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[2] Indira Gandhi v. Raj Narain AIR 1976 (2) SCR 347

[3] David Stott & Alexandra Felix, Principles of administrative law, Cavendish Publishing Limited, London, United Kingdom, 1997.

[4] Anjana Dhital, Red, Green and Amber light theories of administrative law, IPLEADERS, (November 04, 2020) https://blog.ipleaders.in/red-green-amber-light-theories administrative-law/#_ftn7

[5] Peter Leyland & Gordon Anthony, Textbook on Administrative Law, Oxford University Press, United Kingdom, 2013, p.5

[6] Robert Franklin, The Red Light Theory and The Green Light Theory Portray Contrary Views as to the Extent and Object of Administrative law, THE LAWYERS AND JURISTS, (February 27, 2018), https://www.lawyersnjurists.com/article/the-red-light-theory-and-the-green-light-theory-portray-contrary-viewsas-to-the-extent and-object-of-administrative-law-2/

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[13] 1990 SCR Supl. (2) 433 (Subhash Sharma vs. Union of India).

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[24] S.V. Chandra Pandian and Others vs. S.V. Sivalinga Nadar and Others 1993 SCC (1) 589.

[28] Ratan Lal Sharma v. Purshottam Harit 1947 SCC (1) 671.

[1] Ajit Mohan & Ors. v Legislative Assembly, NCT of Delhi AIR 2021 SC 3346.

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2021.

[4] Sneha Kalita vs. Union Of India and Anr. MANU/SCOR/46460/2017

[5] Preamble of The Information Technology Act, 2000.

[6] Rules 7 of the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules,

2021.

[7] Transport & Dock Workers Union v. Mumbai Port Trust, (2011) 2 SCC 575.

[8] Khandig Sham Bhat v. Agrl. ITO, AIR 1963 SC 591.

[1] “Centre for international crime prevention, handbook on justice for victims 116 (UN Office on Drugs and Crime, 1999)”.

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[28] The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act 1989.

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[1] Bruce Lehman, the Pharmaceutical Industry and the Patent System (International Intellectual Property Institute, 2003), 2–14.

[2] Basma Ibrahim, Implications of WTO?TRIPS Agreement from a National Innovation Systems Perspective (The School of Public Policy and Administration, 2003).

[3] Thomas Cottier, The Doha Waiver and its Effects on the Nature of the TRIPS System and on Competition Law: The Impact of Human Rights, Swiss National Centre of competence in Research. Working Paper no. 2006.

[4] Talat Chaudhay and Arshi Chaudhary Faculty of Law, Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi India

& Department of Pharmacology, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi India, J World Intellect Prop. 2021 Nov; 24(5-6): 447–454.

[5] Prabhas Ranjan, the Case for Waiving Intellectual Property Protection for Covid?19 Vaccines (Observer Research Foundation, 2021).

[6] Ronald Lobante and Mira Johri, COVID?19 Drug and Vaccine Patents Are Putting Profit Before People (2020).

[7] Jessica L Greenbaum, 'Trips and Public Health: Solutions for Ensuring Global Access to Essential AIDS Medication in the Wake of Paragraph 6 Wake of paragraph 6 Waiver' (2008) 25 JCHLP 142.

[8] Donald Harris, 'TRIPS After Fifteen Years: Success or Failure, as Measured by Compulsory Licensing' (2011) 18 JIPL. 369.

[9] Haochen Sun, 'The Road to Doha & Beyond: Some Reflection on TRIPS Agreement and access to Public Health' (2004) 15 EJIL 123.

[10] Benjamin Coriat, Fabienne Orsi and Cristina d'Almeida, 'TRIPS and the International Public Health Controversies: Issues and Challenges' (2006) 15 ICC 1033.

[13] Weinian Hu, Compulsory Licensing and Access to Future COVID 19 Vaccines, CEPS Research Report no. 2020 (2020).

[14] Benjamin Coriat, Fabienne Orsi and Cristina d'Almeida, 'TRIPS and the International Public Health Controversies: Issues and Challenges' (2006) 15 ICC 1033.

[15] Frederick M Abbott, 'The Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health' (2002) 5 JIEL 469.

[17] Kenneth C Shadlen, Patents and Pills, Power and Procedure: The North?South Politics of Public Health in the WTO, Studies in Comparative International Development (Vol. 39, 2002).

[18] Emmanuel Kolawole Oke, THE WAIVER OF THE TRIPS AGREEMENT FOR COVID-19 AT THE WTO: A RHETORICAL ANALYSIS, Lecturer in International Intellectual Property Law, Edinburgh Law School, University of Edinburgh.

[19] Bradly Condon and Tapen Sinha, 'Global Diseases, Global Patents and Differential Treatment in WTO Law: Criteria for Suspending Patent Obligations in Developing Countries' (2006) 26 NJILB 1.

[20] Alan O Sykes, TRIPs, Pharmaceuticals, Developing Countries, and the Doha "Solution", John M. Olin Program in Law and Economics Working Paper No. 140 (2002).

[21] Kenneth C Shadlen, 'Patents and Pills, Power and Procedure: The North?South Politi of Public Health in the WTO' (2004) 39 SCID 76.

[22] Salla Sariola, 'Intellectual Property Rights Need to be Subverted to Ensure Global Vaccine Access' BMJ GHJ .

[23] Sushil Vachani and N. Craig Smith, Lessons from Pricing of AIDS Drugs in Developing Countries. Working Paper No. 03?703b. London Business School (2004).

[24] Human Rights Watch, Seven Reasons the EU is Wrong to Oppose the TRIPS Waiver (2021).

[25] Richard Wilder and Eric M Solovy, The Development of Medicines for Developing Country Diseases: The Role of Intellectual Property. WIPO (2004).

[26] Medicines Sans Fronteires (MSF), Access Campaign. WTO COVID?19 TRIPS Waiver Proposal (2021).

[27] Ashok Dhingra, Waiver Under TRIPS Agreement Needed More Urgently Now (2021).

[29] Guy Martin, TRIPS Waiver: Is the US Backing a Cause For Concern For Pharma? The Pharmaletter (2021).

[30] Art Gonzales, The TRIPS waiver on Covid?19 Pharmaceuticals and the Big Pharma (2021).

[31] Catherine Saez, Main Recommendations of UN High?Level Panel on Access to Medicines Presented at WTO (2017).

[32] Alan O Sykes, TRIPs, Pharmaceuticals, Developing Countries, and the Doha "Solution", John M. Olin Program in Law and Economics Working Paper No. 140 (2002).

[33] Correa (n 13) 3; Yousuf Vawda, ‘The TRIPS COVID-19 Waiver, Challenges for Africa and Decolonizing Intellectual Property’ (South Centre, Policy Brief No 99, 2021).

[34] Thambisetty, McMahon, McDonagh, Kang and Dutfield (n 13) 399.

[35] Frederick Abbott, The TRIPS Agreement Article 73 Security Exceptions and the COVID-19 Pandemic (South Centre, Research Paper No 116, 2020) 21; Carlos Correa, ‘COVID-19 Pandemic: Access to Prevention and Treatment Is a Matter of National and International Security’ (South Centre, 4 April 2020).

[36]. Peter K Yu, ‘Modalities, Challenges, and Possibilities: An Introduction to the Pharmaceutical Innovation Symposium’ (2021) 7 Texas A&M Journal of Property Law 1, 11.

[37] D Ravi Kanth, ‘WTO: US Storms Out from Discussions on WTO Response to Pandemic’ (TWN Info Service on WTO and Trade Issues, 8 June (2022).

[38]World Intellectual Property Organization, COVID-19-Related Vaccines and Therapeutics: Preliminary Insights on Related Patenting Activity During the Pandemic (Geneva: World Intellectual Property Organization 2022.

[39] Peter K Yu, ‘Deferring Intellectual Property Rights in Pandemic Times’ (2023) 74 Hastings Law Journal.

[40] Jean-Frédéric Morin and E Richard Gold, ‘Consensus-seeking, Distrust and Rhetorical Entrapment: The WTO Decision on Access to Medicines,’ (2010) 16(4) European Journal of International Relations 563, 566.

[41] Communication from India and South Africa, ‘Waiver from Certain Provisions of the Trips Agreement for the Prevention, Containment and Treatment of Covid-19’ (2 October 2020) IP/C/W/669 accessed 21 May 2021.

[42] Minutes of the Meeting: Held in the Centre William Rappard from 2 to 5 April 2001, WTO Doc IP/C/M/30 (1 June 2001) (paras 229–52) (Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights).

[43] D Gervais, The TRIPS Agreement: Drafting History and Analysis (London, Sweet and Maxwell 2003) pp 32–43.

[46] Ministerial Declaration, WTO Doc WT/MIN(01)/DEC/1 (20 November 2001) (Para 17) (Ministerial Conference, Fourth Session, Doha, 9–14 December 2001).

[47] Doha WTO Ministerial 2001: TRIPS WT/MIN(01)/DEC/2, “Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health (Adopted 14 November 2001)” (WTO, 20 November 2001).

[48] WTO: 2017 News Item, “WTO IP Rules Amended to Ease Poor Countries’ Access to Affordable Medicines” (WTO, 23 January 2017) <https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news17_e/trip_23jan17_e.htm> (last accessed 16 July 2021).

[49] W New, “It’s Official: TRIPS Health Amendment In Effect, First Ever to a WTO Agreement” (Intellectual Property Watch, 23 January 2017) <https://www.ip-watch.org/2017/01/23/official-trips-health-amendment-effect-first-ever-wto-agreement/> (last accessed 12 July 2021).

[50] Communication from India and South Africa (n 8).

[53] USTR, “Statement from Ambassador Katherine Tai on the COVID-19 TRIPS Waiver,” press release, May 5, 2021.

[54] European Commission, “EU Proposes a Strong Multilateral Trade Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic,” press release, June 4, 2021.

[55] WTO, DG, “Director-General Okonjo-Iweala Hails Breakthrough on TRIPS COVID-19 Solution,” press release, March 16, 2022.

[56] WTO, “Members Updated on High-Level Talks Aimed at Finding Convergence on IP COVID-19 Response,” press release, March 10, 2022.

[57] WTO, TRIPS Council, “Communication from the Chairperson,” IP/C/W/688, May 3, 2022.

[58] WTO, General Council, “Members Welcome Quad Document as Basis for Text-Based Negotiations on Pandemic IP Response,” May 10, 2022.

[59] WTO, “Ministerial Decision on the TRIPS Agreement” (adopted on June 17, 2022), WT/MIN(22)/30, WT/L/1141, June 22, 2022.

[61] WTO, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Article IX.

[62] Compulsory licensing v the IP waiver: what is the best way to end the COVID-19 pandemic? the South Centre policy brief by Olga Gurgula

[63] Compulsory licensing v the IP waiver: what is the best way to end the COVID-19 pandemic? the South Centre policy brief by Olga Gurgula

[64] See, e.g., Carlos M. Correa, Nirmalya Syam and Daniel Uribe, ‘Implementation of a TRIPS Waiver for Health Technologies and Products for COVID-19: Preventing Claims Under Free Trade and Investment Agreements’ (September 2021) the South Centre Research Paper 135. Available _Implementation-of-a-TRIPS-Waiver-for-Health-Technologies-and-Products-forCOVID-19_EN.pdf.

[1] Will Kelton, Bid Rigging, INVESTOPEDIA (October 14, 2021), Bid Rigging Definition (investopedia.com)

[2] ‘CCI issues order against firms guilty of bid-rigging and cartelization’ Business Standard

/www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/cci-issues-order-against-firms-guilty-of-bid- rigging-and-cartelization-121110100395_1.html>.

[4] The Competition Act, 2002, No. 13, Acts of Parliament, 2002 (India)

[5] Estate R, ‘FCI tender: CCI issues cease and desist order against firms found guilty of bid rigging and cartelisation’ BUSINESSLINE /www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/fci-tender-cci-issues-cease-and- desist-order-against-firms-found-guilty-of-bid-rigging-and-cartelisation/article37279244.ece>.

[8] In Re: Food Corporation of India, Ref. Case No. 07 of 2018.

[12] ‘CCI issues cease and desist order against six firms guilty of bid rigging and cartelization in FCI tender’ Indiainfoline /www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-top-story/cci-issues-cease-and-desist-order-against- six-firms-guilty-of-bid-rigging-and-cartelization-in-fci-tender-121110200296_1.html>.

[13] The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, C 326/49 (1957).

[15] iPleaders. 2021. Bid rigging in public procurement sector : a comparative analysis of India and EU - iPleaders. [online] Available at: analysis-of-india-and-eu/> [Accessed 18 November 2021].

[1] See Holiday Inns S.A. and others v. Morocco, ICSID Case No. ARB/72/1, Decision on Jurisdiction (May 12, 1974); P. Lalive, The First ‘World Bank’ Arbitration – Some Legal Problems, 51 BRITISH YEARBOOK INT’L. L. 123, 130 (1980)

[2] See ICSID, THE ICSID CASELOAD- STATISTICS (ISSUE 2017-1) 9 (2017)

[3] Gus Van Harten, supra note 10; Uma Kollamparambil, supra note 12

[4] M. H. Mourra, The Conflicts and Controversies in Latin American Treaty-Based Disputes, in LATIN AMERICAN INVESTMENT TREATY ARBITRATION 60

[5] Fiezzoni, supra note 11, 137 (As of November 14, 2017, Nicaragua is a contracting State of the ICSID Convention.)

[6] Leon E. Trakman, The ICSID Under Siege, 45 CORNELL INT'L L.J. 603, 666 (2013) [hereinafter “Trakman”]; Sergey Ripinsky, Venezuela’s Withdrawal From ICSID: What it Does and Does Not Achieve (Apr. 13, 2012),

[7] Fernando Aguirre, Bolivia in LATIN AMERICAN INVESTMENT PROTECTION 65 (Jonathan C. Hamilton eds., 2012).

[8] See Corporate Europe Observatory & the Transnational Institute, PROFITING FROM INJUSTICE HOW LAW FIRMS, ARBITRATORS AND FINANCIERS ARE FUELLING AN INVESTMENT ARBITRATION BOOM (Nov. 2012)

[9] 6 Babiy, Larisa et. al., Should Mexico Join the ICSID? THE GRADUATE INSTITUTE, GENEVA, CENTRE FOR TRADE AND ECONOMIC INTEGRATION 6 (2012).

[10] ICSID, Rules of procedure for Arbitration proceedings, rule 37 in ICSID CONVAENTION, REGULATIONS AND RULES

[1] THE USE OF FORCE IN INTERNATIONAL LAW (The Open University 2019).

[2] HIGGINS A. PEARCE, OXFORD, THE CLARENDON PRESS (8th ed. 1924).

[3] Natalia Ochoa-Ruiz* and Esther Salamanca-Aguado, Exploring the Limits of International Law relating to the Use of Force in Self-defence, 16 EJIL 1, (2005), http://ejil.org/pdfs/16/3/306.pdf.

[4] JOACHIM VON ELBE, THE EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT OF THE JUST WAR IN INTERNATIONAL LAW (Routledge 2012).

[5] Sebastian Heselhaus, International Law and the Use of Force , ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS (APRIL 13, 2023, 9:29 PM), https://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c14/E1-36-01-02.pdf.

[7] Yale Law School LILLIAN GOLDMAN LAW LIBRARY, https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/kbpact.asp (last visited April 14, 2023).

[8] CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS, 1945, § 2(3), STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE, 1945 (San Francisco).

[9] CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS, 1945, § 2(4), STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE, 1945 (San Francisco).

[11] CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS, 1945, art. 39 § 51, STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE, 1945 (San Francisco).

[12] Ananya, Use of Force in International Law, LEGAL SERVICE INDIA E-JOURNAL (April 14, 2023, 7:25 PM), https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-1742-use-of-force-in-international-law.html.

[13] CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS, 1945, § 51, STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE, 1945 (San Francisco).

[14] Terry D. Gill, REMARKS ON THE LAW RELATING TO THE USE OF FORCE IN THE UKRAINE CONFLICT, Lieber Institute Westpoint -Articles of War (Mar. 9, 2022), https://lieber.westpoint.edu/remarks-use-of-force-ukraine-conflict/.

[15] 10 facts you should know about Russian military aggression against Ukraine, Ministry of Foregin Affairs of Ukraine (Dec. 19, 2019, 05:40 PM), https://mfa.gov.ua/en/10-facts-you-should-know-about-russian-military-aggression-against-ukraine.

[16] 24 Srinivas Burra, Asian Yearbook of International Law 106-127 (Brill 2020).

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[14] Terry D. Gill, REMARKS ON THE LAW RELATING TO THE USE OF FORCE IN THE UKRAINE CONFLICT, Lieber Institute Westpoint -Articles of War (Mar. 9, 2022), https://lieber.westpoint.edu/remarks-use-of-force-ukraine-conflict/.

[17] E. F. M. Durbin, John Bowlby, Ivor Thomas, D. P. T. Jay, R. B. Fraser, R. H. S. Crossman, George Catlin, War and Democracy (Routledge 2021).

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