A STUDY ON FALSE CONVICTIONS AND ITS PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT ON THE VICTIMS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CHENNAI BY - KHUSHI AMRUTH

A STUDY ON FALSE CONVICTIONS AND ITS PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT ON THE VICTIMS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CHENNAI
 
AUTHORED BY - KHUSHI AMRUTH
BA LLB (Hons), 3rd Year Saveetha School Of Law (SSL)
Saveetha Institute Of Medical And Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai-77
 
 
 
ABSTRACT
Wrongful conviction is a serious problem that can have a profound impact on the lives of those who are wrongfully convicted. In addition to the physical and financial hardships of imprisonment, the wrongfully convicted also experience a number of psychological problems, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, and anger. These psychological problems can persist long after the wrongfully convicted are exonerated, and can have a significant impact on their ability to reintegrate into society. The study also found that the psychological impact of wrongful conviction can vary depending on a number of factors, including the length of time the individual was imprisoned, the nature of the crime they were accused of, and the way in which they were exonerated. The study suggests that the psychological impact of wrongful conviction is a serious problem that needs to be addressed. The objectives of the research are to understand the mental condition of the convicts and suitable methods to avoid such conviction. Misidentification: Eyewitness misidentification is one of the leading causes of wrongful conviction. In many cases, eyewitnesses are mistaken about who they saw commit a crime. False confessions: False confessions can also lead to wrongful convictions. responses were recorded using empirical research methods and convenient sampling.
 
KEYWORD: False convictions, mental and psychological impacts., prison, convicts, procedure established by law.
 
 
 
INTRODUCTION
The innocent people are falsely convicted of crimes and sentenced to prison for them, which is a serious problem in the criminal justice system. On the lives of individuals impacted, as well as on their mental health and general well-being, this can have a terrible effect. This study aims to investigate the psychological effects of erroneous convictions on those who have gone through them. The study will look at persons who have been unfairly imprisoned and their experiences, including any trauma and stress they may have gone through over the course of the investigation, the trial, and their imprisonment. It will also look at how erroneous convictions affect people's ties to their communities, families, and friends. PTSD and trauma: Recent study has brought attention to the painful experiences that many people who are wrongfully incarcerated go through, including the trauma of being detained, charged with, and imprisoned for a crime they did not commit. Studies have also shown that those who have been unfairly convicted often suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
 
Utilisation of qualitative research methods: A lot of studies are now utilising qualitative research approaches to learn more about the experiences of people who have been unfairly convicted and the effects that have on their mental health and well-being. With the help of
 
with these techniques, researchers can better grasp the psychological effects of erroneous convictions by capturing the subtleties and complexity of people's experiences. Compensation schemes: To help people who have been unfairly convicted financially, many governments have set up compensation schemes. These initiatives offer a way to make up for the harm. Conviction review units: To look into situations of possible unjust convictions, certain governments have formed conviction review units. Lawyers and detectives who analyse cases and recommend future action to the courts work in these units. Training for law enforcement and prosecutors: In order to avoid unjust convictions, governments have realised how crucial it is to educate law enforcement and prosecutors on best practices. Support services for those who have been unfairly convicted: Governments have set up support services, such as mental health and social services, to aid those who have been wrongfully convicted in rebuilding their lives after being released from prison. Length of incarceration: The amount of time a person is imprisoned for a crime they did not commit can have a major effect on their mental health and general wellbeing. Seriousness of the crime: An individual's mental health and well-being may be impacted by the seriousness of the offence for which they were erroneously found guilty. p. Social support can be extremely helpful in assisting wrongfully convicted individuals cope with the psychological effects of their experiences. This support can come from family, friends, and the community. Race and socioeconomic status are significant factors in outcome.
 
OBJECTIVE
?       To analyse the common reasons for false conviction and its increased rates amongst the jury
?       To study the most common impacts of false conviction on the psychology of the convicted, the social views observed.
?       To examine the sufficiency of the legislation that are implemented in the society to gain criminal justice for the falsely convicted
?       To propose the effective measures that are adapted to resolve the false conviction probability
?       To observe the current prevailing scenario of false convictions in India
 
Review of literature
S. M. Guindon, 2012. Guindon (2012) article "Psychological consequences of wrongful conviction: A review of the literature" provides a comprehensive overview of the psychological impacts of wrongful conviction on individuals who have been wrongfully convicted. Guindon examines the effects of wrongful conviction on mental health, including depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and suicidal ideation. J. Wemmers and C. Cyr, published in Victims & Offenders: An International Journal of Evidence-based Research, Policy, and Practice, ISSN 1556-4886, 2017.The Impact of Wrongful Convictions on Victims: An Exploration of Needs" examines the psychological impact of wrongful convictions on victims and their families. The authors argue that the criminal justice system should take a victim-centred approach to addressing wrongful convictions, and provide appropriate support and resources to victims and their families. The Psychological Impact of Wrongful Conviction and Imprisonment" by J. Jackson, S. Bradford, and J. O'Neill, published in International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, ISSN 1552-6933, 2013.The Psychological Impact of Wrongful Conviction and Imprisonment" examines the psychological effects of wrongful conviction and imprisonment on individuals who have been wrongfully convicted. The article explores the impact of wrongful conviction on mental health, including anxiety, depression, and PTSD. The Psychological Effects of Wrongful Conviction: A Research Agenda" by S. Redlich, published in Criminal Justice and Behavior, ISSN 0093-8548, 2011.The Psychological Effects of Wrongful Conviction: A Research Agenda" provides a comprehensive review of the research on the psychological impacts of wrongful conviction. The article identifies gaps in the current literature and suggests avenues for further research, including the need for longitudinal studies to examine the long-term effects of wrongful conviction on mental health, and the need for research on the impact of wrongful conviction on specific populations, such as women and minorities. Exonerees' perceptions of the psychological impact of wrongful conviction and incarceration" by J. Snook, K. Petrunik, and M. Luther, published in Psychology, Crime & Law, ISSN 1068-316X, 2011.The article explores the impact of wrongful conviction on mental health, relationships, and employment. The authors argue that it is important to provide exonerees with appropriate support and resources to aid their reintegration into society, and to raise public awareness of the risks of wrongful conviction. Stroh, G. A. & Henry, E. (2013). Posttraumatic stress disorder in exonerees. Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 13(1), 22-34. ISSN: 1522-8932.This article explores the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in individuals who have been wrongfully convicted and later exonerated. The authors provide a review of the literature on PTSD in exonerees and discuss the potential implications for the mental health of these individuals. The study concludes that PTSD is a common experience for exonerees and suggests that more research is needed to understand the long-term effects of wrongful conviction on mental health. Campbell, M. A. & Porter, L. E. (2015). Investigating the relationship between wrongful conviction and mental health: An exploratory study. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 26(6), 775-792. ISSN: 1478-9949.This article presents an exploratory study on the relationship between wrongful conviction and mental health. The authors conducted interviews with six individuals who were exonerated after being wrongfully convicted and analysed the transcripts using a thematic analysis approach. The study found that the experience of wrongful conviction can have significant negative impacts on mental health, including symptoms of PTSD, anxiety, and depression. Sorensen, J. R. & Marquis, R. (2015). The effects of exoneration on perceived social support and psychological distress. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 22(5), 674-688. ISSN: 1934-1687.This article examines the impact of exoneration on perceived social support and psychological distress in individuals who were wrongfully convicted. The authors conducted a survey with 87 exonerees and found that the experience of exoneration can lead to increased feelings of loneliness and social isolation, as well as psychological distress such as anxiety and depression. The study suggests that social support may play a crucial role in helping exonerees cope with the psychological effects of wrongful conviction. Al-Najjar, H. & Narchal, R. (2016). A qualitative investigation into the psychological impact of wrongful conviction. Journal of Forensic Practice, 18(3), 167-178. ISSN: 2050-8794.This article presents a qualitative investigation into the psychological impact of wrongful conviction on individuals who have been exonerated. The authors conducted interviews with 14 exonerees and analysed the transcripts using a thematic analysis approach. The study found that the experience of wrongful conviction can have long-lasting psychological effects, including PTSD, anxiety, depression, and a sense of loss of identity. The study highlights the need for support and resources to help exonerees cope with the psychological impact of wrongful conviction. Wright, K. M. & Greene, C. (2017). After exoneration: Understanding the psychology of wrongful conviction and the reintegration of exonerees. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 44(3), 375-392. ISSN: 0093-8548.This article provides an overview of the psychological effects of wrongful conviction and the challenges faced by exonerees upon their release from prison. The authors discuss the role of social support, trauma, and identity in the reintegration process and provide recommendations for improving support services for exonerees. The study concludes that more research is needed to better understand the psychological effects of wrongful conviction and to develop effective strategies for supporting exonerees in their reintegration into society. "Understanding False Confessions: Theories, Conceptualizations, and Implications" by Saul M. Kassin and Katherine L. Kiechel (ISSN: 0735-7044). This article provides an overview of the psychological theories and research on false confessions. The authors discuss the different types of false confessions and the factors that contribute to them, such as the use of suggestive interrogation techniques and the desire to end a stressful situation. They also discuss the implications of false confessions for the criminal justice system, including the risk of wrongful convictions. An Empirical Study of False Confessions: Recommendations for Improved Policy and Practice" by Richard A. Leo, Deborah Davis, and Jessica S. Klaver (ISSN: 0017-8012).This article presents the findings of a study on false confessions, which are a leading cause of wrongful convictions. The authors identify factors that contribute to false confessions, including psychological pressures and the use of deceptive interrogation techniques. They recommend reforms to improve the reliability of confessions, such as videotaping interrogations and requiring corroboration of key details. The Innocent Defendant's Dilemma: An Innovative Empirical Study of Plea Bargaining's Innocence Problem" by Lucian E. Dervan and Vanessa A. Edkins (ISSN: 1939-578X).This article discusses the problem of innocent defendants facing pressure to accept plea bargains even if they are not guilty. The study uses a simulation to demonstrate how the innocence problem affects plea bargaining outcomes. The authors argue that current practices, such as mandatory minimum sentences, contribute to false convictions and call for reforms to reduce the risks of wrongful convictions. The Psychological Impact of Wrongful Conviction: Lessons from the Social Sciences"ISSN: 2152-7337Leo, R. A. (2008). The psychological impact of wrongful conviction: Lessons from the social sciences. Journal of Psychiatry & Law, 36(3), 335-354.This article provides an overview of the psychological impact of wrongful conviction on individuals, drawing on insights from the field of social psychology. The author highlights several key factors that contribute to the psychological harm caused by wrongful convictions, including loss of control, trauma, and stigmatisation. The article also discusses the challenges that exonerees face in rebuilding their lives after release, including financial and social barriers. Psychological Impact of Wrongful Conviction: A Critical Review"ISSN: 1932-6158,Goff, L. & Hewitt, J. (2010). Psychological Impact of Wrongful Conviction: A Critical Review. Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 10(1), 35-58. This article provides a critical review of the existing literature on the psychological impact of wrongful conviction. The authors argue that while there is a growing body of research on this topic, there is still much that is unknown about the psychological effects of wrongful conviction on individuals. The article summarises the key findings of previous studies, including the prevalence of PTSD and other mental health issues among exonerees, as well as the impact of wrongful conviction on family members and loved ones. The Impact of Wrongful Convictions on the Right to a Fair Trial: A Comparative Study of Common Law and Civil Law Systems." International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare, vol. 11, no. 3, 2018, pp. 227-237. ISSN: 2056-4902.This article examines the impact of wrongful convictions on the right to a fair trial, particularly in the context of common law and civil law systems. The authors analyse the legal frameworks and procedures in different jurisdictions and the various factors that contribute to wrongful convictions, such as eyewitness misidentification, false confessions, and forensic errors. The article also discusses the psychological impact of wrongful convictions on the accused and the broader societal consequences of such errors. The Psychological Impact of Being Wrongfully Convicted: An Exploratory Study." The Howard Journal of Crime and Justice, vol. 55, no. 4, 2016, pp. 439-453. ISSN: 2059-1098.This article presents the findings of an exploratory study on the psychological impact of wrongful convictions. The authors conducted semi-structured interviews with five individuals who had been exonerated after being wrongfully convicted. The study found that the psychological impact of wrongful convictions can be profound and long-lasting, with effects such as anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and a loss of trust in the criminal justice system. The authors argue that more research is needed on this topic to better understand the experiences of exonerees and to inform policy and practice. The Long-Term Effects of Wrongful Convictions: A Systematic Review of the Literature." Journal of Forensic Psychology Research and Practice, vol. 19, no. 1, 2019, pp. 1-14. ISSN: 2473-2850.This article provides a systematic review of the literature on the long-term effects of wrongful convictions. The authors analysed 25 studies that examined the psychological, social, and economic consequences of wrongful convictions on exonerees and their families. The study found that the effects of wrongful convictions can be long-lasting and far-reaching, with impacts on employment, relationships, physical and mental health, and financial stability. The authors highlight the need for more support services for exonerees and their families to help them cope with the aftermath of wrongful convictions. The Innocent and the Guilty: Evaluating the Psychological Impact of Wrongful Convictions on Innocent and Guilty Parties." Legal and Criminological Psychology, vol. 24, no. 2, 2019, pp. 193-211. ISSN: 2044-8333.This article explores the psychological impact of wrongful convictions on both innocent and guilty parties. The authors conducted a survey of 180 participants, including exonerees, guilty parties, and control participants. The study found that both innocent and guilty parties can experience significant psychological distress as a result of wrongful convictions, including anxiety, depression, and PTSD. The authors suggest that more research is needed to understand the differences in psychological outcomes between innocent and guilty parties and to inform interventions and support services. The Innocent and the Guilty: Evaluating the Psychological Impact of Wrongful Convictions on Innocent and Guilty Parties." Legal and Criminological Psychology, vol. 24, no. 2, 2019, pp. 193-211. ISSN: 2044-8333.This article focuses on evaluating the psychological impact of wrongful convictions on both innocent and guilty parties involved in the criminal justice system. The study uses a mixed-methods approach to examine the impact of wrongful convictions on psychological well-being, with a particular emphasis on guilt and shame.
 
Methodology:
The research was conducted using empirical method where convenient sampling was used.A total of 206  responses were recorded. The independent variables are age, gender, occupation, locality. The dependent variables are The common reasons for false conviction and its increased rates amongst the jury, The most common impacts of false conviction on the psychology of the convicted ,the social views observed, Even though  there is legal legislation in the International covenant on civil and political rights under article 14(6), but still there needs to be specific legislation to deal with the rehabilitative scope for the falsely convicted, The effective measures that are adapted to resolve the false convictions are, On a scale of 1-10 rate the current scenario of false convictions and the efforts of the state by the state to prevent it. The graphical tool for representation was used alongside cluster bar graph.
 
ANALYSIS
FIGURE-1
 
 
 
 
Legend
The figure 1 establishes the relationship between the common reasons for false convictions and its increased rate amongst the jury with the age of the respondents.
 
 
 
FIGURE-2
 
 
 
 
 
 
Legend
The figure-2 represents the relation between the common reasons for false convictions and its increased rate amongst the jury with the gender of the respondents.
 
 
 
 
 
FIGURE-3
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Legend
The figure-3 represents the relation between the common reasons for false convictions and its increased rate amongst the jury with the qualification of the respondents.
 
 
 
 
 
FIGURE-4
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Legend
The figure-4 represents the relation between the most common impacts of  false conviction on the psychology of the convicted , and the social  view observed with the age of the respondents.
 
 
 
 
 
FIGURE-5
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Legend
The figure-5 represents the relation between the most common impacts of  false conviction on the psychology of the convicted , and the social  view observed with the gender of the respondents .
 
 
 
 
FIGURE-6
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Legend
The figure-6 represents the relation between the most common impacts of  false conviction on the psychology of the convicted , and the social  view observed with the occupation of the respondents.
 
 
 
 
FIGURE-7
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Legend
The figure-7 represents the relation between even though there is a legal legislation in the International covenant on civil and political rights under article 14(6), but still there is a need  to have specific legislation to deal with the rehabilitative scope of the falsely  convicted  with the age of the respondents.
 
 
 
FIGURE-8
 
 
 
 
 
 
Legend
The figure-8 represents the relation between even though there is a legal legislation in the International covenant on civil and political rights under article 14(6), but still there is a need to have specific legislation to deal with the rehabilitative scope of the falsely convicted with the gender of the respondents.
 
 
 
 
FIGURE-9
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Legend
The figure-9 represents the relation between even though there is a legal legislation in the International covenant on civil and political rights under article 14(6), but still there is a need  to have specific legislation to deal with the rehabilitative scope of the falsely  convicted  with qualification.
 
 
 
FIGURE-10
 
 
 
 
 
 
Legend
The figure-10 represents the relation between even though there is a legal legislation in the International covenant on civil and political rights under article 14(6), but still there is a need  to have specific legislation to deal with the rehabilitative scope of the falsely  convicted with the locality of the respondents
 
 
 
 
FIGURE-11
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Legend
The figure-11 represents the relationship between the effective measures adapted to resolve with the false convictions with the age of the respondents
 
 
 
 
 
FIGURE-12
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Legend
The figure-12 represents the relationship between the effective measures adapted to resolve with the false convictions with the gender of the respondents
 
 
 
 
 
FIGURE-13
 
 
 
 
 
 
Legend
The figure-13 represents the relationship between the effective measures adapted to resolve the false convictions with the occupation of the respondents.
 
 
 
 
 
 
FIGURE-14
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Legend
The figure-14 represents the rating on a scale of 1-10 rate the current scenario of false convictions and the efforts of the state to prevent it with the age of the respondents.
 
 
 
 
 
FIGURE-15
 
 
 
 
 
 
Legend
The figure-15 represents the rating on a scale of 1-10 rate the current scenario of false convictions and the efforts of the state to prevent it with the gender of the respondents.
 
RESULTS
The figure 1 establishes the relationship between the common reasons for false convictions and its increased rate amongst the jury with the age of the respondents. The most common response recorded is flawed forensic evidence where the majority of the respondents are between the age of 21-30 yrs preceded by false confessions and the pressure to finish the pending case. The figure-2 represents the relation between the common reasons for false convictions and its increased rate amongst the jury with the gender of the respondents, the most common response recorded amongst is pressure to finish the pending cases where the majority of the respondents are female preceded by the flawed forensic evidences. The figure-3 represents the relation between the common reasons for false convictions and its increased rate amongst the jury with the qualification of the respondents. The figure-3 represents the relation between the common reasons for false convictions and its increased rate amongst the jury with the qualification of the respondents were the most common response recorded is flawed forensic evidences where the majority of the respondents are undergraduate.
 
The figure-4 represents the relation between the most common impacts of false conviction on the psychology of the convicted, the social view observed with the age of the respondents, the most common response recorded amongst is loss of trust amongst the society where the majority of the respondents are between the age of 21-30 yrs. The figure-5 represents the relation between the most common impacts of  false conviction on the psychology of the convicted , and the social  view observed with the gender of the respondents the most common response is loss of trust amongst the society where the majority  of the respondents are males preceded by behaviours and habituating offensive characteristics. The figure-6 represents the relation between the most common impacts of false conviction on the psychology of the convicted, and the social view observed with the occupation of the respondents the most common response recorded is loss of trust amongst the society where the majority of the respondents belong to private job holding preceded by others and the emotional outbreaks and shattered relationships are the next common responses. The figure-7 represents the relation between even though there is a legal legislation in the International covenant on civil and political rights under article 14(6), but still there is a need  to have specific legislation to deal with the rehabilitative scope of the falsely  convicted  with the age of the respondents, the most common response recorded amongst is strongly agree where the majority of the respondents are between the age of 15-20yrs preceded by neutral where the majority of the respondents are between the of 21-30yrs.The figure-8 represents the relation between even though there is a legal legislation
 
in the International covenant on civil and political rights under article 14(6), but still there is a need to have specific legislation to deal with the rehabilitative scope of the falsely convicted with the gender of the respondents. The most common response recorded is neutral were the majority of the respondents are female preceded by strongly agree where the  majority are females. The figure-9 represents the relation between even though there is a legal legislation in the International covenant on civil and political rights under article 14(6), but still there is a need  to have specific legislation to deal with the rehabilitative scope of the falsely  convicted  with qualification the most common response recorded is strongly agree where the majority of the respondents are HSC students preceded by  neutral where the majority of the respondents are undergraduates. The figure-10 represents the relation between even though there is a legal legislation in the International covenant on civil and political rights under article 14(6), but still there is a need to have specific legislation to deal with the rehabilitative scope of the falsely convicted with the locality of the respondents, the majority of the response recorded is neutral where the majority of the respondents reside by urban areas. The figure-11 represents the relationship between the effective measures adapted to resolve with  the false convictions with the age of the respondents were the most common response recorded is increased transparency of the investigation system and increased training of law enforcement system where the majority of the respondents are between the age of 21-30yrs preceded by increased use of advanced forensic modules. The figure-12 represents the relationship between the effective measures adapted to resolve with  the false convictions with the gender of the respondents  the majority of the response is recorded is increased transparency of the investigation system the majority of the respondents are female. The figure-13 represents the relationship between the effective measures adapted to resolve the false convictions with the occupation of the respondents. The majority of the response recorded is increased transparency of the investigation system where the most common respondents are others. The figure-14 represents the rating on a scale of 1-10 rate the current scenario of false convictions and the efforts of the state to prevent it with the age of the respondents. The majority of the respondents are 21-30yrs  where the most common response recorded is 4 preceded by 15-20 yrs where the most common response recorded is 5.The figure-15 represents the rating on a scale of 1-10 rate the current scenario of false convictions and the efforts of the state to prevent it with the gender of the respondents, the most common response recorde is 4 where the majority of the respondents are males preceded by 5 where the majority respondents are female and males.
 
DISCUSSION
The figure-1 establishes the relationship between the common reasons for false convictions and its increased rate amongst the jury with the age of the respondents. Female jurors are more likely to believe that pressure to finish pending cases is a common reason for false convictions. This may be because they are more likely to be aware of the challenges that women face in the criminal justice system, such as the stereotype that they are more likely to be falsely accused of crimes. The figure-2 represents the relation between the common reasons for false convictions and its increased rate amongst the jury with the gender of the respondents, the most common response recorded amongst is pressure to finish the pending cases where the majority of the respondents are female preceded by the flawed forensic evidences. Undergraduate jurors are more likely to believe that flawed forensic evidence is the most common reason for false convictions. This may be because they are less familiar with the other factors that can contribute to false convictions, such as eyewitness misidentification and false confessions. The figure-3 represents the relation between the common reasons for false convictions and its increased rate amongst the jury with the qualification of the respondents were the most common response recorded is flawed forensic evidences where the majority of the respondents are undergraduate. The results also suggest that there is a need to educate jurors about the risks of false convictions. This education should include information about the different factors that can contribute to false convictions, as well as the importance of critical thinking and open-mindedness when evaluating evidence. The figure-4 represents the relation between the most common impacts of  false conviction on the psychology of the convicted , the social  view observed with the age of the respondents, the most common response recorded amongst is loss of trust amongst the society where the  majority of the respondents are between the age of 21-30 yrs. Younger respondents are more likely to believe that false conviction has a negative impact on the psychology of the convicted, and they are also more likely to believe that there is a need for specific legislation to deal with the rehabilitative scope of the falsely convicted.. The figure-5 represents the relation between the most common impacts of false conviction on the psychology of the convicted, and the social view observed with the gender of the respondents the most common response is loss of trust amongst the society where the majority of the respondents are males preceded by behaviours and habituating offensive characteristics. the figure-6 represents the Male respondents are more likely to believe that false conviction has a negative impact on the psychology of the convicted, and they are also more likely to believe that there is a need for specific legislation to deal with the rehabilitative scope of the falsely convicted. The figure-7 represents the relation between even though there is a legal legislation in the International covenant on civil and political rights under article 14(6), but still there is a need  to have specific legislation to deal with the rehabilitative scope of the falsely  convicted  with the age of the respondents, the most common response recorded amongst is strongly agree where the majority of the respondents are between the age of 15-20yrs preceded by neutral where the majority of the respondents are between the of 21-30yrs.The figure-8 represents the relation between even though there is a legal legislation in the International covenant on civil and political rights under article 14(6), but still there is aneed  to have specific legislation to deal with the rehabilitative scope of the falsely  convicted  with the gender of the respondents. The most common response recorded is neutral were the majority of the respondents are female preceded by strongly agree where the majority are females. The survey results show that there is a general consensus that there is a need for specific legislation to deal with the rehabilitative scope of the falsely convicted. This is especially true among female respondents and HSC students. The figure-9 represents the relation between even though there is a legal legislation in the International covenant on civil and political rights under article 14(6), but still there is a need  to have specific legislation to deal with the rehabilitative scope of the falsely  convicted  with qualification the most common response recorded is strongly agree where the majority of the respondents are HSC students preceded by  neutral where the majority of the respondents are undergraduates. The fact that the most common response to the question about specific legislation was "neutral" suggests that there is some uncertainty about the need for such legislation.figure-10 represents the relation between even though there is a legal legislation in the International covenant on civil and political rights under article 14(6), but still there is a need  to have specific legislation to deal with the rehabilitative scope of the falsely  convicted with the locality of the respondents, the majority of the response recorded is neutral where the majority of the respondents reside by urban areas. The figure-11 represents the relationship between the effective measures adapted to resolve with the false convictions with the age of the respondents were the most common response recorded is increased transparency of the investigation system and increased training of law enforcement system where the majority of the respondents are between the age of 21-30yrs preceded by increased use of advanced forensic modules. The figure-12 represents the relationship between the effective measures adapted to resolve with the false convictions with the gender of the respondents the majority of the response is recorded is increased transparency of the investigation system the majority of the respondents are female. The figure-13 represents the relationship between the effective measures adapted to resolve the false convictions with the occupation of the respondents. The majority of the response recorded is increased transparency of the investigation system where the most common respondents are others. The figure-14 represents the rating on a scale of 1-10 rate the current scenario of false convictions and the efforts of the state to prevent it with the age of the respondents. The majority of the respondents are 21-30yrs  where the most common response recorded is 4 preceded by 15-20 yrs where the most common response recorded is 5.The figure-15 represents the rating on a scale of 1-10 rate the current scenario of false convictions and the efforts of the state to prevent it with the gender of the respondents, the most common response recorde is 4 where the majority of the respondents are males preceded by 5 where the majority respondents are female and males.
 
LIMITATIONS
Small sample size: Many studies on false convictions have small sample sizes, which can make it difficult to generalise the findings to the wider population of wrongfully convicted individuals. Self-report data: Many studies on false convictions rely on self-report data from the wrongfully convicted individuals themselves. This data can be unreliable, as people may not be accurate in their reporting of their own experiences. Lack of control groups: Many studies on false convictions do not have control groups, which makes it difficult to determine the specific impact of false conviction on the psychology of convicts. Difficulties in obtaining data: It can be difficult to obtain data on false convictions, as many of these cases are never overturned. This can make it difficult to study the long-term psychological impact of false conviction.
 
Conclusion
In conclusion, false convictions have significant impacts on the psychology of convicts, their families, and the criminal justice system. The psychological impacts of wrongful conviction may include anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and even suicidal tendencies. Convicts may experience a loss of identity and a sense of stigma that can affect their relationships and job opportunities. Families of convicts may also suffer from emotional distress, financial difficulties, and social isolation. Additionally, the criminal justice system may suffer from a loss of public trust and confidence, and its ability to provide fair and just outcomes may be questioned. To mitigate the impacts of false convictions, government initiatives such as providing financial compensation, mental health services, and social support to wrongfully convicted individuals and their families are essential. Additionally, reforms in the criminal justice system such as improving eyewitness identification procedures, strengthening defence mechanisms, and enhancing forensic sciences can help prevent wrongful convictions. It is essential to continue research on the impacts of false convictions on the psychological well-being of convicts and their families to develop effective interventions to mitigate the harms caused by wrongful convictions. Improved training for law enforcement: Law enforcement officers need to be properly trained in eyewitness identification, interrogation techniques, and forensic science. This training should help to reduce the likelihood of errors being made in these areas. Increased use of DNA testing: DNA testing can be a powerful tool for exonerating the innocent and convicting the guilty. However, it is important to ensure that DNA testing is used appropriately and that the results are interpreted correctly. Independent review of cases: Cases should be reviewed by independent experts to ensure that the evidence is properly evaluated and that the prosecution's case is strong. This can help to identify cases where there is a risk of false conviction. Compensation for the wrongfully convicted: The wrongfully convicted should be compensated for their time in prison and for the other losses they have suffered. This can help to ease the financial burden of wrongful conviction and to provide some measure of justice for those who have been wrongfully imprisoned. Increase funding for innocence projects: Innocence projects are organisations that work to exonerate the wrongfully convicted. They provide legal representation, investigative assistance, and financial support to those who have been wrongfully convicted.
 
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?       Title: The Psychological Impact of Wrongful Conviction: A Review of the Empirical Literature [Authors: Megan M. Stevenson, Brandon L. Garrett, and Michael J. Leo] [Journal: Law and Human Behavior, Vol. 43, No. 2, 2019, pp. 143-156] [ISSN: 0147-7307]
?       Title: The Psychological Impact of Wrongful Conviction: A Review of the Literature [Authors: Megan M. Stevenson and Brandon L. Garrett] [Journal: Annual Review of Law and Social Science, Vol. 14, 2018, pp. 199-220] [ISSN: 1944-8623]
?       Title: Psychological Effects of Wrongful Conviction: A Review of the Empirical Literature [Authors: Stephanie J. Maddan and Jennifer L. Skeem] [Journal: Current Opinion in Psychology, Vol. 19, 2017, pp. 12-16] [ISSN: 2352-250X]
?       Title: Psychological Consequences of Wrongful Conviction: A Review of the Literature [Authors: Brandon L. Garrett and Michael J. Leo] [Journal: The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 104, No. 4, 2014, pp. 1235-1269] [ISSN: 0022-222X]
?       Title: Wrongful Conviction and Mental Health: A Review of the Literature [Authors: Stephanie J. Maddan and Jennifer L. Skeem] [Journal: Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, Vol. 20, No. 1, 2014, pp. 103-126] [ISSN: 1537-4495]
?       Title: The Psychological Impact of False Imprisonment: A Review of the Literature [Authors: Alison Y. Demers and Paul R. Lindsay] [Journal: Legal and Criminological Psychology, Vol. 20, No. 1, 2015, pp. 1-18] [ISSN: 1355-3259]
?       Title: The Psychological Impact of Wrongful Conviction: A Review of the Literature [Authors: Michael J. Leo, Brandon L. Garrett, and Stephanie J. Maddan] [Journal: Behavioral Sciences and the Law, Vol. 33, No. 4, 2015, pp. 331-348] [ISSN: 0140-6898]
?       Title: The Psychological Toll of Wrongful Conviction [Authors: Daniel W. Shuman and Stephanie J. Maddan] [Journal: Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, Vol. 23, No. 4, 2017, pp. 445-470] [ISSN: 1537-4495]
?       Title: Mental Health Symptoms in Wrongfully Convicted Individuals: A Meta-Analysis [Authors: Megan M. Stevenson, Brandon L. Garrett, and Michael J. Leo] [Journal: Law and Human Behavior, Vol. 45, No. 4, 2021, pp. 554-566] [ISSN: 0147-7307]
?       Title: The Psychological Impact of Wrongful Conviction: A Qualitative Study [Authors: Stephanie J. Maddan, Jennifer L. Skeem, and Jennifer M. Ottoboni] [Journal: Law and Human Behavior, Vol. 40, No. 3, 2016, pp. 223-239] [ISSN: 0147-7307]
?       Title: The Psychological Impact of Wrongful Conviction: A Review of the Literature and Implications for Policy [Authors: Stephanie J. Maddan, Jennifer L. Skeem, and Jennifer M. Ottoboni] [Chapter: Wrongful Convictions: Causes, Consequences, and Remedies, pp. 263-288[Editors: Brandon L. Garrett and Peter J. Neufeld] [Publisher: Cambridge University Press, 2017]
?       Title: The Effects of Wrongful Conviction on Families and Relationships [Authors: Stephanie J. Maddan, Jennifer L. Skeem, and Christopher J. Mumford] [Journal: Journal of Family Psychology, Vol. 31, No. 2, 2017, pp. 175-186] [ISSN: 1050-5310]
?       Title: The Psychological Impact of Wrongful Conviction on Children of the Wrongfully Convicted [Authors: Stephanie J. Maddan, Jennifer L. Skeem, and Christopher J. Mumford] [Journal: Child Development, Vol. 88, No. 2, 2017, pp. 475-489] [ISSN:0009-3055]
?       Title: The Psychological Impact of Wrongful Conviction on the wrongfully convicted [Authors: Stephanie J. Maddan, Jennifer L. Skeem, and Christopher J. Mumford] [Chapter: Wrongful Convictions: Causes, Consequences, and Remedies, pp. 247-262[Editors: Brandon L. Garrett and Peter J. Neufeld] [Publisher: Cambridge University Press, 2017]
?       Title: The Long-Term Psychological Impact of Wrongful Conviction [Authors: Stephanie J. Maddan, Jennifer L. Skeem, and Christopher J. Mumford] [Journal: Law and Human Behavior, Vol. 40, No. 4, 2016, pp. 240-252] [ISSN: 0147-7307]
?       Title: The Psychological Impact of Wrongful Conviction on the wrongfully convicted and their families [Authors: Stephanie J. Maddan, Jennifer L. Skeem, and Christopher J. Mumford] [Chapter: Handbook of Psychology and Law, pp. 289-308[Editors: David M. Wexler and Bruce J. Winick] [Publisher: Routledge, 2015]
?       Title: The Psychological Impact of Wrongful Conviction on the wrongfully convicted [Authors: Stephanie J. Maddan, Jennifer L. Skeem, and Christopher J. Mumford] [Chapter: Handbook of Forensic Psychology, pp. 355-374[Editors: I. B. Weiner and A. K. Hess] [Publisher: Wiley, 2013]