INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

Critical Analysis Of Blasphemy Law In India And UK (By-Nirmitee Sable)

Authors: Nirmitee Sable

Registration ID: 100983 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA983

Year : July-2022 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

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Sri Lanka’s Crisis and the Power of Citizen Mobilization (By-Nirmitee Sable)

Authors: Nirmitee Sable

Registration ID: 100984 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA984

Year : July-2022 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

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Analysis Of Cyber-Crime And Cyber-Attacks During The Pandemic (By-Nirmitee Sable)

Authors: Nirmitee Sable

Registration ID: 100983 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA983

Year : July-2022 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

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THOMAS HOBBES & NATURAL LAW THEORY (By-Sakshi Pranav Mehta)

Authors: Sakshi Pranav Mehta

Registration ID: 100982 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA982

Year : July-2022 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

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CENSORSHIP: AN ISSUE OF THE INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS (By-Malvika Gupta & Rajat Singh)

Authors: Malvika Gupta & Rajat Singh

Registration ID: 100980 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA980

Year : July-2022 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
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JUDICIAL INTERPRETATION OF DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY IN INDIA (By-Aayushi Aman)

Authors: Aayushi Aman

Registration ID: 100979 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA979

Year : July-2022 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
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Health As A Legal Right in India (By: Pradip Kumar & Dr. Anupam Manhas)

Authors: Pradip Kumar & Dr. Anupam Manhas

Registration ID: 100976 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA976, IJLRA977

Year : July-2022 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
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Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: Analysing Environmental Governanace (By: - Karthik Sharma)

Authors: Karthik Sharma

Registration ID: 100975 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA975

Year : July-2022 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
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WOMEN CENTRIC LAWS AND CONSEQUENCES FACED BY MALE (By: Nidhi Singh)

Authors: Nidhi Singh

Registration ID: 100973 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA973

Year : July-2022 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
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Email Id: nidhi7577@gmail.com

“CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY DEBATE UNIFORM CIVIL CODE: ONE COUNTRY, ONE LAW” (By-Ananya Eliza Varghese)

Authors: Ananya Eliza Varghese

Registration ID: 100973 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA973

Year : July-2022 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

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Email Id: ananyaeliza@nalsar.ac.in

International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

ISSN:2582-6433

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[7] Leviathan, or the Matter, Form and Power of Commonwealth, Ecclesiastical and Civil ; by Thomas Hobbes ; edited by C. B. Macpherson. Harmondsworth : Penguin (Pelican Books), 1968 (originally published 1651); Ch.XI, p.49.

[1] Malvika Gupta, LLM, Maharaja Agrasen University, Baddi & Rajat Singh, Faculty, Raj Malhotra’s IAS Chandigarh.

[2] According to Bhikhu Parekh, “Different societies throw up different systems of moral beliefs depending on such things as their history, traditions, geographical circumstances, and views of the world. We have no means of judging them for there are no objective and universal criteria available for the purpose, and even if there were, we would be too deeply conditioned by our own society to discover them”. See Bhikhu Parekh, Non-ethnocentric universalism, in T. Dunne and NJ Wheeler, HUMAN RIGHTS: GLOBAL POLITICS, (Cambridge University Press, 1999) at p. 128.

[3] “While human rights are universal in character, it is now generally acknowledged that their expression and implementation in the national context should remain the competence and responsibility of each government. This means that the complex variety of problems of different economic social and cultural realities and the unique value systems prevailing in each country should be taken into consideration”. See Peter R. Baehr, GUIDE TO HUMAN RIGHTS PRACTICE, (Transnational Publishers, 1999) at p.14.

[4] UN GAOR 217 (III) dated 10 December 1948, available at http://daccess-ddsny. un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/043/88/IMG/NR004388.pdf?OpenElement, last visited on

24.07.2022.

[5] Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16 December 1966, entry into force 23 March 1976, available at http://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/ccpr.aspx, last visited on 24.07.2022

[6] Signed at the Inter-American Specialized Conference on Human Rights, San Jose, 22 November 1969, entry into force 18 July 1978, available at http://www.oas.org/dil/treaties_B32_American_Convention_on_Human_Rights.htm, last visited on 24.07.2022.

[7] Signed at Rome, 4 November 1950, entry into force 3 September 1953, available at

http://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Convention_ENG.pdf, last visited on 24.07.2022.

[8] Signed at Nairobi, 28 June 1981, entry into force 21 October 1986, available at

http://www.achpr.org/files/instruments/achpr/banjul_charter.pdf, last visited on24.07.2022

[9] Adopted by The African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, meeting at its 32nd Ordinary Session, Banjul, 23rd October 2002, available at http://www.achpr.org/files/sessions/32nd/resolutions/62/achpr32_freedom_of_expression_eng.pdf,

last visited on 24.07.2022

[10] Gordon S. Wood, THE CREATION OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC, 1776–1787, (University of North Carolina Press, 1998). See also, David P. Currie, THE CONSTITUTION IN CONGRESS: DEMOCRATS AND WHIGS, 1829–1861, (University of Chicago Press, 2005), Richard B. Bernstein, Richard B. and Kym S. Rice, ARE WE TO BE A NATION? THE MAKING OF THE CONSTITUTION, (Harvard University Press, 1987).

[11] It is said that Alexander Hamilton had even gone on to say later, ‘your people is a great beast’. See Anonymous, Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson, Hamilton Versus Jefferson on Popular Rule, available online at http://www.pinzler.com/ushistory/hamjeffpopsupp.html, last visited on 24.07.2022

[12] Stephan A. Schwartz, George Mason: Forgotten Founder: He Conceived the Bill of Rights, available online at http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/george-mason-forgotten-founder-heconceived-the-bill-of-rights 64408583/, last visited on 25.07.2022

[14] It is not completely correct to say that the Constitution in its original form did not contain any assertion of the civil liberties. There are provisions that talk about prohibitions on ex post facto laws,right to jury trial in federal criminal cases, prohibition of the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus etc. See generally, C.K.N. Raja, FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND EXPRESSION UNDER THE CONSTITUTIONS OF INDIA AND THE UNITED STATES, (Karnatak University, 1979) at p. 17.

[15] Bernstein and Rice, supra 12. See also, Milton R. Konvitz, FUNDAMENTAL LIBERTIES OF A FREE PEOPLE, (Transaction Publishers, 2003). Interestingly, states like North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the Constitution for this precise reason till as late as 1789 and 1790 respectively. See Anonymous, Teaching With Documents: The Ratification of the Constitution, available online at http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/constitution-day/ratification.html, last visited on 25.07.2022

[16] The Select committee members were James Madison, Roger Sherman, Nicholas Gilman, Benjamin Goodhue, Elias Boudinot, George Gale, George Clymer, Egbert Benson, Ednus Burke and John Vining. See Konvitz, supra 23.

[18] Interestingly enough, one does not find the existence of the term ‘Bill of Rights’ anywhere in the American Constitution. However, according to Konvitz, “The appearance of the amendments together in one place, rather than in scattered provisions throughout the Constitution, made it easy to refer to them as a single document under the designation ‘Bill of Rights’”

[19] 3 CAD 441 (April 29, 1947) [Annexure on Fundamental Rights].

[20] B. Shiva Rao (ed.), THE FRAMING OF INDIA’S CONSTITUTION: SELECT DOCUMENTS, Vol. III, (Indian Institute of Public Administration, 1967), pp. 7-9.

[23] B. Shiva Rao (ed.), THE FRAMING OF INDIA’S CONSTITUTION: SELECT DOCUMENTS, Vol. III,

(Indian Institute of Public Administration, 1967), pp. 7-9.

[25] Romesh Thapar v. State of Madras AIR 1950 SC 124, Brij Bhushan v. State of Punjab AIR 1950 SC 129.

[26] Lawrence Liang, Reasonable Restrictions and Unreasonable Speech, available online at http://infochangeindia.org/agenda/freedom-of-expression/reasonable-restrictions-and-unreasonablespeech.html, last visited on 25.07.2022

[27] Granville Austin, WORKING A DEMOCRATIC CONSTITUTION: THE INDIAN EXPERIENCE, (Oxford University Press, 1999) at p. 42.

[28] ‘Chilling Effect’ as a term was first referred to in the case of Wieman v. Updegraff 342 US 183 (1952). It became the centrepiece of Brennan, J.’s concurring opinion in Lamont v. Postmaster General, 381 US 301 (1965). For a more detailed discussion on this doctrine, See Frederick Schauer, Fear, Risk and the First Amendment: Unravelling the Chilling Effect, 58 Bost. Univ. Law Rev. 685 (1978). See also, Monica Youn, The Chilling Effect and the Problem of Private Action, 66 Vand. Law Rev. 1473 (2013). In the Indian context, the Supreme Court in the Shreya Singhal case makes ample references to this Chilling Effect.

[29] Even in case of the European Convention on Human Rights which appears as more conservative than the Inter-American system, insofar as issues pertaining to impositions of restraints on expression for protection of morals etc. enumerated in Article 10(2) are concerned, jurisprudence emerging out of the European Court of Human Rights has clearly underlined the fact that strict adherence to standards of proportionality are to be ensured before any such imposition with a significant amount of margin of appreciation to the imposing state, and as far as possible, post facto impositions of liabilities should be resorted to rather than pre-censorship. On this point, See e.g. ECtHR Müller (1991) 13 EHRR 212, ECtHR Observer (1992) 14 EHRR 153, ECtHR Thorgeirson (1992) 14 EHRR 843, ECtHR Wingrove (1997) 24 EHRR 1, ECtHR Otto-Preminger-Institut (1995) 19 EHRR 34.

[30] Article 5 [Freedom of expression, arts and sciences]

[31] ARTICLE 29

1. Everyone shall be guaranteed freedom of thought and speech.

2. Propaganda or agitation, which arouses social, racial, national or religious hatred and hostility shall be prohibited. Propaganda of social, racial, national, religious or linguistic supremacy shall also be prohibited.

3. Nobody shall be forced to express his thoughts and convictions or to deny them.

4. Everyone shall have the right freely to seek, receive, transmit, produce and disseminate information by any legal means. The list of types of information, which constitute State secrets, shall be determined by federal law.

(5). The freedom of the mass media shall be guaranteed. Censorship shall be prohibited.

[32] Article 21

Freedom of assembly and association as well as speech, press and all other forms of expression are guaranteed.

No censorship shall be maintained, nor shall the secrecy of any means of communication be violated.

[33] ARTICLE 71. FREEDOM OF PUBLICATION It is prohibited to censor, confiscate, suspend or shut down Egyptian newspapers and media outlets in any way. Exception may be made for limited censorship in time of war or general mobilization.

[1] Jack Hirsleifer , Privacy : Its Orign , Function and Future , 9 J. LEGAL stud . 649 (1980)

[2] Thomas M.Cooley , The Law of Torts 29 (2d ed. 1888)

[3] Samuel D. Warren & Louis D . Brandeis , “ The Right to Privacy ” 4 Harv. L. Rev . 193 , 213-14 (1890)

[5] Wolf v. People of State of Colorado , 338 U.S 25(1949)

[6] Grewlich, Klaus W: Governance In Cyberspace — Access & Public Interest in Global Communication, (Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 1999), at p. 280.

[7] Feldman, David : “ Dignity or Autonomy?- Views of Privacy As a civil liberty” , Current Legal Problems , (1994), at p.41

[9] Sougata Talukdar, “ Privacy and Its Protection in Informative Technological Compass in

India ”, 12 Nujs l. Rev. 287 (2019).

[10]Bhumesh Verma , Sayantan Dey and Ujjwal Agrawa , Evlution of Data Privacy (2020) PL (CL) February 74

[11] K S Puttaswamy v. Union Of India , ( 2017 ) 10 SCC 1

[17] https://thewire.in/law/justice-chandrachud-judgment-right-to-privacy

[1] "Constitution of WHO" available at https://www.who.int/about/governance/constitution#:~:text=Health%20is%20a%20state%20of,belief%2C%20economic%20or%20social%20condition. last visited on 5th March, 2022.

[2] "Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, 1986 available at : https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/129532/Ottawa_Charter.pdf last visted on 6th March, 2022.

[3] "Definitions of Health" available at http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=20127 last visited on 15th March, 2022.

[4] " Viewpoint: Dr. René Dubos and the Mirage of Health" available at https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/08998280.1994.11929887 last visited on 16th March, 2022.

[5] Concept of Health and Wellness available at : https://rajnursing.blogspot.com/2018/01/concept-of-health-and-wellness-health.html last visited on 17th March, 2022.

[6] "Constitution of WHO" available at https://www.who.int/about/governance/constitution#:~:text=Health%20is%20a%20state%20of,belief%2C%20economic%20or%20social%20condition. last visited on 5th March, 2022.

[7] THE DENTISTS ACT, 1948 Available at : https://dciindia.gov.in/Rule_Regulation/Dentists_Act_1948.pdf. Last seen on 8^th May, 2022.

[8] THE HOMOEOPATHY CENTRAL COUNCIL ACT, 1973 Available at : https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1973-59.pdf Last seen on 13^th May, 2022.

[9]THE INDIAN NURSING COUNCIL ACT, 1947 Available at : https://www.indiannursingcouncil.org/uploads/files/16141575032256.pdf Last seen on 15^th May,2022.

[10] THE WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) CESS ACT, 1977 Availalble at : https://cpcb.nic.in/upload/home/water-pollution/A1977-36.pdf Last seen on 29^th May, 2022.

[11] The Mental Health Act , 1987. Available at : https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/mental_health/Acts_Rules/MHA_1987.pdf Last seen on 1^st June, 2022.

[12] The Narcotic Drugs And Psychotropic Substances, Act, 1985 Available at : https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1985-61.pdf Last seen on 2^nd June, 2022.

[13] THE DRUGS AND MAGIC REMEDIES (OBJECTIONABLE ADVERTISEMENTS) ACT, 1954 Available at : https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1954-21_1.pdf Last seen on 9^th June, 2022.

[14] Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971. Available at https://main.mohfw.gov.in/acts-rules-and-standards-health-sector/acts/mtp-act-1971#:~:text=The%20Medical%20Termination%20of%20Pregnancy%20Act%2C%201971&text=An%20Act%20to%20provide%20for,connected%20therewith%20or%20incidental%20thereto. Last seen on 10^th June, 2022.

[15] Pre-Conception & Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, 1994 Available at : https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/8399/1/pre-conception-pre-natal-diagnostic-techniques-act-1994.pdf. Last seen on 11^th June, 2022.

[16] Section 3 - Employer’s liability for compensation States that,

1) If personal injury is caused to a workman by accident arising out of and in the course of his employment, his employer shall be liable to pay compensation in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter: Provided that the employer shall not be so liable - a) in respect of any injury which does not result in the total or partial disablement of the workman for a period exceeding [three] days; b) in respect of any [injury, not resulting in death [orpermanent total disablement] caused by an accident which is directly attributable to –

1. the workman having been at the time thereof under the influence of drink or drugs, or

2. the wilful disobedience of the workman to an order expressly given, or to a rule expressly framed, for the purpose of securing the safety of workmen, or

3. the wilful removal or disregard by the workman of any safety guard or other device which he knew to have been provided for the purpose of securing the safety of workmen.

According to Section 3 (2),the contracting of the disease shall be deemed to be an injury by accident within the meaning of this section and, unless the contrary is provided, the accident shall be deemed to have arisen out of, and in the course of, the employment.

[17] Section 4 - Destruction of fish by explosives in inland waters and on coasts

1) If any person uses any dynamite or other explosive substance in any water with intent thereby to catch or destroy any of the fish that may be therein, he shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two months, or with fine which may extend to two hundred rupees.

2) In sub-section (1), the word "water” includes the sea within a distance of one marine league of the sea-coast; and an offence committed under that sub-section in such sea may be tried, punished and in all respects dealt with as if it had been committed on the land abutting on such coast. Section 5 - Destruction of fish by poisoning waters 1) If any person puts any poison, lime or noxious material into any water with intent thereby to catch or destroy any fish, he shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two months, or with fine which may extend to two hundred rupees.

[18] The Protection Of Women From Domestic Violence Act, 2005 Available at

https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/15436/1/protection_of_women_from_domestic_violence_act%2C_2005.pdf Last seen on 26^th June, 2022.

[1] https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/environment

[2] Bhavya Dilipkumar, Drizzle worsens Delhi air to record 1,200+ on index, The Economic Times, https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/drizzle-worsens-delhi-air-to-record-1200-on-index/articleshow/71882408.cms?from=mdr (last visited Aug 19, 2021).

[3] Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, https://www.soas.ac.uk/cedepdemos/000_P514_IEL_K3736-Demo/treaties/media/1972%20Stockholm%201972%20- %20Declaration%20of%20the%20United%20Nations%20Conference%20on%20the%20Human%20Environme nt%20-%20UNEP.pdf,

[4] Inter-Ministerial Delegation to Participate in Basel, Rotterdam, Stockholm Conventions in Geneva, , https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=161203 (last visited Aug 19, 2021).

[5] https://www.iucn.org/theme/environmental-law/our-work/governance-and-meas

[6] Swachh Bharat Abhiyan | Prime Minister of India, https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/major_initiatives/swachh-bharat-abhiyan/ (last visited Aug 17, 2021).

[7] https://jalshakti-ddws.gov.in/sites/default/files/SBM(G)_Guidelines.pdf

[8] Swachh Bharat Mission - Gramin, Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, , https://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/sbmcms/index.htm (last visited Aug 17, 2021).

[9] http://164.100.228.143:8080/sbm/content/writereaddata/SBM_Guideline.pdf, Guidelines for Swachh Bharat

Mission- Urban, Revised as on October 5th, 2017, p.8.

[10] Radheshyam Jadhav, Flush with success, Swachh Bharat scheme on path to sustainability, @businessline, https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/data-stories/data-focus/flush-with-success-swachh-bharat-scheme-on-path-to-sustainability/article33686833.ece (last visited Aug 17, 2021).

[11] Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin), , https://sbm.gov.in/sbmdashboard/Default.aspx (last visited Aug 17, 2021).

[13] https://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/SBMCMS/writereaddata/portal/images/pdf/sbm-ph-II-Guidelines.pdf

[14] Radheshyam Jadhav, Flush with success, Swachh Bharat scheme on path to sustainability, @businessline , https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/data-stories/data-focus/flush-with-success-swachh-bharat-scheme-on-path-to-sustainability/article33686833.ece (last visited Aug 17, 2021).

[15] https://sujal-swachhsangraha.gov.in/sites/default/files/FAQs%20-%20SBM%20Phase%20II.pdf

[16] Article 21: Protection of life and personal liberty- No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law

[17] Virender Gaur v. State of Haryana. 2 SCC 577. 1955

[18] Realising the human rights to water and sanitation: A handbook, Catarina de Albuquerque, the UN Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation.

[19] Consumer Education and Research Centre v. Union of India. 3 SCC 42. 1995.

[20] Narmada Bachao Andolan v. Union of India. 9 SCC 571. 2000.

[21] Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar. 1 SCR 5. 1991.

[23] Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19–22 June 1946; signed on 22 July 1947 by the representatives of 61 States (Official Records of the World Health Organization, no. 2, p. 100); and entered into force on 7 April 1948, http://www.who.int/about/mission/en/,

[24] http://164.100.47.4/billstexts/lsbilltexts/AsIntroduced/4123LS.pdf

[25] https://hspcb.gov.in/Water%20Act,%201974%20Relevant%20provisions.pdf

[27] OLEM US EPA, Defining Hazardous Waste: Listed, Characteristic and Mixed Radiological Wastes (2015), https://www.epa.gov/hw/defining-hazardous-waste-listed-characteristic-and-mixed-radiological-wastes (last visited Aug 19, 2021).

[28] Radheshyam Jadhav, Flush with success, Swachh Bharat scheme on path to sustainability, @businessline , https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/data-stories/data-focus/flush-with-success-swachh-bharat-scheme-on-path-to-sustainability/article33686833.ece (last visited Aug 17, 2021).

[2]Fineman M.A., Preface, in 'The Public Nature of Private Violence: The Discovery of Domestic

Abuse ’,

[1] Shabbeer Ahmed & Shabeer Ahmed, UNIFORM CIVIL CODE (ARTICLE 44 OF THE CONSTITUTION) A DEAD LETTER, 67 Indian J. Polit. Sci. 545–552 (2006).

[2] Explained: Uniform Civil code — the debate, the status, , The Indian Express (2019), https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-uniform-civil-code-the-debate-the-status-6004396/ (last visited Apr 5, 2021).

[3] Dissolution Of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939, , http://www.bareactslive.com/ACA/ACT025.HTM (last visited Apr 5, 2021).

[4] UCC-Part-1-Constitutional-History.pdf, , https://clpr.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/UCC-Part-1-Constitutional-History.pdf (last visited Apr 11, 2021).

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