Open Access Research Article
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM IN INDIA BY: MS. PRERANA RAMNATH SHARMA & DR. PAYAL V. CHOLERA
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ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM IN INDIA
AUTHORED BY: MS. PRERANA RAMNATH
SHARMA
(Asst. Professor at Sonopant Dandekar
Shikshan Mandali’s Law College, Palghar, Maharashtra -401404)
CO-AUTHOR: DR. PAYAL V. CHOLERA
(Principal at Sonopant Dandekar
Shikshan Mandali’s Law College, Palghar, Maharashtra -401404)
v ABSTRACT:
In a densely populated
nation like India the arena of crime has turned out to be inexorable. All
claims are taken to court, ranging from insignificant misdemeanours to
prominent offences. The sphere of criminal justice administration being dynamic
and self-motivated in nature, time and again displays humungous changes which
is being witnessed globally. It is important to acknowledge the fact that today
the Criminal Justice System is functioning only due to its quality of adaption
to the new and that it has espoused the new disguise effortlessly by never
being stringent, as well as refrained from acting as a hinderance to the
fervent necessities that were required with change of time.
High increase of urban
population and infrastructure complemented by recent geopolitical world events,
generated an increasingly alarming number of threats. Law enforcement
authorities are established to redesign societal security concepts to meet the
upcoming new challenges. The impact of the new technology on the criminal justice
administration helps to carry out justice effortlessly and more effectually.
Criminal Justice Administration in India has advanced over an unrestrained
period and appreciates the relevance and significance to adopt new
technological methods. Although current technological advances ease the
information access, for e.g. surveillances through cameras, satellite data,
drones etc., manual analysis of such assorted data to extract strategic
knowledge is not a solution anymore. There is the critical need for automated
steadfastness and determination for eradication of issues related therewith.
The Paper aims to determine criminal consequences by introduction of AI
in the Indian society as well as the ongoing challenges erupting every now and
then and also highlights AI’s potential as a Criminogenic Phenomenon, in terms
of scaling up of existing crimes as well as facilitating new digital
wrongdoings, This paper further drives attention towards the ways AI pattern is
transforming policing, surveillance, and criminal justice practices vide
diffused monitoring based on predictions and prevention which is an
irretrievable and progressive development of science which shall result in the
evolution.
Key Words: Artificial Intelligence, Criminal Justice System, Population,
Surveillance, Automated Steadfastness, Criminal Consequences.
v INTRODUCTION:
The last few decades of the 20th century have seen a
sharp increase in the rate of change towards economics and knowledge growth.
The recognition of knowledge as a necessary and intangible existence has
undoubtedly presented a number of issues that occasionally become barriers to
knowledge management, as knowledge is one of the most dynamic fundamentals that
can be used to drive economic progress in the globe. Rearranging priorities has
been encouraged by this for some people.
To the amazement of the entire world, IBM's supercomputer
Deep Blue demonstrated in 1997 that hardly any activity shall be "too human" for the Automated
Technology systems. This encompassed defeating World Chess Champion Garry
Kasparov in a game of chess. Twenty years later, artificial intelligence is a
crucial aspect of daily life. AI systems are widely used in anything from
cleaning robots to drones, and their use is predicted to increase dramatically
in the future. Examples of these systems include automated purchase
recommendations, drones, and digital voice assistants like Siri and Alexa.
AI presents a number of issues for all international
legal systems. The first is a precise definition of the word "Artificial
Intelligence," as there is a dearth of agreement over this concept's
precise meaning.
Diverse interpretations have been offered worldwide by a
diverse array of individuals.
The European
definition is as follows:
The Commission defines Artificial Intelligence (AI) as
systems that exhibit intellectual behaviour by assessing their environs and
acting, sometimes instinctively, to comprehend to previously established goals.
Artificial intelligence (AI) can be integrated into
hardware devices such as advanced robotics, inertial navigation systems, and
drones, or it can be exclusively software-based and operate in the virtual
world like voice assistants, image scrutiny software, search engines, speech
recognition systems, and facial recognition systems. [1]
The ability of AI systems to:
a)
Gather And evaluate data from
the surrounding location;
and
b)
Conduct activities to meet the
machine specific goals—that are often predefined by a human operator—is
highlighted in this definition.
These skills are akin to what is typically understood
when one speaks of "Intelligence."
v SCOPE
OF STUDY
Artificial Intelligence is a rapidly developing topic that is being
utilised to advance both the criminal investigation and justice systems.
Experts in criminal investigation are currently confronted with numerous
challenges because of the massive volume of data, the minute pieces of evidence
in the complex and chaotic environment, the traditional laboratory structures,
and occasionally the lack of knowledge that could cause an investigation to
fail or a miscarriage of justice.
There are plenty of concerns about how artificial intelligence may
affect crime and criminal justice given its growing capabilities and apparent
skill at tasks that were previously only performed by humans.
Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to change not just how
crimes are committed but also how the criminal justice system and law enforcement
are run. Naturally, the administration of justice is not the only area where
these significant changes will occur because AI will impact many facets of
human behaviour.
Due to worries about the gaps between criminals and law enforcement as
the offenders indulge in high-tech crimes, criminal justice required to be
equally prepared and equipped to employ technology like AI to promote crime
prevention and control.
Artificial intelligence has the potential to be a long-term part of our
criminal justice ecosystem, providing assistance with investigations and
empowering criminal justice professionals to better safeguard public safety.
From a criminal justice standpoint, pattern recognition is essential. Pattern
recognition comes naturally to humans, and with practice we may learn to
discriminate between a wide range of objects, people, complex human emotions,
facts, and situations. In computer hardware and software, artificial
intelligence (AI) seeks to replicate this human ability. Self-learning
algorithms, for instance, use data sets to learn how to recognize medical
conditions from challenging radiological scans, execute complex computational
and robotic tasks, identify people from their images, comprehend online
shopping habits and patterns, and forecast stock market movements.[2]
As
a result, the study's scope includes learning about a wide range of AI tools used for criminal
investigation and justice in order to better understand how the tools are now
being used as well as to look for better
opportunities for future so as to be at pace with requisites of the Social
order .
v ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND CRIME
(AIC).
Research and legislation
surrounding artificial intelligence (AI) aim to bring a balance amid the
advantages of innovation and potential negative consequences or upheavals. The
phrase AI-Crime (AIC) refers to the potential reorientation of AI technology to
enable criminal behaviour, which is an unplanned consequence of the recent rise
in AI research.
Because of reported
efforts in systematizing fraud directed towards social media users and examples
of AI-driven management of simulated marketplaces, It is theoretically
feasible.
However, the future of AI
appears secure because AIC is still a comparatively new and basically
interdisciplinary field that spans formal science to socio-legal studies.
Until now, the
significance of AIC as a unique occurrence has not been recognised. Rather than
taking into account AI's potential role in crime, the works on the ethical and
social implications of AI concentrates on regulating and managing AI's civil
uses (Kerr 2004). Moreover, the existing AIC research is dispersed throughout
various disciplines, such as computer science, psychology, robotics,
socio-legal studies, and computer science, to mention a few. The absence of
AIC-focused research limits the possibility for forecasts and remedies in this
emerging field of possible criminal action.
This paper gives a
thorough and methodical examination of the pertinent interdisciplinary academic
literature in order to shed some light on the state of our knowledge and
comprehension of AIC.[3]
v APPLICATION
OF AI TECHNOLOGIES FOR UPGRADING CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
AI is the tool used to combat these problems using both
machine and deep learning. In several forensics domains, neural networks and
case-based cognitive provide reproducible, unbiased, and error-free outcomes.
With its various techniques, including data analysis, pattern recognition,
image processing, computer vision, data mining, statistical analysis and
probabilistic methods, computational and mathematical methods, and graphical
modelling, artificial intelligence (AI) is currently supporting nearly all of
the major fields of criminal investigation.
As a result, AI is helping investigators at all stages of the inquiry by
creating logical evidence, reconstructing crime scenes in three dimensions, managing
evidence efficiently, and analysing it to draw logical conclusions as AI-based algorithms are utilized for the recognition,
prevention, and even forecast of future criminal activity since they can
analyse vast amounts of data to identify risk. The application of AI tools
is thus required for modernizing criminal investigations since the introduction
of these technologies is assisting security and law enforcement professionals
not only with criminal detection but also with prevention and forecasting.[4]
v UTILITY OF AI-DRIVEN TECHNOLOGIES TO ENHANCE EFFICIENCY
1. PATTERN RECOGNITION
Pattern
recognition is a form of automatic machine recognition process that is divided
into different categories based on the kind of learning technique that was
utilized to produce the desired output. One of the most important aspects of
forensic science is the identification and comparison of particular patterns in
the suspected data. A pattern
could be anything, such as a speech signal, a human face, a handwritten text in
cursive, or a picture of a fingerprint. Numerous applications, including speech
recognition, face, fingerprint, iris, and visual scene interpretation
2. HANDWRITING PATTERN RECOGNITION
Images with
different handwriting or signature patterns may be recognized and compared
using pattern recognition software. Experts are using some pattern recognition
algorithms and artificial intelligence neural network models to identify the
gender of writers.
3. FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION AND
CLASSIFICATION
Deep learning
has achieved great triumph in pattern recognition and computer vision because
it does not require manual feature extraction. When there are enough training
data inputs, deep learning automatically learns structures and features.
Because of these benefits, artificial intelligence can be applied to a variety
of tasks in automatic fingerprint recognition and categorization systems.
Additionally, these AI-based automated solutions can significantly reduce the
number of comparisons made during the high-accuracy corresponding process.
4. MULTIMEDIA ANALYSIS
While
analyzing image, video, or CCTV material for a criminal investigation,
artificial intelligence (AI) has the ability to overcome human errors. In order
to support the skills of humans, traditional software algorithms are restricted
to preset features such as eye colour, eye shape, eye distance for facial
recognition, and demographic data for pattern analysis. In order to complete
certain jobs, the AI algorithms created for multimedia analysis were not to only
learn difficult tasks but also create and identify their own unique complex
facial recognition traits and strictures. With the help of these sophisticated
AI algorithms, it may be possible to recognize weapons, match faces, compare
voices, and identify complicated events like murders or accidents.
5. HUMAN FACE RECOGNITION
Numerous
scholars have investigated and created AI systems for the automated
identification of human faces. Even Nevertheless, the majority of effective
systems rely on neural networks.[5]
v AI FOR CRIME PREDICTIONS :
The development of AI technology is helping law enforcement and security
experts not just with criminal detection but also with preclusion and
forecasting. Some of the most sophisticated AI algorithms are created to
identify suspected anomalies and patterns in crime, forecast potential crime
scenes, evaluate criminal risk factors, and identify criminal networks. Various
algorithms based on artificial intelligence and machine learning are used to
analyse the distribution of criminal weaponry, crime locations, and crime kinds
in order to anticipate future crime hotspots. In a nutshell, it wouldn’t be
incorrect to say that an artificial intelligence (AI) system may effectively
support the identification of potential crime scenes through data mining,
identify potential criminals using facial recognition, and monitor changes in
an individual's behaviour.[6]
v THE INDIAN
SCENARIO INVOLVING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE:
With the purchase of predictive policing software in 2015, the
Maharashtra police began employing AI technologies for crime control. The
department has also acquired Universal Forensic Extraction Devices (UFED) from
well-known international brands as part of the plan; these devices are utilized
in digital forensics and investigations. These gadgets can recover data from a
variety of sources, including hard drives, social networking sites, mobile
phones, and other devices—even deleted data. They are also able to recall
audiovisual footage from CCTV and drones.
Uttar Pradesh having the highest
crime rate in India, in accordance with the 2016 crime report. Began to deal
with these, by utilizing a variety of AI technologies, including predictive
systems and analytics for crime mapping in collaboration with ISRO.
The AI-powered smartphone app "Trinetra" was introduced by Om
Prakash Singh, the Director-General of Police, in December 2018. Trinetra
maintains a database of five lakh offenders, along with each criminal's photo,
address, and criminal history.
The Government Railway Police (GRP), the prison department, and district
police provided inputs into the collection of this data and In Lucknow,
Trinetra has shown to be a successful aide in the capture of one prominent
felon.
In 2020, Delhi Police investigated 755 cases of violence in North East
Delhi using artificial intelligence and other forensic technologies.
Approximately 945 CCTV clips and smartphone videos were examined using facial
recognition and other AI tools, leading to the arrest of the offenders.
On February 24, 2021, a 26-year-old man named Solanki was shot and
killed in another incident behind Delhi's Rajdhani School. The suspect's cell phone was confiscated
and looked through.
The investigation of the Google Map that was downloaded into his phone
allowed for the establishment of the crime & like wise By 2020's end, the
Delhi Police successfully filed 342 such
charge sheets and resolved over 400 cases by means of various AI tools.
v ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE FOR JUSTICE :
"Long-pending cases are a major challenge to the Indian judicial
system." Even with the introduction of e-courts and alternative dispute
resolution, the court system was unable to effectively stop the growing number
of pending cases. The issue is made worse by the lack of judicial officers.
This results in the denial of justice, or the postponement of justice. Hence
It's time to adopt some unconventional tools to bring back the efficiency of
the justice delivery system. Using artificial intelligence (AI) in the Justice
Administration system is one such technology.
Despite government efforts to digitize police records, traditional
paper-based records continue to be used extensively in India. Criminal
investigation and tracking are difficult, time-consuming tasks due to this
offline method.
To properly investigate a case, the police need access to current
information. This is where AI is put to use. Biometric data—such as face,
speech, blood type, fingerprint, and information about past crimes—can be
recorded with the aid of artificial intelligence. The investigation is enabled
by the AI-powered search engine.[7]
CONCLUSION:
The study showed that artificial intelligence can be applied to criminal
law impact determination in more ways than just choosing a sanction type with
the same weighted average setting for its term or size. It can also be used to
determine the next best course of action for a person who has been found guilty
of a crime. Unquestionably, the choice made about the defendant's level of
criminal guilt has a direct influence on—or minimizes—the rights and legitimate
interests of other parties, such as victims, employers, family members, and
dependents, among others.
Following a discussion of the many uses of artificial intelligence (AI)
in a variety of fields and its potential application in forensic science and
criminal investigation to support forensic experts, police investigators, and
security personnel, it is clear that AI-powered devices, programs, or software
can assist experts or investigators in cutting down on the time required for
various tasks at various stages of an examination and investigation.
Efficient handling of cases would result in reduced waiting times, which
would ultimately help reduce the number of cases pending because of drawn-out
and intricate investigative processes. Proper criminal justice would eventually
result in more expertise, accuracy, and lack of bias.
According to the study, attorneys and intelligent justice enthusiasts
have criticized robots, citing programming errors or providing inaccurate data
and knowledge systems. As a result, it produces an incorrect application and
could lead to incorrect choices. In this context, the researcher observes the
following:
Regarding the mistakes found in artificial intelligence antecedents,
knowledge bases, and software systems, they ought to be precise and exact,
comprising all the machine language determinants that the robot is capable of
understanding. Because incorrect data necessitates both data correction and
cognitive system correction, the notion of deploying artificial intelligence
systems in investigations is not at all cancelled.
Rather than having the choices made by the artificial intelligence
system imposed without first being reviewed, we have a clear and certain stage
in front of us to examine via actual experience with actual accused. We can go
to the trial stage if it comes from the initial investigator into the matter of
the accusation. Furthermore, because there is a chance that the intelligent
interrogator robot may be fed false or inaccurate information, this critique,
in the opinion of the researcher, is directed more at the application process
than the artificial intelligence system itself.
The artificial intelligence system's flawed, or deliberate, inability to
conduct appropriate, intelligent investigation results in its reporting of
incorrect judgments, and It is not the artificial intelligence system itself
that is at fault, but rather how it should be addressed. The error, whether
deliberate or not, stems from the system's incapacity to carry out suitable,
intelligent inquiry, leading it to report the incorrect decisions. The mistake,
or intentional, for the artificial intelligence system's inability to conduct
appropriate, intelligent investigation, which results in its reporting of the
incorrect decisions; this does not provide the problem in the intelligent
system itself, but rather in the manner in which it should be addressed.
REFERENCES:
1. Artificial Intelligence and Criminal
Justice By Prof. Katalin Ligeti at AIDP-IAPL International Congress of Penal
Law.
2. Artificial Intelligence In Criminal
Investigation And Criminal Justice: In Indian Perspective ;Written By
Debakanta Mohanty
3. Artificial Intelligence Crime: An
Interdisciplinary Analysis of Foreseeable Threats and Solutions Thomas King ·
Aggarwal Nikita, Taddeo Mariarosaria, Floridi Luciano
4. Artificial Intelligence: Advancing
Automation in Forensic Science & Criminal Investigation Ekta B Jadhav,
Mahipal Singh -Sankhla, Rajeev Kumar
5. AIDP-IAPL International Congress of
Penal Law Artificial Intelligence and Criminal Justice Prof. Katalin Ligeti
6. Artificial Intelligence Crime: An
Interdisciplinary Analysis of Foreseeable Threats and Solutions.
7. Criminal
Liability of the Artificial Intelligence Danila Kirpichnikov, Albert Pavlyuk,
Yulia Grebneva and Hilary Okagbue
[1] International Congress of Penal Law
Artificial Intelligence and Criminal Justice Prof. Katalin Ligeti
[2]Artificial Intelligence In Criminal
Investigation And Criminal Justice In Indian Perspective Written By Debakanta
Mohanty
[3] Artificial Intelligence Crime: An
Interdisciplinary Analysis of Foreseeable Threats and Solutions Thomas C. King1
· Nikita Aggarwal1,2 · Mariarosaria Taddeo, Luciano Floridi1
[5] Artificial Intelligence: Advancing
Automation in Forensic Science & Criminal Investigation Ekta B Jadhav,
Mahipal Singh Sankhla, Rajeev Kumar
[6] AIDP-IAPL
International Congress of Penal Law Artificial Intelligence and Criminal
Justice Prof. Katalin Ligeti
[7] Artificial Intelligence Crime: An
Interdisciplinary Analysis of Foreseeable Threats and Solutions.
Article Information
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM IN INDIA BY: MS. PRERANA RAMNATH SHARMA & DR. PAYAL V. CHOLERA
Authors: MS. PRERANA RAMNATH SHARMA, DR. PAYAL V. CHOLERA
- Journal IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
- Published 2024/05/15
- Issue 7
About Journal
International Journal for Legal Research and Analysis
- Abbreviation IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
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