ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION ON INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW IN LIGHT OF PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT BY - ANANYA SINGH
AUTHORED BY - ANANYA SINGH
LLM Student 2024-2025
Abstract
Globalization, a defining feature of contemporary society, has
profoundly influenced international environmental law (IEL) and the pursuit of
sustainable development. While globalization fosters economic growth and
facilitates knowledge sharing, it simultaneously challenges environmental
governance, often exacerbating inequalities and ecological degradation. This
study explores the intricate relationship between globalization and sustainable
development, emphasizing the need for cohesive international frameworks to
address transboundary environmental issues. Key concerns include the
overexploitation of resources, influence of multinational corporations, and
erosion of environmental standards due to the "race to the bottom"
phenomenon.
India’s response, as a prominent developing economy, highlights the dual
challenges and opportunities globalization presents. Initiatives like the
International Solar Alliance, Paris Agreement commitments, and domestic
policies such as the Clean India Mission and Namami Gange Programme showcase
India's efforts to balance economic growth with environmental sustainability.
However, challenges like industrialization-induced pollution, resource
depletion, and weak compliance mechanisms underscore the limitations of
existing legal frameworks.
The paper argues for robust global governance mechanisms, equitable
technology transfer, and enhanced accountability to mitigate globalization’s
adverse effects on the environment. Strengthened IEL and sustainable practices
are imperative for achieving global justice and equity. India's experience
serves as a case study in navigating these complexities, advocating for
policies that prioritize environmental preservation alongside economic
advancement.
Keywords: Globalization,
International Environmental Law, Sustainable Development, global justice
INTRODUCTION
The term “Globalization” has
become one of most used term in the contemporary world thanks to the
intra-border transactions of culture, economy, human resources, etc. It has
become the outline of the modern world. Due to this, any incident that takes
place somewhere in the world is no longer an isolated incident; rather, they
all have some correlation with each other, and one incident leads to the other.
One of the most imperative corollaries of globalization is its effect on
International Environmental Law (hereinafter IEL), as it outlines significant
concerns of Justice and Sustainability in a global world that is becoming
increasingly interrelated with the advent of time. In the past few decades, the
environmental issues have spruced up and it has gone from bad to worse, which
is noticeable in the raising pollution levels, resource exhaustion, climate
change and flora & fauna loss. IEL has tried its best to keep up with these
changes. All the nations across globe has now come to unison that in this race
between environmental preservation and economic expansion, it is pertinent to
give more weight to the notion of Sustainable Development.
“Sustainable Development”
has taken centre stage in this globalizing world and has been defined by
various scholars. The most acceptable among them was a report published by the
Brundtland Commission in 1987, “Our Common Future”1. It endeavors to
achieve the present demand without pushing the future generation resources to
the detriment.
Prima facie it is clear that
this globalization phenomenon has impacted the legal framework and how people
have clamoured their support for sustainable development; the researcher in
this paper has tried to gauge the effect of globalization on IEL. We may develop
a refined grasp of a pertinent legal framework that is needed to foster Justice
and Equity in this connected world and how Globalization, IEL and the idea of
sustainability intermingle. This study becomes imperative because it outlines
the need for a unified policy and framework to face the challenges introduced
by globalization while rooting for environmental sustainability.
Structure
The structure of this
project will proceed as follows. In the
first part, the terms ‘globalisation’ and ‘sustainable development’ are
explained in light of their origin and contemporary understanding, followed by
an exploration of the link between the two. This is followed by navigating the
interplay between Globalization, Sustainable Development, and Global Justice.
In the second part, an analysis of
the impact of globalisation as a double-edged sword on international
environmental law and sustainable development is conducted. In the third and the last part, the position
of India with respect to globalisation and its impact on sustainable
development has been analysed with the help of some recent policies and
programmes of the Indian government. A conclusion follows this.
PART -1
UNDERSTANDING
GLOBALISATION AND ITS LINK WITH SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
A.
WHAT IS THE RIGHT TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT?
In the recent decades of
environmental jurisprudence, the Right to Sustainable Development has emerged
as a multidimensional concept in response to striking a balance between
commercial growth and environmental protection in the wake of globalization.
With the advent of globalization, the economic growth of nations has achieved
an all-time high, but with it, it has also brought the environmental
challenges. These challenges, like globalization, are not confined to a border state;
rather, they transcend physical boundaries.[1] In this backdrop, the role
of International Environmental Law becomes all too important in preserving the
right to sustainable development. This framework seeks to achieve the current
needs without clamping down the needs of future generation by the help of
myriad international institutions, legal principles and treaties.
1. Origins
of the Right to Sustainable Development
As discussed earlier, this
novel concept was pioneered first in the 1987
Brundtland Report titled Our Common
Future, which defined Sustainable Development as “the development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."[2] This notion was the
initiation of incorporating the environmental concern into the development blueprint
at the international level.
Sustainable Development
gained further traction at the UNCED’s (United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development) Earth
Summit in 1992 which took place at Rio de Janeiro. This meeting of the
nations yielded numerous momentous agreements, like Rio Declaration on Environment and Development and Agenda 21.[3] The Rio Declaration was
revolutionary for its time because it formally introduced principles like the
Precautionary Principle, PolluterPay principle, and Inter-generational equity.
These all played an important role in moulding the Sustainable Development
right under the International Law framework. Among various principles of the
Rio Declaration, Principle 3 is noteworthy because of the emphasis that “the
right to development must be fulfilled so as to equitably meet developmental
and environmental needs of present and future generations."
2. Protection
of the Right to Sustainable Development in International Law
The concept of Sustainable
Development which was introduced, soon gained support from nation states in
International Law and was recognized and protected through numerous treaties,
conventions and declarations. The United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (hereinafter as UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement of 2015 are
noteworthy efforts to tackle the problem of Climate Change and the need of
Sustainable Development. The objective of UNFCCC is to even out the greenhouse
gas concentrations and limit the global warming to below 2 degree Celsius.[4] By this, UNFCCC underlines
the significance of Sustainable Development for the developing nations.
In 2015, all UN member
states adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development[5], which is an all-inclusive
framework for strengthening the right to Sustainable Development under the
framework of International Law. It comprises 17 Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs), stipulating proposals for poverty eradication, social justice, and
environmental sustainability, which would be achieved through global
cooperation. The focus of SDGs is to enhance human rights protection, which
ranges from access to clean water, health, education, and food to developing
environmental administration.
The International Covenant
on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (hereinafter as ICESCR) which was
adopted in 1966 secures economic, social and cultural rights which are inherent
to achieve the sustainable development. Article 1 of ICESCR recognizes the
right of self-determination of all the people, thereby ensuring that the
environmental resources are managed frugally, keeping pace with the
developmental goals. Article 11 further guarantees the right to an adequate
standard of living comprising right to food, cloth, housing. All these rights,
which are very basic to a human being, must be achieved without impinging upon
environmental sustainability.
DEFINING GLOBALISATION AND
ITS LINK WITH SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Held et al. has defined globalization as “a process (or set of processes), which
embodies a transformation in the spatial organization of social relations and
transactions- assessed in terms of their extensity, intensity, velocity and
impact- generating trans-continental or interregional flows and networks of
activity, interaction, and the exercise of power.”[6]
Economist
and Nobel Prize winner Joseph Stiglitz,
has defined globalization as “the closer
integration of the countries and peoples of the world which has been brought
about by the enormous reduction of costs of transportation and communication,
and the breaking down of artificial barriers to the flows of goods, services,
capital, knowledge, and (to a lesser extent) people across borders,”[7].
These thinkers have
emphasized globalization’s potential to foster cooperation, economic growth,
and cultural exchange, creating opportunities for collective action toward a
sustainable future.[8]
As nations become
interconnected, they face shared challenges like climate change and resource
depletion. Sustainable development aims to meet present needs without
compromising future generations, necessitating cooperative legal frameworks.
International environmental laws, such as the Paris Agreement, exemplify how
global cooperation can address these issues, ensuring that globalization
supports environmental sustainability rather than undermining it.
GLOBALIZATION, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, AND GLOBAL
JUSTICE:
NAVIGATING THE COMPLEX INTERPLAY
The growing interdependence
of economies, cultures, and populations is known as globalisation, and it has
significant ramifications for both global justice and sustainable development.
Although it can spur technical development and economic expansion, its effects
are complex, frequently escalating inequality and presenting environmental
issues.
Economic integration is one
of the main ways that globalisation impacts sustainable development.
Globalisation can, on the one hand, improve market accessibility, enabling poor
countries to export commodities and make money. This can result in advancements
in healthcare, education, and infrastructure, all of which support sustainable
development. For example, international commerce has significantly increased
the economies of nations like China and India, bringing millions out of
poverty.
However, this expansion
frequently has a price. Deforestation,
biodiversity loss, and environmental degradation can result from the overuse
of natural resources to satisfy global demands. This paradox exemplifies a
crucial tension: while some people may benefit economically, others may suffer
ecologically.
Furthermore, socioeconomic inequality within and
between countries may worsen as a result of globalisation. The advantages of
globalisation are not shared equally; while poorer areas may become caught in a
cycle of reliance, wealthier countries and individuals frequently gain the
most. This discrepancy brings up the topic of global justice: how can we make sure that the advantages
of globalisation support just and sustainable development?
This problem is brought to
light by the exploitation of labour in developing nations, where employees may
endure subpar working conditions and inadequate pay. The necessity for laws
that safeguard the rights of employees and the environment is highlighted by
the race to the bottom, in which
businesses move to nations with weaker rules.
Another crucial element of
the relationship between sustainability and globalisation is environmental justice. Climate change,
pollution, and resource depletion are just a few of the serious environmental
issues globalisation brings. Marginalised populations are disproportionately
affected by these problems, especially in the Global South, where people are
frequently more susceptible to the effects of environmental degradation. For
instance, increasing sea levels brought on by climate change—a issue primarily
caused by industrialised nations—are posing grave dangers to small island
states.[9]
This raises ethical concerns
regarding accountability and responsibility: who should foot the bill for climate change adaptation and mitigation?
According to the common but differentiated responsibilities approach, wealthier
countries should take the lead in resolving these issues since they have caused
the most environmental harm.[10]
Additionally, through innovation and knowledge
exchange, the globalisation of technology and information offers chances to
promote sustainable development. But if access is still restricted to
particular groups, there is a chance that technological advancements will
exacerbate already-existing disparities. In order to promote equitable growth
and ensure that all nations can take advantage of global technological
advancements, it is imperative to close the digital divide.[11]
Therefore, there are many
difficulties and complexities in the relationship between globalisation,
sustainable development, and global justice. Globalisation can spur advancement,
but it also runs the risk of exacerbating already-existing disparities and
environmental damage. In today's globalised world, achieving sustainable
development necessitates a dedication to just policies that place a high
priority on environmental conservation and social justice. We can strive
towards a more equitable and sustainable future for everybody by promoting
global cooperation and highlighting shared responsibilities. In a globalised
society, striking a balance between environmental integrity, ethical issues,
and economic progress is not only difficult but necessary.
PART-2
GLOBALISATION AS A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD: CHALLENGES
FOR INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
Globalisation, characterized by
the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of economies, societies,
and cultures, has profoundly influenced International Environmental Law (IEL).
While it has facilitated economic growth, technological advancement, and the
dissemination of environmental knowledge, it has also introduced significant
challenges that hinder the effective formulation and enforcement of IEL. This
section explores the primary challenges globalization poses to IEL,
particularly in the context of promoting sustainable development, with a focus
on India’s experience.
ECONOMIC
GROWTH VS. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
¨ Globalisation and Industrialization
Globalisation has
accelerated industrialization, especially in developing countries like India,
aiming to integrate into the global economy. Significant economic growth has
been fuelled by trade barrier removal, economic reforms, and increased foreign
direct investment (FDI). For example, India's rapidly expanding IT and
industrial sectors have helped to lower poverty and increase GDP. But this
quick industrialisation frequently puts immediate financial benefit ahead of
long-term environmental sustainability. More production results in more trash
being produced, more energy being used, and more natural resources being
consumed. The increase of mining and textile industries in India has led to
deforestation, biodiversity loss, and serious air and water pollution,
underscoring the conflict between environmental preservation and economic
progress.[12]
¨ Environmental Degradation
One major obstacle to IEL is
the environmental damage brought on by globalised industrial activity.
Depletion of water bodies, soil erosion, and habitat damage result from
uncontrolled resource extraction. In addition to being a major threat to human
health, air pollution from manufacturing and traffic is a contributing element
to climate change. For instance, some of the worst levels of air pollution in
the world are found in Indian cities like Delhi and Mumbai due to the country's
fast urbanisation. Global supply networks also make waste and contaminants
easier to cross international borders, frequently shifting environmental
obligations to nations with laxer laws.[13] This transboundary movement
makes the implementation of IEL more difficult since events such as industrial
pollution in India can have regional and international consequences.
B.
INFLUENCE OF MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS (MNCS)
¨ Corporate Influence on Environmental
Law
International environmental
policy and regulations are significantly influenced by multinational
enterprises. Thanks to their economic clout, they can advocate for favourable
conditions, frequently at the expense of strict environmental requirements.[14] By negotiating trade
agreements that put market access and investment flows ahead of environmental
protection, MNCs can influence IEL. MNCs in industries like manufacturing and
mining have occasionally disregarded environmental laws in India in an effort
to increase profits, which has seriously harmed the environment. Strong
environmental restrictions may be difficult to enforce internationally as a
result of this influence, which may dilute environmental measures in
international treaties.
¨ Exploitation of Developing Countries
Developing nations, whose
regulatory structures and enforcement procedures may be weaker, are frequently
exploited as a result of globalisation. MNCs externalise their environmental
expenses by establishing businesses in areas with laxer environmental
regulations, taking advantage of these differences. Industries like electronics
and textiles in India have come under fire for seriously harming the
environment while offering little financial assistance to nearby people. By
fostering a disjointed approach to environmental governance and an unequal
distribution of environmental obligations, this practice undercuts IEL.
C.
WEAKENING OF NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY
¨ Trade vs. Environment
Globalisation frequently
pits trade liberalization against environmental protection, creating conflicts
between economic and environmental priorities. International trade agreements,
such as those governed by the World Trade Organization (WTO), emphasize
reducing trade barriers and promoting free trade. These accords, however,
occasionally have the power to supersede national environmental laws, which
restricts nations' capacity to enact laws that safeguard their ecosystems and
natural resources. The difficulties of striking a balance between commerce and
environmental goals is demonstrated by the pressure from trading partners
demanding further market access, which has made it difficult for India to
enforce stringent environmental requirements.
¨ Carbon Leakage
Carbon leakage refers to the
relocation of carbon-intensive industries to countries with lenient
environmental regulations, undermining global efforts to reduce GHG emissions.[15] In India, stringent
regulations may drive industries to India, where standards may be less strict.
This shift exacerbates global environmental challenges and highlights the
limitations of International Environmental Law (IEL) in addressing global
environmental issues.
EROSION
OF ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS AND COMPLIANCE
¨ Race
to the Bottom
Globalisation can lead to a
"race to the bottom,"[16] where countries
competitively lower environmental standards to attract foreign investment. By
fostering an atmosphere where environmental preservation is sacrificed for
financial benefit, this standard-setting undercuts IEL. In India, the drive to
draw foreign direct investment has occasionally led to the easing of
environmental laws, enabling businesses to function with little regard for the
environment. In addition to endangering regional ecosystems, this trend slows
down global sustainability goals.
¨ Compliance Challenges
The complexity and scale of
global supply chains make monitoring and enforcing compliance with
environmental standards challenging.[17] In India, multi-tiered
supply chains often obscure the origins of environmental harm, making it
difficult to hold specific actors accountable. The lack of transparency and
accountability in globalized production processes allows environmentally
harmful practices to persist, as end consumers and even parent companies may be
unaware of the conditions under which products are manufactured.
E.
INSTITUTIONAL AND GOVERNANCE CHALLENGES
¨ Fragmented
Global Governance and Influence of Powerful States and Corporations
Globalisation complicates
the implementation of International Environmental Law (IEL) due to fragmented
global governance, involving multiple actors such as states, organizations,
NGOs, and MNCs. This leads to inconsistent implementation and enforcement of
environmental laws, undermining IEL effectiveness. Powerful states and
corporations can also influence IEL, shaping it in ways that reflect their
interests rather than global environmental needs.[18] India struggles to balance
national development priorities with global environmental commitments, making
progress difficult due to these factors.
PART-3
INDIA’S DIPLOMATIC STANCE ON GLOBALIZATION
AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
India's diplomatic stance on
globalization and sustainable development is shaped by its unique
socio-economic context, historical experiences, and strategic interests. As one
of the world's largest developing nations, India recognizes that globalization offers
both opportunities and challenges. The country has positioned itself as a
proponent of across the board and sustainable development that brings economic
growth with social equity and environmental sustainability at par.
EMBRACING
GLOBALIZATION
India has actively engaged
with globalization, particularly since the economic liberalization of the early
1990s. The country has harnessed globalization to fuel its economic growth,
resulting in significant improvements in GDP and poverty reduction. India has become
a key player in global trade, technology, and investment, advocating for a
multilateral trading system that benefits all nations, especially developing
countries.
However, India's engagement
with globalization is nuanced. The government emphasizes the need for fair
trade practices that protect the interests of its farmers and small-scale
industries. India has voiced concerns about the negative impacts of
globalization, such as job displacement and environmental degradation,
advocating for policies that mitigate these effects. This dual approach
illustrates India's commitment to leveraging globalization while safeguarding
its domestic priorities.[19]
India has consistently
advocated for a balanced approach to globalization, emphasizing the need for
sustainable and inclusive growth. In international forums, India champions the
principles of Common But Differentiated
Responsibilities (CBDR), arguing that developed nations should have a bigger
responsibility in tackling climate change and in supporting sustainable
development in developing countries as they have historically contributed more
to environmental degradation.
Furthermore, India
underscores the importance of technology
transfer and financial support
from developed countries to enable sustainable development in less economically
advanced nations. This stance is evident in India’s participation in climate
negotiations, where it sought equitable solutions that account for emerging
economies’ developmental needs and constraints.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGS)
India's diplomatic stance on
sustainable development is closely aligned with the United Nations' Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs). The Indian government has integrated the SDGs into
its national policy framework, aiming to achieve sustainable economic growth
that is inclusive and equitable. India emphasizes the importance of local
context in implementing these goals, advocating for a bottom-up approach that
empowers communities and fosters grassroots participation.
In international forums,
India has championed climate justice, arguing that developed nations bear a
greater historical responsibility for environmental degradation. India’s
commitment to the Paris Agreement reflects its commitment to fight climate
change while recognizing the need for financial and technological support from
wealthier countries to aid its transition to a low-carbon economy.
REGIONAL
AND GLOBAL PARTNERSHIPS
India's approach to
globalization and sustainable development is also reflected in its regional and
global partnerships. Through platforms like the BRICS and the G20, India
actively promotes sustainable development steps and policies that address the
needs of developing countries. It advocates for a multipolar world where emerging
economies play an important role in shaping governance and policies at a global
level.[20]
Additionally, India
emphasizes the importance of financial inclusion and equitable access to
resources, calling for reforms in international financial institutions to serve
the interests of developing nations better.[21]
In summary, India's
diplomatic stance on globalization and sustainable development is characterized
by a commitment to inclusive growth, environmental sustainability, and
equitable global governance. By balancing its economic aspirations with social
and environmental responsibilities, India seeks to shape a global narrative
that advocates for development that benefits all nations, particularly those
most vulnerable to the adverse effects of globalization. This holistic approach
not only enhances India's global standing but also underscores its role as a
responsible leader in international affairs.
Recent
Examples of India’s Approach to Globalisation and Sustainable Development in
International Environment Law
India, a rapidly growing
economy, is actively balancing economic growth with environmental
sustainability. This is evident in various initiatives, policies, and
international engagements, such as the International Solar Alliance (ISA),
Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), Clean India Mission (Swachh Bharat
Abhiyan), Make in India Initiative, Ganges River Cleaning Project (Namami
Gange), E-Waste Management Rules (2016) and Amendments, Plastic Waste
Management (Amendment) Rules in 2022, and India's role in COP Summits.
The International Solar Alliance (ISA) was launched in 2015 during the
Paris Climate Conference (COP21) to mobilize $1 trillion in solar investments
by 2030. India has been a pioneer in renewable energy initiatives, providing
financial assistance, capacity building, and technology transfer to member
countries. India's commitments to the Paris Agreement reflect a balanced
approach to globalization and sustainable development, prioritizing renewable
energy and emission reductions.
The Clean
India Mission (Swachh Bharat Abhiyan) is one of India's largest sanitation
campaigns, aiming to improve solid waste management, end open defecation, and
encourage hygiene nationwide. The Make in India initiative aims to establish
India as a major hub for global manufacturing, drawing in foreign capital and
encouraging creativity. Green manufacturing practices have reduced the
environmental footprint of industries, contributing to overall sustainable
development goals.
The Namami Gange Programme is a flagship initiative aimed at
rejuvenating the Ganges River by addressing pollution, improving sewage
infrastructure, and promoting sustainable river basin management. India's E-Waste Management Rules (2016) and
Amendments aim to regulate the disposal and recycling of electronic waste,
addressing environmental challenges associated with rapid technological
advancement and globalization.
India's active role in COP summits has contributed to more
inclusive and equitable climate agreements, advocating for the needs of
developing nations and shaping global climate policies that recognize diverse
capabilities and responsibilities.
Thus, these initiatives
demonstrate India's commitment to promoting sustainable practices and promoting
economic growth while addressing the environmental challenges posed by
globalization and urbanization.
CONCLUSION
Globalisation undeniably has
both positive and negative impacts in the realm of international environmental
law and sustainable development.
On the one hand, it promotes
technological innovation, stimulates economic growth, and makes it easier for
best practices and environmental knowledge to be shared. By giving nations
access to green technologies, improving domestic environmental governance, and
fostering international collaboration to address transboundary environmental
concerns, these benefits of globalisation can greatly aid in the accomplishment
of sustainable development goals.
International environmental legislation, however, faces significant
obstacles from the negative aspects of globalisation. Because industries
prioritise profits over sustainability, the unrelenting quest of economic
growth frequently results in environmental destruction. Multinational firms
have a significant impact on environmental regulations, occasionally
compromising national sovereignty and lowering environmental standards.
Furthermore, MNCs'
exploitation of poor nations exacerbates environmental inequality worldwide,
making it challenging to impose consistent environmental norms everywhere. The
efficacy of international environmental legislation is hampered by the race to
the bottom in environmental laws and the erosion of state sovereignty through trade
agreements. Global sustainability initiatives are further undermined by the
institutional and governance issues that arise in globalised systems, which
make it more difficult to coordinate and execute IEL.
It is essential to improve
worldwide cooperation and fortify global environmental governance in order to
lessen these difficulties. This entails strengthening current international
agreements, forming fresh coalitions centred on particular environmental
concerns, and establishing strong enforcement systems to guarantee adherence to
environmental regulations.
Furthermore, promoting
equitable technological transfer and supporting developing countries in
adopting green technologies can help bridge the gap in environmental
capabilities and foster more inclusive global sustainability.
India's place in this
intricate relationship between environmental sustainability and globalisation
serves as an example of both the potential and difficulties that growing
economies face. With efforts like the International Solar Alliance and its
pledges under the Paris Agreement, India, a prominent player in the global
economy, has made great progress in supporting sustainable development. But
India also has environmental problems that are made worse by the country's fast
industrialisation and urbanisation, underscoring the need for well balanced
policies that combine environmental preservation with economic expansion.
In conclusion, globalisation
presents opportunities for constructive change through improved collaboration,
technical advancement, and just policy frameworks. It also presents serious
obstacles to international environmental law and sustainable development. A
concerted effort is needed to address the negative effects of globalisation by
promoting sustainable corporate practices, strengthening global governance, and
ensuring that environmental integrity is not compromised in the name of
economic prosperity. The international community may get closer to a future
that is more sustainable just by maximising the positive effects of
globalisation while reducing its negative ones.
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