788c94d19d505&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&origin=&initiator=search-results&acceptTC=1
[10] Phogat. (2018, January 1). Article 19 (1)(a) of Indian Constitution and Right to Information Act, 2005. 2018 IJCRT, Vol. 6(Issue 1). https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT1705091.pdf
[11] RTI Amendment Bill 2019. (2019, July 22). Drishti IAS. Retrieved August 10, 2023, from https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-news-editorials/rti-amendment-bill-2019
[12] Lemieux, V. (2020). Transparency in the 21st century: the role of records in achieving public access to information, protecting fundamental freedoms and monitoring sustainable development. In A. Thurston (Ed.), A Matter of Trust: Building Integrity into Data, Statistics and Records to Support the Achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (pp. 173–188). University of London Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv14t45v5.16
[13] THE RIGHT TO INFORMATION: STRENGTHENING DEMOCRACY AND DEVELOPMENT. (n.d.). Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative.
[14] Central Public Information Officer, Supreme Court of India v. Subhash Chandra Aggarwal, (LPA 501 of 2009).
[15] Union of India v. Association for Democratic Reforms,(2002 AIR 2112).
[16] Shreya Singhal v. Union of India, AIR 2015 SC 1523.
[17] Singh. (2014, December). Right to Information: The Basic Need of Democracy. Journal of Education & Social Policy, vol.1 (No.2). https://www.jespnet.com/journals/Vol_1_No_2_December_2014/13.pdf
[18] Chairman Railway Board vs. Mrs. Chandrima Das Civil Appeal No. 639, of 2000.
[20]Hamdard Dawakhana v. Union of India, AIR (1960) SC 554.
[21]Bennett Coleman v. Union of India, AIR (1973) SC 106.
[22]K. v. Secretary of State for the Home Department Ex. P. Simms, LR 2000(2) AC 115.
[23] S.P. Gupta v Union of India, AIR 1982 SC 149.
[24] Romesh Thappar v. State of Madras, AIR 1950 SC 124
[25] WORLD, I. L. (2018, July 28). CONSTITUTIONAL BASIS OF RIGHT TO INFORMATION ACT 2005 | Into Legal World. CONSTITUTIONAL BASIS OF RIGHT TO INFORMATION ACT 2005 | Into Legal World. https://intolegalworld.com/article?title=constitutional-basis-of-right-to-information-act-2005
[26]THE RIGHT TO INFORMATION: STRENGTHENING DEMOCRACY AND DEVELOPMENT. (n.d.). Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative.
[27] Dinesh Trivedi v. Union of India, AIR (1994) 4SCC 306,314.
[28] Singh. (2014, December). Right to Information: The Basic Need of Democracy. Journal of Education & Social Policy, vol.1(No.2). https://www.jespnet.com/journals/Vol_1_No_2_December_2014/13.pdf
[29] Reliance Petrochemical Ltd. V. Indian Express Newspapers, Bombay Pvt. Ltd, AIR (1989) 190, (1988) SCR Supl.(3) 212
[30] Khanwalker. (2011, April). THE RIGHT TO INFORMATION ACT IN INDIA: ITS CONNOTATIONS AND IMPLEMENTATION. The Indian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 72(No. 2 (April-June, 2011)), 387–393. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/42761423.pdf?refreqid=fastly-default%3Aa814dbfb4c910f240c5788c94d19d505&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&origin=&initiator=search-results&acceptTC=1
[31] State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain, (1975 AIR 865, 1975 SCR (3) 333)
[32] India, L. S. (n.d.). The Right To Information Act: A Real Step To Ensure Good Governance - Article 19. The Right to Information Act: A Real Step to Ensure Good Governance - Article 19. https://www.legalserviceindia.com/articles/iftaa.htm#google_vignette
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[11] the Information Technology (Reasonable Security Practices and Procedures and Sensitive Personal Data or Information) Rules, 2011
[21] Digital Information Security in Healthcare Act (DISHA), §38(d)
[22] I v. Finland, Application No. 20511/03: 2008 ECHR 623 (reiterating the Court's earlier ruling in Z v. Finland, (1988) 25 EHRR 371, that an individual's ability to exercise their fundamental right to respect for their private and family life, as protected by Article 8 of the Convention on Human Rights, depends on the protection of personal data, particularly medical data. or her right to respect for her private and family life, as provided by Article 8 of the European Convention on the Protection of Health Information, which is a fundamental principle in the legal systems of all Contracting Parties to the Convention.. Respecting the confidentiality of health data is a vital principle in the legal systems of all the Contracting Parties to the Convention).
[23] UK Data Protection Act, 1998, Schedule I, c. 29 of 1998, Acts of Parliament, 1998 (UK). (Data Protection Directives are part of the Council of Europe’s attempts to harmonise national laws on data protection in its 1973 and 1974 resolutions).
[24] Purvi Nema & Riya SinhaPurvi Nema, N.U.S.R.L. and Riya Sinha, N.U.S.R.L., Privacy And Security Concerns In Electronic Health Records-A Comparative Study Between India And USA. Journal of Law and Legal Studies, 1(1). https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:43075/
[12] Andrea Marescotti et al., Are Protected Geographical Indications Evolving Due to Environmentally Related Justifications? An Analysis of Amendments in the Fruit and Vegetable Sector in the European Union, 12 (9), Sustainability (2020).
[22] Andrea Borghini, Nicola Piras & Beatrice Serini, Hot grapes: How to locally redesign geographical indications to address the impact of climate change, World Development Sustainability, Vol 2, (2023).