INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

CASE ANALYSIS ON OVERSEAS TANKSHIP (UK) LTD. V. MORDOCK & ENGINEERING CO. LTD. (1961) A.K.A. WAGON MOUND’S CASE: CASE ANALYSIS AND CASE COMMENTARY BY - SHREYA SHARMA & NIKAIAH MARIA DA SILVA

Authors: SHREYA SHARMA & NIKAIAH MARIA DA SILVA

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Year : Dec -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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JUDICIAL ACTIVISM: A NECESSARY EVIL OR A THREAT TO SEPARATION OF POWERS? BY - SHREYA SHARMA

Authors: SHREYA SHARMA

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THE LIMITS OF LEGAL MORALISM: SHOULD PRIVATE MORALITY BE A MATTER FOR THE LAW? BY - SHREYA SHARMA

Authors: SHREYA SHARMA

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IMPACT OF DATA PRIVACY AND SECURITY IN HEALTH LAW. BY - MS VARSHA. P

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ROLE OF WHISTLEBLOWERS IN EXPOSING ECONOMIC CRIME IN INDIA BY: MS. SITHI NOOR HALIZA.S & MS. T. VAISHALI

Authors: MS. SITHI NOOR HALIZA.S & MS. T. VAISHALI

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JUDICIAL INTERPRETATION IN THE LIGHT OF ARTICLE 21 OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA AND RIGHT TO HEALTH OF WOMEN BY - DHARITRI SHARMA

Authors: DHARITRI SHARMA

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RIGHT TO SELF DETERMINATION IN NAGORNO-KARABAKH BY - PRIYANSHI SINGH

Authors: PRIYANSHI SINGH

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MARITAL RAPE LAWS COMPARATIVE LEGAL STUDY AND THE WAY FORWARD BY - SHASHWAT VARDHAN

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REFORMING JUSTICE: THE INTERSECTION OF REHABILITATION AND PUNISHMENT AND THE ETHICAL IMPERATIVE FOR REHABILITATION IN INDIAN CRIMINAL FRAMEWORK BY - NANDINI DEVULAPALLI

Authors: NANDINI DEVULAPALLI

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TRANSFORMATIVE CONSTITUTIONALISM: REFLECTS THE NATION’S ASPIRATIONS A CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON CONSTITUTIONALISM AND TRANSFORMATIVE CONSTITUTIONALISM IN INDIA BY - DR. KONERU ANURADHA

Authors: DR. KONERU ANURADHA

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[1] “Simon James & Chantal Stebbings, Tax: A Multidisciplinary Approach (1997).”

[2] “K.D. Kmiec, The Origin and Current Meanings of “Judicial Activism”, 92 Calif. L. Rev. 1441, 1441–77 (2004), https://doi.org/10.2307/3481421”

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[4] “Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar A.I.R. 1979 S.C. 1369.”

[5] “Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, A.I.R. 1978 S.C. 597”

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[7] “Nat’l Legal Servs. Auth. v. Union of India, (2014) 5 S.C.C. 438”

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[9] “State of Tamil Nadu v. K. Balu, (2017) 2 S.C.C. 281”

[10] “Arun Gopal v. Union of India, W.P. (C) No. 728/2015, Supreme Court of India (Oct. 9, 2017).”

[11] “M.C. Mehta v. Union of India, (2018) 3 S.C.C. 199”

[1] M.P.Jain, Indian Constitutional Law 112(Kamal Law House, Calcutt,14^th edition,2014)

[2] A Vanish Kumar, Human Right to Health 1(Satyam Books Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi, 2007)

[4] M. Critchley(ed.), Butterworths Medical Dictionary 784( Butterworths, London, 1978)

[8] International Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural rights, 1966, Article 12

[9] WHO, ‘’The Right to Health’’, WHO Fact Sheet No.233, reviewed in November 2013, available at http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs323/en/ (last accessed on 1 august, 23 at 4 p.m.)

[13] Neelem Singh,” Issues of Women’s Health,”1(1 and 2) Nyaya Deep 4(2014)

[14] Convention on the elimination of discrimination against women 1979, Article 12

[15] World Health Organization, Maternal and Newborn Health. http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/Life-stages/maternal-and-newborn-health/maternaland- newborn-health, (retrieved on 8.7.2023 at 3 p.m.)

[26] Apparel Export Promotion Council v Chopra (1999) 1 SCR 117, Para. 27.

[27] Devika Biswas v Union of India, W.P. ( C ) 81/2012.

[30] Laxmi Mandal v. Deen Dayal Harinagar Hospital & Others, W.P. ( C ) No. 8853/2008

[33] W.P. (CRL) No.1/2016, Maharashtra H.C. On its own Motion Lajja Devi v. State, W.P. ( CRL) No. 338( 2008)( High Court of Delhi)

[1] JOHANNES RAU, THE NAGORNO – KARABAKH CONFLICT BETWEEN ARMENIA AND AZERBAIJAN. A BRIEF HISTORICAL OUTLINE 9 (2008).

[3] RAFAL CZACHOR, ABCHAZJA, OSETIA PO?UDNIOWA, GÓRSKI KARABACH: GENEZA I FUNKCJONOWANIE SYSTEMÓW POLITYCZNYCH 298 (2014).

[8] Interpretation and Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Republic of Azerbaijan v. Republic of Armenia), Application Instituting Proceedings, paras. 14 15 (Sep. 23, 2021) https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/181/181-20210923-APP-01-00-EN.pdf.

[9] Statement by the Co-Chairs of the OSCE Minsk Group (Oct. 11, 2021) https://www.osce.org/minsk group/504007.

[10] See Letter dated 23 March 2009 from the Permanent Representative of Armenia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General. UN Doc A/63/781–S/2009/156 (Mar. 24, 2009).

[11] Badinter Arbitration Commission, European Community Conference on Yugoslavia, Opinion No 2 (Nov. 20, 1991), reprinted in 92 I.L.R 167.

[12] Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening), 1992 I.C.J. 351, 386–387.

[13] Anne Peters, The Principle of Uti Possidetis Juris. How Relevant is it for Issues of Secession?, in SELF-DETERMINATION AND SECESSION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW (C. Walter et al. eds., 2014).

[14] Heiko Krüger, Nagorno Karabakh, in SELF-DETERMINATION AND SECESSION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 95-137 (C. Walter et al. eds., 2014); Malcolm Shaw, Peoples, Territorialism and Boundaries, 8 EUR. J. INT’L. L. 494ff (1997).

[15] Annex to the letter dated 21 July 2020 from the Permanent Representative of Azerbaijan to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General. Report on the fundamental norm of the territorial integrity of States and the right to self-determination in the light of Armenia’s revisionist claims, UN Doc. A/74/961S/2020/729, at. 8-13 (Jul. 22, 2020).

[17] Malcolm Shaw, The Heritage of States: The Principle of Uti Possidetis Juris Today 67 BRIT. Y.B. INT’L. L. 154 (1996); Anne Peters, The Principle of Uti Possidetis Juris: How Relevant Is It for Issues of Secession? in SELF-DETERMINATION AND SECESSION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 99- 103, 137 (Christian Walter, et al eds., 2014).

[18] Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States, UNGA Res 2625 (XXV), UN Doc A/Res/25/2625 (Oct. 24, 1970).

[19] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights art. 1, Dec. 16, 1966, 999 U.N.T.S. 171 [hereinafter ICCPR]; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights art. 1, Dec. 12, 1966, 993 U.N.T.S. 3 [hereinafter ICESCR].

[20] East Timor (Portugal v. Australia), Judgment, 1995 I.C.J. para. 29; Legal Consequences of the Separation of the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius in 1965, Advisory Opinion, 2019, I.C.J. para. 180.

[21] Milena Sterio, Self-Determination and Secession Under International Law: Nagorno-Karabakh, 59 GERMAN Y.B. INT’L. L. 81-114 (2016). Similarly, Tahmina Salayeva, Self-determination v. territorial Integrity over the Nagorno Karabakh Region, POLITICON (Feb. 24, 2021).

[22] https://armenpress.am/eng/news/1030905.html.

[24] Decrees of President of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev on the recognition of South Ossetia and Abkhazia (Aug. 26, 2008) No 1260 and 1261.

[26] Kamal Makili-Aliyev, Will International Law Help Resolve the Karabakh Conflict? (Oct. 04, 2021) http://www.makili-aliyev.com/.

[27] Bernhard Knoll-Tudor & Daniel Mueller, At Daggers Drawn: International Legal Issues Surrounding the Conflict in and around Nagorno-Karabakh, EJIL:TALK! (Nov. 17, 2020), https://www.ejiltalk.org/at-daggers drawn-international-legal-issues-surrounding-the-conflict-in-and-around-nagorno-karabakh/.

[28] Nico Schrijver, Ban on the Use of Force in the UN Charter, in THE OXFORD HANDBOOK OF THE USE OF FORCE IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 472-475 (M. Weller et al. eds., 2015).

[29] Dapo Akande & Antonios Tzanakopoulos, Use of Force in Self-Defence to Recover Occupied Territory: When Is It Permissible?, EJIL:TALK! (Nov. 18, 2020) < https://www.ejiltalk.org/use-of-force-in-self-defence-to-recover occupied-territory-when-is-it-permissible/>; YORAM DINSTEIN, WAR, AGGRESSION AND SELF-DEFENCE 61-64 (6th edn., 2017).

[30] International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (Fourth Geneva Convention), 12 August 1949, 75 U.N.T.S. 287.

[31] Self-Determination of the People of Nagorno-Karabakh, EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR ARTSAKH (Sept. 20, 2016).

[32] The Goa Incident 56(3) AM. J. INT. L. 617-632 (1962).

[33] Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission - Partial Award: Jus Ad Bellum - Ethiopia's Claims 1-8, 19 December 2005, 26 RIAA 465, paras. 10-11.

[34] Statement of the Presidents of the Russian Federation, the United States of America and the French Republic on Nagorno-Karabakh, UN NEWS (Sept. 27, 2020) https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/09/1073992.

[36] UNGA Res 3314 (XXIX), UN Doc. A/RES/3314(XXIX) (Dec. 14, 1974).

[37] Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States, UNGA Res 2625 (XXV), UN Doc A/Res/25/2625 (Oct. 24, 1970).

[38] Chiragov and Others v. Armenia, App. No. 13216/05, ECtHR (Grand Chamber, Jun. 16, 2015).

[39] Marko Milanovi?, Arguing the Kosovo Case, in THE LAW AND POLITICS OF THE KOSOVO ADVISORY OPINION 27-38 (Marko Milanovi? & Michael Wood eds., 2015).

[40] UNGA Res 46/242, UN Doc A/RES/46/242 (Aug. 25 1992).

[41] PACE Res 1416 ‘The conflict over the Nagorno-Karabakh region dealt with by the OSCE Minsk Conference’ (Jan. 25, 2005).

[42] Cf. Christopher Greenwood, The Relationship Between Ius Ad Bellum and Ius In Bello, 9(4) REV. INT’L STUD. 223, 227-229, 331-333 (1983).

[43] General comment No. 36 (2018) on Article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, on the right to life UN Doc. CCPR/C/GC/36.

[44] See Article 5 of the ECHR and Article 9 of the ICCPR, respectively.

[45] The joint trilateral statement issued in Moscow on 11 January 2021

https://en.armradio.am/2021/01/11/armenian-azerbaijani-russian-leaders-sign-statement-on-unblocking-of all-economic-and-transport-links-in-the-region/.

[47] See Anton Trojanovski & Carlotta Gall, In Nagorno-Karabakh Peace Deal, Putin Applied a Deft New Touch, N. Y. TIMES, Apr. 24, 2021.

[48] Cf. PACE Resolution 1047 (1994) Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh, point. 5.

[49] Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States (signed 26 December 1933, entered into force 26 December 1934) 165 LNTS 19.

[50] Amit K. Chhabra, Superpower Responsibility for State Recognition: Charting a Course for Nagorno-Karabakh, 31 B. U. INT'L L. J. 132.

[54] Human Rights Watch, Azerbaijan: Seven Years of Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh (1994). THOMAS DE WAAL, BLACK GARDEN: ARMENIA AND AZERBAIJAN THROUGH PEACE AND WAR 210 (2013).

[55] See Sava Jankovic, Four Streams of Democracy and the Recognition of States: The EU Perspective, 22 SPANISH Y.B. INT’L. L. 55-76 (2018).

[56] Security Council resolutions 216 (1965) and 217 (1965), concerning Southern Rhodesia; Security Council resolution 541 (1983), concerning Northern Cyprus.

[57] UNSC Res 822, UN Doc. S/RES/822 (Apr. 30, 1993); UNSC Res 853, UN Doc. S/RES/853 (Jul 29, 1993); UNSC Res 874, UN Doc. S/RES/874 (Oct. 14, 1993); UNSC Res 884, UN Doc. S/RES/884 (Nov. 12, 1993).

[58] UNGA Res 62/243, UN Doc. A/RES 62/243 (Mar. 14, 2008).

[60] Press Release, Joint Statement by the Heads of Delegation of the OSCE Minsk Group Co-Chair Countries (Dec. 3, 2020).

[61] Statement by the OSCE Minsk Group Co-Chair countries (Jul. 10, 2009).

[62] UN News, UN pledges humanitarian support as Armenia and Azerbaijan negotiate ‘lasting, peaceful settlement’ over Nagorno-Karabakh (Dec. 4, 2020) https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/12/1079302.

[63] UNSC Res 1244, UN Doc S/RES/1244 (Jun. 10, 1999).

[64] UNGA Res 181(II) (29 November 1947) UN Doc A/RES/181(II) (Future Government of Palestine); UNGA Res 1514(XV) (14 December 1960) UN Doc A/RES/1514(XV).

[65] Stefan Talmon, Germany Goes Back on Earlier Statements on the International Legal Status of Nagorno Karabakh, GERMAN PRACTICE IN INT’L L. (Oct. 12, 2020)

[66] András Rácz, In Russia's Hands Nagorno-Karabakh After the Ceasefire Agreement, INSTITUTE FOR SECURTY STUDIES (Apr. 8, 2021) https://www.iss.europa.eu/content/russias-hands#_introduction.

[67] Margarete Klein, Russlands Militärpolitik im postsowjetischen Raum STIFTUNG WISSENSCHAFT UND POLITIK (Sept. 29, 2019) https://www.swp-berlin.org/publikation/russlands-militaerpolitik-im-postsowjetischen-raum.

[68] United Nations Peacekeeping, ‘Principles of Peacekeeping’ (https:// peacekeeping.un.org/en/principles-of peacekeeping).

[70] See, inter alia, Human Rights Council, National report submitted in accordance with paragraph 5 of the annex to Human Rights Council resolution 16/21, A/HRC/WG.6/16/AZE/1 (Feb. 7, 2013).

[71] Convention on Cluster Munitions (30 May 2008) 2688 UNTS 39.

[72] See UN News ‘UN rights chief warns of possible war crimes in Nagorno-Karabakh conflict’ https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/11/1076672.

[73] Armenia/Azerbaijan: Decapitation and War Crimes in Gruesome Videos Must be Urgently Investigated AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL (Dec. 10, 2020).

[74] Corfu Channel (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v. Albania) I.C.J. Rep. 1949, 22.

[75] Letter dated 31 October 2020 from the Permanent Representative of Armenia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General, UN Doc. A/75/566–S/2020/1073 (Nov.3, 2020).

[76] Working Group on the Use of Mercenaries as a Means of Violating Human Rights and Impeding the Exercise of the Right of Peoples to Self-Determination, Mercenaries in and Around the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict Zone Must be Withdrawn – UN experts (Nov. 11, 2020) https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=26494&LangID=E.

[77] See Andrew Forte, Nagorno Karabakh – A Stark Reminder of the Council of Europe’s Operational ‘Grey Zones’ OPINIOJURIS (Feb. 11, 2021).

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[2]Alexander Patterson, The Experiments of Sir Alexander Patterson (1844).

[3] Howard Zehr, Changing Lenses: A New Focus for Crime and Justice (1990).

[4] Joan Petersilia, When Prisoners Come Home: Parole and Prisoner Re-entry (2003).

[5] Joan Petersilia, The Influence of Criminal Justice Research (1987).

[6] Jeremy Bentham, Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789).

[7] Immanuel Kant, The Metaphysics of Morals (1797).

[9] Cesare Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishments (1764).

[10] History of Corrections—Punishment, Prevention, or Rehabilitation? | Encyclopedia.com, https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/history-corrections-punishment-prevention-or-rehabilitation (last visited Dec 16, 2024).

[11] David Carter, 8.1. A Brief History of The Philosophies of Punishment (2019), https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/ccj230/chapter/9-1-a-brief-history-of-the-philosophies-of-punishment/ (last visited Oct 16, 2024).

[12] REHABILITATION | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/rehabilitation (last visited Dec 16, 2024).

[13] Criminogenic Theories, Forensic Fundamentals, https://forensicfundamentals.com.au/articles/criminogenic-theories/ (last visited Dec 16, 2024).

[14] Interventions in rehabilitation - Rehabilitation Matters, (2022), https://rehabilitationmatters.com/what-is-rehabilitation-2/process-of-rehabilitation/interventions-in-rehabilitation/ (last visited Dec 16, 2024).

[15] Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for individuals involved in the justice system | County Health Rankings & Roadmaps, (2024), https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/strategies-and-solutions/what-works-for-health/strategies/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-cbt-for-individuals-involved-in-the-justice-system (last visited Dec 16, 2024).

[16] Bhartiya Nyaya Sanhitha, 2023, § 202, India.

[17] Francis T. Cullen, Rehabilitation: Beyond Nothing Works, 42 Crime Justice 299 (2013).

[18] Seven Arguments Against Rehabilitation - An Assessment of Their Validity | Office of Justice Programs, https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/seven-arguments-against-rehabilitation-assessment-their-validity(last visited Dec 16, 2024)

[19] Against rehabilitation: for reparative justice | Centre for Crime and Justice Studies, https://www.crimeandjustice.org.uk/publications/cjm/article/against-rehabilitation-reparative-justice(last visited Dec 16, 2024)

[20] Recidivism | National Institute of Justice, https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/corrections/recidivism (last visited Dec 16, 2024).

[21] Shaun Dixon, The New Paradigm of Rehabilitation: A Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of Incarceration-Based Rehabilitation in Regards to Recidivism Reduction., 2013, http://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd/357(last visited Dec 16, 2024).

[23] State of Tamil Nadu v. Nalini, (1999) 5 SCC 253 (India).

[24] Bachchan Singh v. State of Punjab, (1980) 2 SCC 684, ¶ 8, at 688 (India).

[25] K.M. Nanavati v. State of Maharashtra, (1962) AIR 605, 1962 SCR Supl. (1) 567, ¶ 13, at 570 (India).

[26] Shyam Prakash Pandey, Kinds of Punishment under Indian Penal Code: A Critical Evaluation and Need for Reform, 4.

[27] State of Gujarat v. Hon'ble High Court of Gujarat, (1998) 7 SCC 392, ¶ 10, at 396 (India).

[28] Ratanlal & Dhirajlal, The Indian Penal Code 34th ed. 2014, at 123 (LexisNexis 2014).

[29] Mohammad Giasuddin v. State of Andhra Pradesh, (1977) 3 SCC 287, ¶ 3 (India).

[30] RECOGNIZING AND BALANCING THE RIGHTS OF THE VICTIMS WITHIN THE INDIAN JUSTICE SYSTEM., (Oct. 30, 2019), https://lexinsight.wordpress.com/2019/10/30/recognizing-and-balancing-the-rights-of-the-victims-within-the-indian-justice-system/ (last visited Dec 16, 2024).

[31] Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, OHCHR, https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/declaration-basic-principles-justice-victims-crime-and-abuse (last visited Dec 16, 2024).

[1] Navtej Johar v. Union of India, (2018) 10 SCC 1

[2] Patterson, C.Perry, "The Evolution of Constitutionalism" (1948). Minnesota Law Review. 934. https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/mlr/934

[4] 540 Henry Schwarz and Sangeeta Ray (EDS), A Companion of 3 Postcolonial Studies (Blackwell Publishing, 2000).

[5] Michel Rosenfeld (EDS), Constitutionalism, identity, 4 Difference and Legitimacy- Theoretical Perspective, 41-42 (Duke University Press, 1994).

[6] D.D. BASU, SHORTER CONSTITUTION OF INDIA, 115-16 (Justice A.R. 6 Lakshamanan, Justice Bhagabati Prosad Banerjee & V.R. Manohar, 14th ed., 2009).

[7] D.D. BASU, SHORTER CONSTITUTION OF INDIA, 115-16 (Justice A.R. 6 Lakshamanan, Justice Bhagabati Prosad Banerjee & V.R. Manohar, 14th ed., 2009).

[8] C.H. McIlwain, Constitutionalism Ancient and Modern, 21-22 (1987).

[9] Polybins was imprisoned in Italy for sixteen years, and during this time wrote a history of the Roman Republic in which he made the first exposition of the principle of checks and balances known to political theory.

[10] Cicero was the greatest lawyer of the ancient world and was an exponent of the doctrine of Natural Law. "True Law," he said, in his De Republica, "is right reason in agreement with nature; it is of universal application, unchanging and ever lasting . . . we cannot be freed from its obligations by Senate or people . . . and there will not be different laws at Rome and at Athens, or different laws now and in the future, but one eternal and unchangeable law will be valid for all nations and all times, and there will be one master and ruler, that is God, over us all, for He is the author of this law, its promulgator, and its enforcing judge."

[11] William A. Dunning, Political Theories, Ancient and Modern 64-65 (1913).

[12] Prof.(Dr.) Mahendra Pal Singh, Vice Chancellor, “Constitutionalism in India in Comparative Perspective”, the lecture delivered in the memory of Dr.D.D. Basu at National University of Juridical Sciences, Kolkata in February 2018. Pgs 645-646.

https://nujslawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/11.4-MP-Singh-CONSTITUTIONALISM-IN-INDIA-IN-COMPARATIVE-PERSPECTIVE.pdf

[13] Bracton, Henry of Bratton (d. 1268), a judge of the King's Bench in the reign of Henry III in his De Legibus et Consultudinibus Angliae (written before 1256), a collectioft of about 2,000 common law decisions, says "The King himself ought not be subject to man, but subject to God and the law, for the law makes the King. Let the King then attribute to the law what the law attributes to him, namely, dominion and power, for there is nw King where the will and not the law has dominion. " (De Legibus et Consuetudenibus Angiae (Swiss ed. 1854) 5 b.)

[14] Sir Edward Coke, and his De Legi us had a tremendous influence in the development of the supremacy of law. He contended that all authority was derived from law and was, therefore, limited by law. He said natural law was immutable because it could not be repealed. His doctrine of the supremacy of law is the essence of constitutionalism. (De Laudibus Legum Angliae (Amos ed. 1825), c.c. 9, 13, 18, 34 at 26-27.)

In the Dr. Bonham's case, decided in the Common Pleas in 1610, Coke said: "And it appears in our books, that in many cases, the common law will control acts of Parliament, and sometimes adjudge them to be utterly void; for when an act of Parliament is against common right and reason, or repugnant, or impossible to be performed, the common law will control it and adjudge such an act to be void." "Common right and reason" is something permanent and fundamental, and, therefore, higher law.

[15] AV Dicey was one of the prominent British Whig jurist and constitutional theorist. In his work ‘Introduction to the study of the law of the Constitution (1885) explained three major elements of constitutionalism with the help of ‘the doctrine of rule of law’. They are 1. Supremacy of the law, 2. Equality before the law and 3. Predominance of legal spirit.

[16] Patterson, C.Perry, "The Evolution of Constitutionalism" (1948). Minnesota Law Review. 934. https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/mlr/934

[17] Krati Garg, ‘Development of Constitutionalism during the English Period’, published in online page LexForti Legal : Legal Outsourcing Platform on the date January 15, 2021.

https://lexforti.com/legal-news/development-of-constitutionalism-during-the-english-period/#_ftn2

[18] Ramashroy Roy, Beyond Ego's Domain: Being and Order in the Vedas (Delhi: Shipra Publications, 1999), p. 8. https://www.mids.ac.in/assets/doc/WP_165.pdf

[19] Rohit De, Constitutional Antecedents in The Oxford Handbook of The Indian Constitution 20-23 (S. Choudhry, M. Khosla & P.B. Mehta ed., 2016).

https://nujslawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/11.4-MP-Singh-CONSTITUTIONALISM-IN-INDIA-IN-COMPARATIVE-PERSPECTIVE.pdf

[20] Rohit De, Constitutional Antecedents in The Oxford Handbook of The Indian Constitution 23-26 (S. Choudhry, M. Khosla & P.B. Mehta ed., 2016).

https://nujslawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/11.4-MP-Singh-CONSTITUTIONALISM-IN-INDIA-IN-COMPARATIVE-PERSPECTIVE.pdf

[21] J. Tully, Strange Multiplicity Constitutionalism in an Age of Diversity (2007). Chapter 6 (in general and its conclusion in particular).

[22] Ms. Nivedita Ghos, Transformative Constitutionalism and rights of Homosexuals in India and South Africa: A comparative Study, CMR University Journal for Contemporary Legal Affairs, Vol.3, Issue2, August, 2021, MNLU, Nagapur. Pgs 4 and 5.

https://www.cmr.edu.in/school-of-legal-studies/journal/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/08-Transformative-Constitutionalism-and-Rights-of-Homosexuals-in-India-and-South-Africa-A-Comparative-Study.pdf

[23] Klare, E. Karl., Legal Culture and Transformative Constitutionalism, 14 SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL ON HUMAN RIGHTS, (1998) p. 146. Cited in Alisha Dhingra, Indian Constitutionalism: A Case of Transformative Constitutionalism, ASIAN JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY STUDIES, 2(7), (2014) p. 136

[24] Pius Langa, Transformative Constitutionalism, 17 STELLENBOSCH L. REV. p. 351-352 (2006). Cited in Vrinda Narain, Postcolonial Constitutionalism in India: Complexities & Contradictions, 25 S. CAL. INTERDISC. L.J. 109 (2016)

[25] The words socialism and secular concepts introduced in our constitution by 42^nd amendment in the year 1976.

[27] Livelaw News Network, “Constitution intends to transform society”:Justice Chandrachud, posted on 10^th Sept 2018.

https://www.livelaw.in/constitution-intends-to-transform-society-justice-chandrachud-video/

[28] Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, (1973) 4 SCC 225.

[29] Minerva Mills Ltd v. Union of India, (1980) 3 SCC 625, 642.

[30] Granville Austin, The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation, Oxford University Press, 1999.

[31] K.S. Puttaswamy and Anr. vs. Union of India ((2017) 10 SCC 1)

[32] National Legal Service Authority (NALSA) v. Union of India (2014 INSC 275)

[33] Navtej Johar v. Union of India, (2018) 10 SCC 1

[34] Indian Young Lawyers Assn. v. State of Kerala, (2019) 11 SCC 1

[35] Government of NCT of Delhi v. Union of India, (2018) 8 SCC 501

[36] Shrimanth Balasaheb Patil v. Karnataka Legislative Assembly, (2020) 2 SCC 595.

IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

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