Open Access Research Article
FROM COURTROOMS TO COMMUNITIES: INDIAN JUDICIARY AND NGOS TACKLING CHILD DRUG ABUSE
Published Paper
Article Details
AUTHORED BY – TANISHA SINHA
Abstract
Drug abuse
among children is a complex issue that requires a multifaceted approach
involving various stakeholders, including the judiciary and non-governmental organizations
(NGOs). This study examines the roles played by the judicial system and NGOs in
addressing drug abuse among children and facilitating their rehabilitation. It
explores the legal frameworks, policies, and initiatives implemented by the
judiciary to protect children from substance abuse and provide appropriate
interventions. Additionally, the study highlights the contributions of NGOs in
preventive education, counseling, rehabilitation programs, and advocacy efforts
aimed at combating drug abuse among minors. By analyzing case studies and best
practices, this research aims to identify effective strategies and
collaboration methods between the judiciary and NGOs to create a comprehensive
support system for children affected by drug abuse.
Keywords: Drug
abuse, children, judiciary, NGOs, rehabilitation, legal frameworks, preventive
education, counseling, advocacy, collaboration.
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Child drug addiction in India is a growing concern,
demanding a multifaceted approach that extends beyond traditional legal
frameworks. This study demonstrates how these institutions are moving beyond
punitive measures to embrace community-based, rehabilitative approaches. The
research highlights the importance of collaboration between the judiciary and
NGOs in creating a more compassionate and effective response to child drug
addiction in India.
Child drug addiction in India is a growing concern,
demanding a multifaceted approach that extends beyond traditional legal
frameworks. By analyzing landmark court cases, judicial interventions, and NGO
initiatives, this study demonstrates how these institutions are moving beyond
punitive measures to embrace community-based, rehabilitative approaches. The
research highlights the importance of collaboration between the judiciary and
NGOs in creating a more compassionate and effective response to child drug
addiction in India. The disease of drug dependence is a complicated one.
Irresistible drug urges and obsessive drug-seeking and use persist even when
the consequences are dire. This is known as drug addiction. When it comes to
addictions, many individuals don't realize that it's an illness of the brain.
The first step toward drug addiction is taking drugs. But as time goes on, the
will of the person to decide not to take drugs gets weaker, and they have to
keep looking for and using the drug. This behaviour is mostly caused by how
long-term drug use changes the way the brain works. Many regions of the mind
are affected by addiction, including those that manage motivation and reward,
memory and learning, and self-consiousness. Addiction is more prone to strike
some people than others.
This depends on their genes, how old they were when
they first tried drugs, and other environmental factors. Addiction is not only
limited to taking drugs over and over again; it can also have far-reaching
effects. For example, drug abuse and addiction can make a person more likely to
get sick mentally or physically because of the way they live or because of the
harmful effects of the drugs on themselves. Substance abuse and addiction are
medically defined as chronic, relapsing diseases in which a person repeatedly
seeks for and consumes an illicit drug. Changes in the brain's chemistry and
molecules are signs of this kind of addiction. Heroin, barbiturates, lysergic
acid diethylamide (LSD), mandrax, cocaine, and different kinds of opiates are
some of the drugs that drug addicts use most often. Estimates show that around
3 million people in India are addicted to drugs.
India, home to one of the world's
largest youth populations, faces a disturbing trend: rising child drug
addiction. According to the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment's survey
(2019), approximately 4.6 million children in India use inhalants, while
thousands more are involved with harder drugs like heroin and cocaine. This
crisis demands urgent attention, not only due to its scale but also because of
its profound impact on India's future generations.
Traditionally, India's response to
drug-related issues has been predominantly punitive, rooted in the Narcotic
Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act of 1985. However, this approach,
focusing on incarceration rather than rehabilitation, has been particularly
problematic when dealing with child addicts. Recognizing this, India's
judiciary and NGO sector have begun to shift their strategies, moving from
courtroom to community in their fight against child drug addiction.
1.2 THE ROLE OF NGO'S IN
REHABILITATION OF DRUG ADDICTS
Through their psychiatry offices, state-level
facilities also have recovery offices where addicts who are as tough as nails
can get treatment inside. In addition to state-run treatment centres, there is
a group of de-stressing centres that are run by certain groups. Moreover,
social class-based therapy programmes are worked in different areas of the
country, since constant medication use and reliance have such innumerable
estimations and vexed such incalculable pieces of an individual's life,
treatment isn't direct.
The most successful treatment plans frequently
include a wide range of approaches, each of which is tailored to a specific
aspect of the illness or its repercussions. The goal of reliance treatment is
to assist the person stop taking drugs, stay off of them, and engage in
productive activities in their families, workplaces, and communities. Addiction
is a chronic illness that cannot be cured with a temporary cessation of drug
use. Most individuals require long-term or recurrent treatment in order to
maintain their sobriety and return to a normal life.
We have to realise that the Government cannot fight
drug abuse alone in a large country like India, where there are over 100 crore
people and poverty is the biggest problem. At this point, the work of
non-government organisations becomes very important. The main job of any
non-governmental organisation (NGO) is to help the government fight social
problems and work to improve society.
These programmes are designed to help addicts
reunite with their families and communities, and to encourage the community to
work with the addicts as they recover from their substance abuse. As we've seen
above, there are many different ways to treat effectively.
These treatments need the help of family, doctors,
friends, and relatives. When these people can't help us, we need an NGO that
helps people who are addicted to drugs. Non-government organisations run
de-addiction centres that use different types of medicine and psychotherapies
to help addicts get better. These include allopathy, homoeopathy, ayurveda, naturopathy,
and yoga. DAIRRC “the Drug Abuse Information, Rehabilitation, and Research
Centre” is a non-profit organisation dedicated to the rehabilitation of drug
users and their families. In the year 1982, it began in Mumbai. In addition to
treating heroin and cocaine addictions, this facility also treats solvent
abuse, prescription drug addiction, methadone addiction, and a variety of other
illegal drug addictions.
If drug addicts are going to be fully
rehabilitated, the local community needs to help with their treatment and
reintegration into society. To support this kind of initiative, a number of
regular events are being put on by volunteer groups at the community level.
Drug addicts who live in the same area as these camps can get counselling,
treatment, and help to get clean. Other ideas that can help addicts get better
are raising awareness and making therapeutic communities.
Self-help methods have been shown to be very
helpful in treating different kinds of addictions. Narcotics Anonymous is a
well-known group that offers these kinds of techniques. People who are addicted
to drugs can attend private meetings with other addicts to learn how to stay
clean and get better. In cities like Bangalore, Mumbai, New Delhi, and Chennai,
these kinds of meetings are common.
Now, the government provides funding to 361
non-profit organisations that operate 376 centres for drug and alcohol
rehabilitation and 68 centres for counselling and education around the country.
People who need long-term therapy can access 100 De-addiction centers in
government hospitals and primary health centres.
Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) with
excellent technical abilities have been selected by the National Center for the
Prevention of Drug Abuse to provide training and information, monitor
programmes, and manage the Drug Abuse Monitoring System. There are six
non-governmental organisations in India: “the
Calcutta Samaritans, Mizoram Social Defence and Rehabilitation Board, Muktangan
Mitra Society for Promotion of Youth and Masses, TT Ranganathan Clinical
Research Foundation, and Vivekananda Education Society.”
NGOs: Bridging the Gap Between Law and Community
Community-Based Rehabilitation
NGOs have been pivotal in translating
judicial intentions into community actions:
Sankalp Rehabilitation Trust
(Mumbai): Following the Bombay High Court's directive, Sankalp expanded its
community-based rehabilitation program. Using a peer-educator model, where
former child addicts mentor current ones, they've achieved a 60% recovery rate.
Butterflies (Delhi): Responding to
the Delhi High Court's order, Butterflies established mobile de-addiction
units. These units provide on-the-spot counseling and medical aid to street
children, many of whom are addicts.
1.2.1 RELEVANCE OF STREET THEATRE IN CREATING
AWARENESS AGAINST DRUG ABUSE
All India street theatre workshop against drugs,
(STEP)
Since it was founded in May 1993, STEP has been
using theatre to bring attention to many different problems. Through this
method, STEP has not only encouraged creativity but also made people more aware
of social issues in the world today.
·
The Society for Theatre Education for People wants to
do the following:
·
to improve the idea of theater education in India and
spread it.
·
to work together with other networks and organisations
to reach the goals
·
to keep people entertained while giving them useful
information
·
to set up theater-related seminars, workshops,
conferences, exchange visits, and symposiums
·
to encourage people to use theater to learn about
social issues.
Some steps for promoting awareness About Drug
Abuse:
·
In April 1995, in Dakshin Puri, there was a theatre
workshop called "Theater as a Medium to Raise Awareness Against Drug
Abuse" (resettlement colony of New Delhi).
·
With help from the UNDP, a project called
"Mukhota: Street Plays on Drug Abuse Awareness and Community Support"
ran from May to September 1996.
·
Two exhibitions of posters that kids made to warn
against drug use.
·
From September 18 to September 24, 1997, there was an
"All India Street Theater Workshop Against Drug Abuse."
Since it began in the 19th century, street theatre
has been a good way to teach and raise awareness among the masses. The
importance of street theatre is increased by the fact that communication is
more personal and the audience can ask questions and get their questions
answered.
Advocacy and Policy Influence
NGOs also shape policy through
advocacy:
Delhi Commission for Protection of
Child Rights (DCPCR): Though quasi-governmental, DCPCR's advocacy led to
Delhi's comprehensive "Policy for Children Affected by Substance
Abuse" (2022), emphasizing community-based interventions.
Udayan Care: Their research on child
addicts in institutional care influenced the Supreme Court's 2019 directive on
implementing the Juvenile Justice Act.
1.3 ROLE OF JUDICIARY
In India, long-term drug use is a big problem for
public health because it can lead to problems like hopelessness, unemployment,
and not taking care of one's family. When we try to figure out how to fix a
problem, we usually think about two things: the things that caused the problem
and how to fix it. This evaluation is an investigation into drug dependency
from an Indian point of view. There are three main types of reasons why people
keep taking medicine: social, financial, and mental. Each group has its own set
of reasons to do what it does. At the moment, we have a lot of rules that are
supposed to stop people from using drugs without permission. However, these
rules aren't always followed and there are gaps in them. This study tries to
come up with social as well as legal rules to control it, because it knows that
social responsibility is an important part of dealing with the problem of
long-term drug use. This chapter will look at the laws that are already in
place in India to deal with the problem of too much medicine use. It will focus
on illegal drug use as its main topic. It is an evaluation of the government's
plans for getting medicines to people and an analysis of whether or not those
plans are good.
Continuous drug use is a pattern of using drugs in
different ways over and over again. Addicts will use things that are easy to
get, like cough syrup, pain relievers, stick, cleaning fluids, and paint.
Gasoline and a jumbled sound. Teenagers who work or are homeless often use
things like teeth whitener, alcohol, cigarettes, and both hard and soft
prescription drugs. Drug abuse in our country has become a major concern,
particularly in the states of Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Western Rajasthan and
the Punjab region of Haryana. There, Punjab takes the lead while Manipur takes
second place in this summary.
The customer's ability to remember things and their
ability to be in the moment could be hurt by the illegal drugs they take. This
could be the cause of a number of infections, such as HIV/AIDS, heart disease,
disease, and so on. This research looks at many different aspects of long-term
drug use, such as the different types of substance dependence and the reasons
why people use illegal drugs. It also tries to find ways to stop long-term drug
use. Any country that has a lot of people who use drugs all the time is
embarrassed, but India, which depends a lot on agriculture, is especially
worried. Drug abuse has been made a crime for many different reasons. The
following are some of these reasons: Abusing prescription drugs is bad for your
health and could kill you. Teens should be told how dangerous it is to abuse
drugs. Article 47 of India's Constitution says that the government must take
steps to stop people who abuse drugs from getting prescriptions. The Constitution
of India says that pharmaceuticals can't be used in a way that hurts people.
This request led to the approval of the “Prevention of Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs,
and Psychotropic Substances Act,1988, the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances
Act,1985 and the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940.”
People think that all three of these things are very important. Since illegal
drug use is now a problem, there is an urgent need for research into long-term
drug abuse, which is linked to the problems listed above and evaluations of how
to prevent them. This study will focus on the problem of drug addiction in the
modern world, the things that contribute to it, and possible ways to fix it.
Landmark Cases and Judicial Activism
India's judiciary has
increasingly recognized that treating child drug addicts as criminals is
counterproductive. This shift is evident in several landmark cases:
Bachpan Bachao Andolan vs. Union of India (2014): Though primarily about child
trafficking, this Supreme Court case emphasized the state's duty to protect all
vulnerable children, including those at risk of drug addiction.
Social Jurist vs. Government of NCT of Delhi (2012): The Delhi High Court mandated the
establishment of de-addiction centers in every district, highlighting the need
for accessible rehabilitation services.
Rajasthan Network of Positive People vs. State of Rajasthan (2019): This case saw
the Rajasthan to provide comprehensive care, including drug de-addiction
services, to HIV-positive children, many of whom were drug users.
Judicial Directives and Guidelines
Beyond individual cases,
the judiciary has issued broader directives:
In 2019, the Supreme
Court instructed all High Courts to monitor the implementation of the Juvenile
Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015, which includes provisions
for treating child drug addiction.
The Bombay High Court, in
a suo moto case (2018), ordered Maharashtra to create a state-wide network of
juvenile de-addiction centers, emphasizing community-based rehabilitation.
These actions reflect the
judiciary's growing recognition that child drug addiction is more a public
health issue than a criminal one, requiring rehabilitative rather than punitive
measures.
1.4 IMPORTANT CASE LAWS
The Indian government's legislative branch is
working hard to deal with the problem of drug abuse by passing laws that will
help the country reach the goals set out in international treaties and
conventions to which it has agreed to participate. Some of the international
agreements and treaties that have been made are listed below:
·
“Single Convention on Narcotics, 1961
·
Convention on Psychoactive Substances, 1971
·
The Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic
Drugs and Psychotropic Substances was signed in 1988 by countries throughout
the world.”
The Indian Parliament passed the NDPS Act, of 1985
even though they skipped over a lot of discussions. The Narcotic Drugs and
Psychotropic Substances Act replaced the Opium Acts and the Dangerous Drugs Act
on November 14, 1985 (NDPS Act). In any case, the D and C Act of 1940 is still
in effect and can still be used. The NDPS Act, which was passed in 1985, helped
solve the problem of people taking illegal drugs. It was also needed for the
overall plans and concerts to go well. The law has undergone three revisions,
the first in 1989, the second in 2001, and the third and most latest in 2014.
This law makes it illegal to store, advance, get, import, export, possess,
trade, buy, use, and give away narcotic medicines and psychotropic substances
for any cause other than medical or legal ones. This includes reselling them.
Slumber aids include drugs like marijuana, cocaine, opiates, and other
medications. In 1985, the NDPS Act of 1985 defined "psychotropic
substance" as "any substance (or material) that is related to the
list of psychotropic substances in the Schedule" as "any substance,
ordinary or developed, or any ordinary material." Another way to put it:
any material that is created or used to have a "psychoactive effect"
is a "psychotropic substance".
This Act makes it possible to search for, hand
over, and arrest people in any part of India who are involved in drug
activities. The severity of this demonstration shows the plan for the death
penalty if a person is caught with a lot of drugs.
Indian Harm Reduction Network v. Union of India, the honourable High Court of Bombay came to the
conclusion that the death penalty in the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances
Act, 1985 is illegal, but the Court did not throw out Section 31 of this Act.
It showed that the courts were not yet ready to stop giving out the death
penalty for drug meetings that broke the Act and happened over and over again.”
Continuous drug use is against the law for a number
of reasons, so people should try to avoid it. Even though we have a lot of
rules that are supposed to stop it, we are still dealing with the problem of
long-term drug use. This is because the rules we already have are not being
followed or have holes in them. In this section, we'll try to suggest specific
things that can be done to stop people from taking medications they aren't
supposed to.
In the case Bachpan Bachao Andolan v. Union of
India & Ors., the High Court asked the State to look into how it takes
care of children and if there is a problem with drug abuse, since children were
using drugs often.
The judge gave the following advice:
·
There needs to be a plan for getting people to stop
using drugs and alcohol.
·
Children whose lives have been hurt by using illegal
drugs need support and help to put their lives back together.
There needs to be a good system for collecting,
distributing, importing, and charging for engineered chemicals that may be used
in a way that is against the law. It is expected that good practises will be
used more often if consumers who fill prescriptions are found early on.
Because the
NDPS Act doesn't do a good job of telling the difference between a responsible
prescription customer, a hard-to-handle drug addict, a minor seller, and a
pre-arranged medicine seller, there should be a real plan to tell the
difference between these four kinds of drug traffickers.
Because this Act doesn't make any big differences
between hard and fragile prescriptions, which is why many people who take
medicine turn to hard drugs, there need to be different rules for hard and
fragile drugs.
In the case Gurdev Singh v. State of Punjab
(LL 2021 SC 196), The bench held that the quantity of narcotic substance found is a
crucial factor that can be utilized to impose a heavier sentence than the
minimum allowed by the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985.
This choice was made because the quantity of drugs discovered is a crucial
consideration. The court also said that it has a lot of freedom to give a
sentence or time in prison that falls anywhere between ten and twenty years and
that it can take into account any other factors it thinks are important in
addition to the ones listed in the Act's Section 32B (a) to (f). The court
further stated that it had broad discretion to impose a term of ten to twenty
years in jail.
Some excerpts
from various Indian court judgments offer valuable insights into the judicial
perspective on drug-related offenses in India. While these cases primarily deal
with drug trafficking, possession, and bail provisions under the Narcotic Drugs
and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act, they also provide a foundation for
understanding the role of the judiciary as a legal guardian in preventing and
rehabilitating child drug abuse.
- Recognition of the Problem:
- In Durand Didier v. Chief Secretary,
Union Territory of Goa, the Supreme Court acknowledges that drug
addiction has become a serious issue, particularly among adolescents and
students. This recognition is crucial as it highlights the judiciary's
awareness of the vulnerability of young people to drug abuse.
- Understanding the Social Impact:
- In State Of Punjab v. Baldev Singh,
the court describes drug abuse as a "social malady" that
"eats into the vitals of the society." This understanding is
critical when considering the judiciary's role as a legal guardian. The
court recognizes that drug abuse affects not just individuals but the
entire social fabric, making it imperative to protect children who are a
part of this society.
- Stringent Legal Provisions:
- Cases like State of Kerala v. Rajesh
and Sujit Tiwari v. State of Gujarat highlight the strict bail
provisions under the NDPS Act. While these cases don't directly relate to
child drug abuse, they show the judiciary's firm stance against
drug-related offenses. This stringency can act as a deterrent, indirectly
helping in child drug abuse prevention.
- No Leniency for Small Quantities:
- In Rhea Chakraborty v. The Union of
India and Ors., the Bombay High Court held that even possession of
small quantities of drugs doesn't warrant bail as a matter of right. This
stance is particularly relevant in child drug abuse cases, where even
small quantities can lead to addiction. It sends a clear message that any
involvement with drugs, no matter how small, is taken seriously.
- Time is Not a Factor:
- Sheru v. Narcotics Control Bureau establishes that the mere passage of
time during appeal pendency isn't a ground for bail in NDPS cases. This
principle underscores the gravity of drug offenses in the eyes of the
law, reinforcing the judiciary's commitment to combating drug abuse at
all levels.
- Protecting Rights of the Accused:
- Babu Lal v. Union of India shows that while the judiciary is
tough on drug offenses, it also protects the rights of the accused. This
balanced approach is crucial when dealing with child drug abuse cases,
especially when children in conflict with the law are involved.
- Presumption of Conscious Possession:
- Madan Lal and Ors. v. State of Himachal
Pradesh establishes
that possession of prohibited substances is presumed to be conscious
unless proven otherwise. In child drug abuse prevention, this principle
can help in holding accountable those who exploit children by using them
as drug mules or by exposing them to drugs.
In the
context of "Legal Guardians: Judiciary and NGO Strategies in Child Drug
Abuse Prevention and Rehabilitation":
- Judiciary as a Guardian:
- These judgments show that the Indian
judiciary recognizes the severity of drug abuse, especially among the
youth. This recognition positions the judiciary as a legal guardian,
using its power to interpret and enforce laws to protect children from
drug abuse.
- Setting Legal Precedents:
- By consistently upholding strict
provisions of the NDPS Act, the judiciary sets strong precedents that can
deter drug trafficking and possession. This indirectly helps in
preventing child drug abuse by making drugs less accessible.
- Guiding NGO Strategies:
- NGOs working in child drug abuse
prevention and rehabilitation can align their strategies with these
judicial stances. For example:
- Awareness Programs: Use court
observations about the social impact of drugs to educate children and
parents.
- Advocacy: Lobby for stricter
enforcement based on the judiciary's tough stance.
- Rehabilitation: Design programs that
reflect the seriousness with which the courts view drug offenses.
- Collaboration Opportunities:
- The judiciary's recognition of drug
abuse as a complex issue involving social, economic, and even terrorist
dimensions suggests the need for a multifaceted approach. This opens up
opportunities for NGOs to collaborate with legal institutions, offering
their expertise in social work, counseling, and community engagement.
- Rights-Based Approach:
- While the courts are strict on drug
offenses, they also protect the rights of the accused. NGOs can use this
to advocate for a rights-based approach in rehabilitation, ensuring that
children in conflict with the law or those in rehabilitation centers are
treated fairly.
In
conclusion, these court judgments, though not directly about child drug abuse,
provide a strong legal framework that underscores the judiciary's role as a
legal guardian. By consistently taking a firm stand against drug-related
offenses, the judiciary helps create an environment that deters drug abuse.
NGOs can leverage this judicial stance to strengthen their strategies in
preventing child drug abuse and rehabilitating affected children, working in
tandem with the legal system to protect the youth.
Challenges
and Future Directions
While progress is evident, challenges remain:
·
Resource Constraints: Many court-mandated initiatives
lack adequate funding. The judiciary and NGOs must jointly advocate for
increased budgets.
·
Coordination Issues: Better mechanisms are needed to
ensure NGOs are promptly informed of relevant court orders.
·
Data Gaps: Reliable data on child drug addiction is
scarce. The judiciary could mandate regular surveys, implemented by NGOs.
Stigma:
Despite judicial support, community stigma persists. NGOs must intensify
awareness campaigns, possibly using Public Interest Litigations (PILs) to
compel state support.
Some promising avenues include:
·
Establishing
a national forum where judges and NGO leaders regularly discuss child addiction
issues.
·
Creating a
judicial fellowship program, where judges spend time with NGOs to understand
ground realities.
·
Developing
court-approved, NGO-run "Addiction Courts" that exclusively handle
child drug cases, prioritizing rehabilitation.
CONCLUSION
The judiciary in India has played a
crucial role in addressing the issue of drug abuse, particularly among
children. Through various judgments, the courts have emphasized the need for
effective measures to tackle drug abuse and provide rehabilitation support to
those affected, including children. Landmark cases like Bachpan Bachao Andolan v. Union of India & Ors. have
highlighted the necessity for the state to implement comprehensive plans for
de-addiction and rehabilitation of children affected by drug abuse.
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
have emerged as vital partners in the fight against drug abuse and the
rehabilitation of addicts, including children. NGOs operate de-addiction
centers that employ various therapeutic approaches, such as allopathy,
homeopathy, Ayurveda, naturopathy, and yoga, to help individuals overcome their
addictions. Organizations like DAIRRC (Drug Abuse Information, Rehabilitation,
and Research Centre) have been dedicated to the rehabilitation of drug users
and their families.
Furthermore, NGOs have played a
significant role in creating awareness about drug abuse through innovative
methods like street theatre. Initiatives like the All India Street Theatre
Workshop Against Drug Abuse (STEP) have utilized theatre as a medium to educate
and sensitize the masses, particularly in reaching out to vulnerable
communities.
The government has recognized the
importance of NGOs in this battle and has provided funding to over 360 NGOs
operating rehabilitation centers across the country. NGOs with technical
expertise have been selected to provide training, information, and management
of the Drug Abuse Monitoring System, ensuring a coordinated effort in tackling
this issue.
In conclusion, the judiciary and NGOs
have made valuable contributions in addressing drug abuse among children and
promoting rehabilitation efforts. While the judiciary has provided legal
directives and highlighted the urgency of the matter, NGOs have been
instrumental in implementing grassroots-level interventions, raising awareness,
and providing specialized treatment and rehabilitation services to those
affected by drug abuse, including children.
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Article Information
FROM COURTROOMS TO COMMUNITIES: INDIAN JUDICIARY AND NGOS TACKLING CHILD DRUG ABUSE
Authors: TANISHA SINHA
- Journal IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
- Published 2024/06/17
About Journal
International Journal for Legal Research and Analysis
- Abbreviation IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
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