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LIVE-IN-RELATIONSHIP AND ITS LEGAL IMPACT ON THE RIGHT OF WOMEN: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY CONDUCTED IN HNLU CAMPUS
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LIVE-IN-RELATIONSHIP AND
ITS LEGAL IMPACT ON THE RIGHT OF WOMEN: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY CONDUCTED IN HNLU
CAMPUS
AUTHORED BY - NIKITA MAHAJAN
The Law Department University Of Jammu
ABSTRACT
A "live-in relationship" is
a long-term relationship between two people who are not married but live
together like they are married. "The Hindu Marriage Act of 1955, the
Criminal Procedure Code of 1973, and the Indian Succession Act of 1925 do not
recognize live-in relationships. The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence
Act of 2005 doesn't give a clear definition of "relationship in the nature
of marriage," which is part of the definition of "domestic
relationship" (PWDVA). But a child had born from a "relationship that
is like marriage is not allowed to claim its share of ancestral coparcener
property. Instead, it can only claim its share of property that its parents
bought with their own money. This research is divided into 6 chapters: chapter
1: Introduction, chapter 2: Concept of Live-in relationship and laws in
different country related to live-in, chapter 3: Rights of women in
Live-in-relationship, chapter 4: Judicial Approach on Live-in-Relationship in
India, chapter 5: Analysis of data gathered through Questionnaire, chapter 6:
Conclusion and Suggestions.
CHAPTER-1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Traditional Indian society has looked
down on people who live together without being married, but the growing number
of live-in couples shows that this is changing. “Live-in relationships” are
when a heterosexual couples (a man and a woman) or a homosexual couples
(usually both single) lives together without getting married. It means living
together without having any legal responsibilities or obligations to each
other. There is no law that makes the two people stay together, so either one
of them can leave the relationship whenever they want. This is common in big
cities, where most people who work at the same place find it convenient to live
together as a married couple and enjoy life without taking the risk and
obligation of getting married.
India is a growing country. Younger
people are slowly getting used to western ideas and ways of life, like living together
without being married. This is one of the most important changes in the way
people think about relationships. Because of this idea, there have been many
court cases about whether or not these relationships are legal and what effect
they have on Indian society. Since there are no clear laws about this subject,
it is not clear how to define and limit this kind of relationship. But if we
look at how the courts work, we can see that they have always been active and
played a big part in protecting the rights and interests of people in these
kinds of relationships through different judgments. But the main question in
these kinds of relationships is how much legal recognition they should get.
When legal recognition seems to be needed for some part of a relationship, it
can lead to other legal problems and affect the rights of third parties who are
involved directly or indirectly.
The status of the wife, children, and
family is directly changed by a “live-in relationship.” If a child is born from
a live-in relationship, there could be problems with the child's legal status,
custody, and inheritance. The Indian courts are trying to use the laws that are
already in place to solve these problems. So, the researcher will look at
the social and legal status of women in live-in relationships in India, as
well as the rights of the women involved. The researcher will look at
different judicial pronouncement on these kinds of relationships and talk
about important things like the rights of children born from them and whether
or not they are legal. The researcher will take a balanced approach and
make some suggestions so that the rights of everyone involved are met and
justice is done.
1.2 RATIONALE OF THE STUDY
Increased live-in partnerships,
especially in Indian society, have led to many issues/problems in the previous
decade. Female live-in partners have sued male partners for maintenance,
conjugal rights, domestic violence, and succession rights. Several men have
been accused of rape because their relationships terminated without marriage.
Although the courts have recognized a
few rights of the female partners in these relationships, e.g.: protection
against domestic violence, etc., when these relationships end or the couple or
either partner (especially male partner) decides to end this relationship, the
female partner's situation becomes extremely vulnerable, especially if she was
financially dependent on her male partner. Even in cases where the courts have
recognized live-in relationships and provided rights towards the partners
(female), there are some requisites which must be present for a relationship to
be acknowledged as a live-in relationship. If a particular case did not feature
such requisites, it would not be regarded a live-in relationship, and no rights
would be accessible, again to the prejudice of the female partner in the
relationship.
The fundamental concern is the lack
of rights for female partners in a live-in relationship compared to the male
partner, as well as the doubts raised by court decisions about the status of
live-in partnerships and the rights flowing from them.
1.3 Literature Review:
1. “Perception Of Youth Towards Live-In Relationships In India” By Vinita
Ghosh Is A Research Paper In The International Journal Of Indian Psychology.
It gives a well-rounded analysis of
live-in relationships, addressing Indian society's polarization over their
legitimacy notwithstanding progressive judgments and regulations. It reports a
rise in cohabitation while pointing out that concerns about cultural values and
sanctity, familial pressure, and social expectations remain. It also describes
severe incidents of moral policing. The author analyzes past data and conducts
their own survey to measure young perceptions about live-in relationships.. The
paper focuses on the personal values of the respondents but does not analyze
how bigger socio-legal narratives, such as legal or logistical difficulties,
affect live-ins. Based on a small sample, draws gendered conclusions. While
acknowledging a growing acceptance of live-ins, it fails to analyze why.
2. Live-In Relationship (Cohabitation): More Challenging Than Marriage? Is A
Chapter In The Book Art Of Psychiatry: Relationship Matters Published By The
Indian Association Of Private Psychiatry?
•
The
author lists the pros and cons of live-in relationships and compares them to
marriage. This research aims to differentiate between marriage and live-in
relationships and provide a basis for deliberate choice.
•
While
dealing with whether marriage is outdated and the benefits of marriage, any
analysis of live-in relationships in this research effort has been done through
the lens of comparative analysis with marriage. There is not only a lack of
social scrutiny of live-in as a standalone but also an absence of empirical
research evidence to support multiple claims.
3. Live-in relationships in India- Legal and Psychological Implications by
Choudhary Laxmi Narayan, Mridula Narayan and Mridul Deepanshu.
•
It
explores the legal and psychological ramifications of live-in relationships in
India. The latter portion of the study report has some social analysis, but it
lacks depth and focus.
•
In
their 'Psychological Implications' section, the writers gave social and
psychological examples but failed to infer or deduce anything from them.
4. Socio-Legal Dimensions Of Live-In Relationships In India By Swarupa
Dholam Is A Research Article.
It discusses the validity of live-in
relationships based on Supreme Court precedents, their international standing,
and a parallel to marriage. The researcher discusses live-in partnerships and
provides explicit contrasts from marriage, but it fails to identify social
perceptions of such a relationship.
1.4. RESEARCH QUESTIONS
·
What does "live-in relationship"
mean to you?
·
What is the legal position of cohabitation in
India?
·
What is "live-in relationship" mean
in other countries?
·
What is the current scenario about
"live-in relationships" in India?
1.5
HYPOTHESIS
1)
Live-in Relationships should be legislated.
2)
Women should get the same rights as married
women in respect to certain rights- such as inheritance, monetary support, etc.
1.6. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
·
To explain what a live-in relationship is.
·
To find out what the law says about living
together in India.
·
To look at the status of live-in couples in
different countries.
·
To study judicial approach towards
“Live-in-Relationships”.
1.7. RESEARCH
DESIGN
Empirical
methods like sampling and a single questionnaire for each participant were used
to get the data for the study.-Primary
Data. Mostly qualitative research would be used in this project, however
back up by quantitative data.
And
for the doctrinal method, information about the social standing of live-in
relationships and the rights that come with them was gathered from a variety of
cases, articles, Indian and foreign judgments, and statutes -Secondary Data
1.8 RESEARCH METHODOLGY
1. The approach began with a literature
review, or evaluating and assessing existing empirical data and identifying
gaps by reading and researching diverse research studies.
2. Researcher found few studies on
social perceptions of live-in relationships in India, thus understanding them
were vital to our secondary study.
3. Researcher then prepared a
questionnaire for an online empirical survey.
4. The questionnaire asked both factual
and opinion-based questions about live-in partnerships in theory and reality.
The questions were written with India in mind.
5. The questionnaire was created using
Google Forms. Next, the survey was shared on Instagram, WhatsApp, and LinkedIn.
And researcher response rate was highest among young adults, notably college
students.
6. Next came data analysis and trend
inference. This was done using visual graphs and charts, averages, and
comparative analyses.
7. The next step was applying the
empirical study's implications to secondary research to draw more complete
conclusions.
1.9
UNIVERSE
According
to the proposal, only HNLU undergraduate and post-graduate students, both male
and female, who are at least 18 years old, may participate in empirical
research. But because the researchers were able to gather information from some
PhD students also, now, the study included both males and females over the age
of 18 -32 from HNLU.
1.10
RESEARCH LIMITATION
1.
Because the researcher is unknown to anyone
who is in a live-in relationship, the study's universe is restricted to
students of HNLU who are not currently engaged in a live-in relationship and
are over the age of 18.
2.
A legally recognized marriage gives birth to
a number of privileges and duties. However, the study is solely focused on the
rights that have been demanded in numerous cases and are also recognized by
Indian courts.
1.11 CHAPTERIZATION OF THE STUDY
The research has been categorized
into different chapters briefly described below:
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Concept of Live-in
relationship and laws in different country related to live-in.
Chapter 3: Rights of women in
Live-in-relationship
Chapter 4: Judicial Approach on
Live-in-Relationship in India
Chapter 5: Analysis of data gathered
through Questionnaire.
Chapter 6: Conclusion and Suggestions
CHAPTER- 2
2.1. Concept of Live-in relationship and laws in different
country related to live-in.
In
this chapter, explains in detail the meaning of live-in-relationship and
explores the legal
rights and obligations of live-in couples all over the world. A LIVE-IN
RELATIONSHIP is a long-term relationship that is very similar to marriage in
which a man and a woman share the same residence but are not married to each
other. In cities, this kind of partnership has started to replace marriage as a
real alternative.
Live-in relationship in other words,
cohabitation is when two individuals decide to live together long-term or
permanently and are close emotionally and/or sexually. Usually, the term
applies to couples who are not married. In Western countries, living together
is now very common. People live together for many different reasons. Some of
these include wanting to make sure they are compatible or have enough money
before getting married. It could be because they are the same gender and can't
get married legally. Also, some marriages between people of different cultures
or religions are illegal or not allowed. People who think their relationships
are personal and private and shouldn't be controlled by the government,
patriarchal institutions, or religion can also choose to live together.
In view of the SC's decision that the
right to live with someone is part of the right to life, it is important to
look at the legal rights and obligations of live-in couples all over the world.
In the Philippines, co-ownership
laws govern the rights to all types of property, both movable and immovable. “Article
147 of the Philippine Family Code”, deal with the right of women who is in
live-in-relationship. In order to protect the rights of children born out of
live-in relationships, people who choose to do so in China are required to sign a contract. In France, live-in relationships are governed by the Civil Solidarity
Pact, also recognized as the PaCS. The Family Law Act of Australia says that a "de facto relationship" can be
between two people of the same or different sexes. A person can be in a de-facto
relationship even if they are legally married to someone else or in a de-facto
relationship with someone else. However there are other countries also who has
provided rights to women who are in live-in-relationship which we will discuss
in this chapter.
CHAPTER-3
RIGHTS OF WOMEN: LIVE-IN
RELATIONSHIP
People's
perspectives have evolved over time, particularly in how judges of the courts
now view those in live-in relationships and as a result of the decisions made
in various cases, such as Lata Singh v.
State of UP[1],
in which the courts acknowledged live-in relationships between two unmarried
persons.
However,
the Indian judiciary accords some rights to women who are in live-in
relationships i.e.
·
Rights
to maintenance
After the Malimath Committee's
recommendations, Section 125 of the
Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) was added in 2003. This amendment expanded the
definition of "wife" to include women who were in live-in
relationship[2].
This ensured that her financial needs would be met if she were unable to
support herself or if the partnership became estranged. Similar to married
women, protection from all forms of abuse is guaranteed by the Domestic
Violence Act, 2005.
·
Right
to property (Inheritance Rights)
According to Section 10 of the
Hindu Succession Act 1956[3],
the deceased's widow is included in the distribution of property among all live
heirs. However, parties to a live-in relationship do not automatically inherit
their partners' property, and there is no law that addresses this issue specifically.
·
Protection
under domestic violence act, 2005
The Protection of Women
from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, or PWDA, was made into a law to protect women
who live with abusive family members or intimate partners. The term "shared household" is defined
in Section 2(s) of the PWDV Act[4],
so there is no need to explain it further. Section
2(f) of the PWDV Act also says that it applies not just to married couples
but also to people in relationships that are like marriages.
The main goal of the Domestic
Violence Act (DV Act) was to protect the wife or female live-in partner from
abuse by the husband or male live-in partner. Whether a woman is married or not
and has a domestic relationship with a man, the focus of a DV Act violation
investigation is on the actual harm done to the woman and the protection that
comes as a result. If the women in trouble were not given protection, it would
be a very bad thing.
In this chapter, the rights of women in live-in-relationships have been
thoroughly studied with case laws that dealt with it.
CHAPTER-4
JUDICIAL APPROACH ON LIVE-IN-RELATIONSHIP IN INDIA
This chapter studies through various
cases the approach of Supreme Court and High Court on live-in-relationship. It's
not clear what a "live-in relationship" is. India doesn't have
specific laws on this subject. Instead, the country's laws are based on the
decisions of the country's Supreme Court and High Court judges. Their legal
rights will be upheld by the court. Laws like the Protection of Domestic
Violence Act of 2005 say that a woman has economic rights. The child(ren) born
from such a relationship have the same rights as the child(ren) born from a
legally binding marriage.
In 2008, the National Commission for Women asked the Ministry of Women
and Child Development to add live-in female partners to Section 125 of the Criminal Procedure Code. This would give them
the right to maintenance.
In its 2003 report, the Malimath Committee suggested that women who have
lived with their partners for a long time should get maintenance. In October
2008, the Maharashtra Government agreed to a proposal that said a woman who
lived with her partner for a "reasonable
period" should be called his wife. Whether or not a period is a
"reasonable period" depends on the facts and circumstances of each
case.
In S. Khushboo v. Kanniammal & Others,[5] the Supreme Court said that it is not
against the law for a man and a woman to live together without getting married.
"What's wrong with two adults wanting to live together?" Does it
constitute a crime? Cohabitation is not illegal. It can't be a crime, said the
Court. Folklore says that Lord
Krishna and Radha lived together, and the court agreed. Also, it was said that
living together is a Right to Life.
In the case Revanasiddappa v. Mallikarjun[6],
the Hon. Justice A.K. Ganguly said, "What was illegal in the past may be
legal today because social norms of right and wrong change over time in every
civilization, including ours."
The Indian court system has stepped
up to fill the gap left by the lack of a law about live-in relationships. Even
though society might think its wrong, the law does not consider it
"criminal." The Indian legal system wants to help people in live-in
relationships who have been hurt by their partners. Until now, these people had
no legal protection against abuse. The judiciary has to consider a lot of
things, such as societal standards and constitutional ideals. Under the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence
Act of 2005[7],
women who live with their partners have economic rights, but only under the
conditions set out by the Honorable Supreme Court of India in the case of D. Velusamy vs. D. Patchaiammal[8]:
a)
The
couple must act like they are married to the rest of the world.
b)
They
have to be old enough to get married by law.
c)
They
must also be single and meet all the other rules for a valid marriage.
d)
They
had to have lived together voluntarily for a long time while acting like they
were married.
In Indra Sarma v. V.K.V. Sarma[9],
the Supreme Court laid out several ways to decide if a live-in relationship is
"in the nature of marriage" for the purposes of Section 2(f) of the Protection against Domestic Violence Act[10].
These requirements can be summed up as follows:
1)
Length
of the Relationship
2)
Living
Together
3)
Resources
and financial plans are placed together.
4)
Domestic
Agreements
5)
Sexual
Relations
6)
Children
out of that relation
7)
Public
Socialization
8)
The
parties' intentions and actions
From the above rulings of different
High Courts and the Supreme Court of India, it is clear that the Indian
judiciary has often used interpretation of the law to protect the rights of
women and children in live-in relationships. But at the moment, the Indian
legal system doesn't have any separate laws that deal with live-in
relationships and offer codified laws, punishments, and other important
provisions. One reason India doesn't have these kinds of laws is that its
complex culture has a lot to say about what is right and wrong. But as time
goes on, it becomes more important to make new laws, so the government needs to
pass a law on the subject. This chapter deals with case laws in details.
CHAPTER-5
5.1. ANALYSIS OF DATA GATHERED
THROUGH SURVEYS
In conclusion, most of the people who
took part in the study understood about live-in relationship. In fact, 95.9% of
them did know about live-in. This shows that the idea of a live-in relationship
is no longer being ignored. India is a very conservative country, so most people
don't agree with this idea. However, 92% of the respondents were between the
ages of 18 and 27, which shows that the people who are young is much more aware
of this issue and that the idea is gaining support. More than 68% of the
respondents said that movies, print media (like books and newspapers), and
social media were their most important sources of information. When people were
asked what they thought about live-in relationships, most of them said that
they think live-n-relationships are not socially acceptable right now. However,
most people don't have a problem with the idea itself. Researcher is of opinion
that many people may be wary of live-in relationships because they have never
been supported by institutions or dealt with in a formal way.
There were various alternatives given
to respondents for determining why women choose live-in relationships over
marriage, but the participants ranked the following as the most important: to
avoid legal obligations, to enjoy the benefits of living together, to escape
the responsibilities of married life, and Lack of Commitment.
When asked if they would ever choose
a live-in relationship for themselves, almost 45.9% of the participants said
no. However, more than 30.6% of the participants agreed that such relationships
should be regulated by law. Those who said yes gave reasons why a live-in
relationship would let them live freely without any relationship ties and why
it was a good idea to try a live-in relationship with a person before getting
married to them. Those who said "no" said that they wouldn't choose a
live-in relationship because they had a traditional mindset and thought that
marriage was a sacred institution. Also, it was said that these kinds of
relationships are wrong, hurtful to society, and bad for the institution of
family.
Concerning the question of what gets
in the way of these relationships, it's clear that the biggest problem is the
social stigma that comes with live-in relationships in our society and the next
thing on the list is legal trouble. However about half of the people who took
part in the study were sure that their parents wouldn't approve of this kind of
relationship.
Also, it was said that these kinds of
relationships are wrong, hurtful to society, and bad for the institution of
family. About 49.2% of the people who took the survey said that there are no
laws or rules about live-in relationships. Still, the same number of people
said that people in live-in relationships have legal rights and agreed that the
same legal rights that come with marriage should also come with live-in
relationships.
When asked if a certain amount of
time should be set to give rights to people in a live-in relationship, more
than 40.8% of the people who took the survey said no. And it was also agreed
that if such a period was set, it would make it harder for people who haven't
lived together for that set amount of time to get married.
More than 49% of the people who took
the survey said that live-in relationships in India should be required to be registered.
This would make sure that the people involved are at least old enough to get
married and give some sense of protection regarding the same.
However when researcher asked them if social welfare
programs (made for families and married couples) should be open to live-in
couples, 60% of the people who took part said that they shouldn't be, because
then there would be no difference between marriage and live-in relationships,
and people would choose live-in relationships over marriage.
When asked if giving the female
partner the right to maintenance, the right against dowry and domestic
violence, etc., would take away from the rights of the male partner, most of
the participants said "no," saying that these rights should be given
to protect women from being taken advantage of.
Also, since this idea of being in
live-in-relationship is becoming more popular in India, it is the job of the
Parliament to make laws and rules about it, as well as decide who is right and
who is wrong. It was also said that giving these rights would be legal because
Art. 15(3) of the Indian Constitution say that women should be treated
differently (and children).
5.2. Here in below the researcher has attached the pie chart which
depicts the summary of the responses received in the questionnaire:
CHAPTER-6
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
6.1 CONCLUSION
The decisions of the Indian Court are
thoughtful. In some cases, the Courts have said that a live-in relationship
shouldn't have any ties between the couples since the sole reason for making
such agreements is that the couples have no obligation to follow them. In other
cases, the Court has taken the opposite view, saying that if a relationship
based on cohabitation lasts for a long enough time, the couple is legally
married. It also seems strange to put the idea of a live-in relationship under
section 125 of the Criminal Procedure Code, which says that the husband has had
to pay alimony and succession, since the whole point of a live-in partnership
is to avoid all the responsibilities that come with being married.
The promotion of bigamy and the
emergence of a dispute between the interests of a wife and a currently reside
partner are both possible outcomes if the privileges of a wife as well as a
live-in partner remain equivalent. Aside from not being legal, these
relationships only exist in the metros. Even so, when we look at the masses
that make up India, there is no link between live-in relationships and
acceptance by the Indian society. It doesn't get any help from the law, and
society also kicks out such relationships.
Instead of trying to include live-in
relationships in the laws that are already in place, the Parliament could
perhaps try to create a separate branch. Trying to include live-in
relationships in the laws that are already in place would be a waste of time
and would only make the judicial system more complicated.
6.2 SUGGESTIONS
·
Based
on what the study found, researcher suggests the following: The Parliament
should make a law about "live-in relationships," which should cover
the following things about the people involved:
1) What a live-in relationship is and
its characteristics.
2) The Parties' Rights to Maintenance.
3) Issues relating to children's rights
to custody and inheritance as well as legitimacy.
4) Defense against domestic violence and
dowry demands.
·
For
the law to work properly, it should also require that live-in relationships be
registered. This would give the people involved a true record of the
relationship and allow them to seek legal redress.
·
The
Agreement should spell out how the couple will split costs and own property. It
should also say whether they will keep separate or joint bank accounts and how
assets will be split if one partner dies or leaves the relationship. When a
couple decides to split up or one of them dies, the property they bought
together, like a house, furniture, valuables that can be moved, etc., can be
questioned. To avoid legal trouble, the agreement must be clear about who gets
what.
·
If
a married man or woman moves in with another man or woman without getting a
divorce and says they are in a live-in relationship, this shouldn't be legal.
There should be some reasonable limits in the law that protect the rights of
the people who will be affected.
BIBLOGRAPHY
·
Code
of Criminal Procedure Code, 1973
·
The
Constitution of India
·
Indian
Adoption and Maintenance Act,1956
·
Indian
Penal Code, 1960
·
Indian
Succession Act, 1925
·
Hindu
Marriage ACT,1955
·
The
Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Bare Act, 2005
·
Malimath
Committee Report on Gender Crimes of 2003
·
Recommendations
of The National Commission for Women, to the Mnistry of Women? &
Child Development, in 2008
Case laws
i.
Badri
Prasad v. Deputy Director of Consolidation- AIR1978 SC 1557
ii.
Payal
Katara v. Suprintendent, Nari Niketan, Kadnri Vihar-2001 (3) AWC 1778
iii.
Lata
Singh v. State of U.P.-AIR 2004 SC
iv.
S.
Khushboo v. Kanniammal & Another- AIR 2010 SC
v.
Alok
Kumar v. State of Delhi- Delhi High Court 2010
vi.
D.
Velusamy v. D. Patchaiammal- AIR 2010 SC
vii.
Abhijeet
B. Auti v. State of Maharashtra & Others- Bombay HC 2008
viii.
Koppisetti
S. Subramaniam v. State of Andhra Pradesh- AIR 2009 SC
ix.
Varsha
Kapoor v. UOI & Others- Delhi HC 2010
x.
Bharat
Matha & Others v. R. Vijaya Renganathan & Others- AIR 2010 SC
xi.
Indra
Sarma v. State of Karnataka- SC 2013
Various Articles found
online at the following (as accessed on October, 3,2022):
i.
Anonymous,
“Status of Live-in relationships in India” at
iii.
Bhinder,
Manbir, “Live-IN Relationships- in a Marriage Centric India” at www.legalservicesindia.com/article/print.php?drt_id=1618.
iv.
Solanki
Sharma Parul, “LIVE-IN RELATIONSHIP : A COMPARATIVE APPROACH”, available at file:///C:/Users/SamsungRV409/Desktop/Livein/6_Parul_Solanki_Sharma_254
4_Research_Communication_VSRDIJTNTR_August_2013.pdf
v.
Goyal
Swathy, “Live-in relationships”, available at http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/article/”Live-in-Relationships”-211-1.html
vi.
Socio-legal
dimensions of ‘live-in relationship’ in India By Swaroopa Dholam Bombay High
Court
vii.
Women
and the law in India with special reference to live in relationships (http://hdl.handle.net/10603/214286)
[1] Lata Singh v. State of UP, Writ Petition (crl.) 208 of 2004
[2] “Committee on Reforms of Criminal Justice System”, Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Mar.
2003, vol. 1, p. 189, available at: https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/criminal_justice_system_2.pdf (last
visited on: October 3, 2022).
[3] https://revenue.tripura.gov.in/sites/default/files/hindu-succession-act-1956.pdf (accessed on October 3, 2024).
[5] S. Khushboo v. Kanniammal & Others, CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 913 of 2010
[6] Revanasiddappa v. Mallikarjun
(2011) 11 SCC 1.
[8] D. Velusamy vs. D. Patchaiammal
(2010)10 SCC 469
Article Information
LIVE-IN-RELATIONSHIP AND ITS LEGAL IMPACT ON THE RIGHT OF WOMEN: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY CONDUCTED IN HNLU CAMPUS
Authors: NIKITA MAHAJAN
- Journal IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
- Published 2025/03/07
- Issue 7
About Journal
International Journal for Legal Research and Analysis
- Abbreviation IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
- Access Open Access
- License CC 4.0
All research articles published in International Journal for Legal Research and Analysis are open access and available to read, download and share, subject to proper citation of the original work.
Disclaimer: The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of International Journal for Legal Research and Analysis.