INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

MAINTENANCE FOR WIVES UNDER SECTION 125 CRPC: JUDICIAL PERSPECTIVES ON ENTITLEMENT, PROCEDURAL NUANCES AND SOCIAL JUSTICE BY - PROF. (DR.) K. SITA MANIKYAM & K.BHARATH CHANDRA

Authors: PROF. (DR.) K. SITA MANIKYAM & K.BHARATH CHANDRA

Registration ID: 109201 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9201 & IJLRA9202

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: judgebharathchandra@gmail.com & bharathchandra2011@gmail.com

Page No: 13 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-63583635/MAINTENANCE FOR WIVES UNDER SECTION 125 CRPC: JUDI

INDIAS STRUGGLE FOR FOOD STARVATION: LEGAL OVERVIEW. BY - DURVESH MUKUND BHAT & RUTUJA MAHENDRA YADAV

Authors: DURVESH MUKUND BHAT & RUTUJA MAHENDRA YADAV

Registration ID: 109199 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9199 & IJLRA9200

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: advdurvesh01@gmail.com & advrutujayadav@gmail.com

Page No: 11 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-86719257/INDIAS STRUGGLE FOR FOOD STARVATION: LEGAL OVERVIE

UNCUT STORIES: A STUDY ON THE PRACTICE OF FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION BY - FASEEHA KHATOON

Authors: FASEEHA KHATOON

Registration ID: 109198 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9198

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: faseehakhatoon012@gmail.com

Page No: 36 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-87373973/UNCUT STORIES: A STUDY ON THE PRACTICE OF FEMALE G

VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN PUBLIC SPACES: LEGAL AND POLICY INTERVENTION BY - HARSHITA KASHYAP

Authors: HARSHITA KASHYAP

Registration ID: 109197 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9197

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: kashyapharshita960@gmail.com

Page No: 13 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-93652715/VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN PUBLIC SPACES: LEGAL AND

TAXATION AND DUTY IMPLICATIONS IN INDIA BY - PRACHI SINGH

Authors: PRACHI SINGH

Registration ID: 109196 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9196

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: lawcognition31@gmail.com

Page No: 16 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-37662351/TAXATION AND DUTY IMPLICATIONS IN INDIA

INVESTIGATING THE LEGALITY AND ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS OF CORPORATE TAX AVOIDANCE STRATEGIES BY - RESHMA. R, ANWIN ANTO, SWATHY SATHYAN & DILSHA.P.D

Authors: RESHMA. R, ANWIN ANTO, SWATHY SATHYAN & DILSHA.P.D

Registration ID: 109192 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9192, IJLRA9193, IJLRA9194 & IJLRA9195

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: thecookbook304@gmail.com, malayalipwoliyada0@gmail.com, pullothi196@gmail.com & chinnuprasanna1996@gmail.com

Page No: 12 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-96419442/INVESTIGATING THE LEGALITY AND ETHICAL IMPLICATION

OF WRITS AND THEIR TRANSMUTATION: A DISQUISITION UPON THE ARCANE PROGENY OF COMMON LAW MANDAMUS BY - AKHIL VJ

Authors: AKHIL VJ

Registration ID: 109191 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9191

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: Akhiljossy@gmail.com

Page No: 07 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-43383299/OF WRITS AND THEIR TRANSMUTATION: A DISQUISITION U

JUDICIAL ACTIVISM IN INDIAN LEGAL SYSTEM AND ITS IMPACT ON SEPARATION OF POWERS BY: MANSI PATEL & DIKSHA SHARMA

Authors: MANSI PATEL & DIKSHA SHARMA

Registration ID: 109189 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9189 & IJLRA9190

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: mansi.patel@law.christuniversity.in & diksha.sharma@law.christuniversity.in

Page No: 23 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-68948162/JUDICIAL ACTIVISM IN INDIAN LEGAL SYSTEM AND ITS I

RIGHTS IN INDIA: PROGRESS DELAYED, BUT NOT DENIED THE JOURNEY OF TRANSGENDER BY - MR. RAHUL TIWARI, DR. VINEETA AGRAWAL & DR. ANIL MANJHI

Authors: MR. RAHUL TIWARI, DR. VINEETA AGRAWAL & DR. ANIL MANJHI

Registration ID: 109186 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9186, IJLRA9187 & IJLRA9188

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: rahuljitc78@gmail.com, dr.vnineetaagrawal64@gmail.com & dranilmanjhi@gmail.com

Page No: 22 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-93214724/RIGHTS IN INDIA: PROGRESS DELAYED, BUT NOT DENIED

EXAMINING THE USE OF CONCILIATION IN CRIMINAL CASES THROUGH LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK AND JUDICIAL RESPONSE BY - AYUSHI SINGH

Authors: AYUSHI SINGH

Registration ID: 109185 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9185

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: Ayushidhankad@gmail.com

Page No: 35 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-73865848/EXAMINING THE USE OF CONCILIATION IN CRIMINAL CASE

International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

ISSN:2582-6433

Website:https://www.ijlra.com/

Accessibility:Open Access

License:Creative Commons 4.0

Submit Manuscript:Click here

Licensing:

All research articles published INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS are fully open access. i.e. immediately freely available to read, download and share. Articles are published under the terms of a Creative Commons license which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Disclaimer:

The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not purport to reflect the opinions or views of the INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS or its members. The designations employed in this publication and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

[1] Principal, Dr. B.R. AMBEDKAR COLLEGE OF LAW ANDHRA UNIVERSITY, VISAKHAPATNAM

[2] Research Scholar, Dr. B.R. AMBEDKAR COLLEGE OF LAW ANDHRA UNIVERSITY & Judicial Magistrate I Class, Kanigiri, Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh.

[5] Chaturbhuj v. Sita Bai AIR 2008 SUPREME COURT 530

[7] Sunita Kachwaha and others Vs Anil Kachwaha AIR 2015 SC 554 : (2014) 16 SCC 715

[10] Dr B. Vishnu Janardhan Vs B. Supraja (minor represented by her mother Smt Vijayasree and another) 1996 SCC online AP 1304

[11] Vijaya Kumar Prasad Vs State of Bihar and others AIR 2004 SC 2123.

[12] Badri Prasad Vs Deputy Director of Consolidation 1978 (3) SCC 527: AIR 1978 SC 1557

[13] Badshah Vs Sou Urmila Badshah Godse and Another 2014 (1) SCC 188: AIR 2014 SC 869.

[14] A.Dinohamy Vs W. L.Balahamy AIR 1927 PC 185.

[15] Mohabbat Ali Khan Vs Muhammad Ibrahim Khan and others AIR 1929 PC 135

[16] Tulsa and others Vs Durghatiya and others 2008(4) SCC 520 : AIR 2008 SC 1193

[18] Dwarika Prasad Satpathy Vs Bidyut Prava Dixit and another 1999(7) SCC 675: AIR 1999 SC 3348.

[19] Dwarika Prasad Satpathy Vs Bidyut Prava Dixit and another 1999(7) SCC 675: AIR 1999 SC 3348.

[20] Jitendranath Das Vs Minati Das 2004 SCC online Calcutta 112.

[21] Kamala Vs M.R. Mohan Kumar AIR 2019 SC (Criminal) 61.

[22] Pyla Mutylamma @ Satyavathi Vs Pyla Suri Demudu and Another 2011 (12) SCC 189.

[23] A.A.Balasundaram Vs A. Vijaya Kumari and another 1990 SCC online AP 155

[24] Jitendranath Das Vs Minati Das 2004 SCC online Calcutta 112.

[27] Gurmit Kaur Vs Surjit Singh @ Jeet Singh (1996) 1 SCC 39: AIR online 1995 SC 598.

[28] Dr. Swapan Kumar Banerjee v. State of WB AIR 2020 SC (CRIMINAL) 316

[29] Vinita Devangan Vs Rakesh Kumar Devangan AIR 2010(NOC) 117(CHH).

[30] Nand Lal Misra Vs Kanhaiya Lal Misra AIR 1960 SC 882.

[31] Vijaya Kumar Prasad Vs State of Bihar and others AIR 2004 SC 2123

[32] Chitti Prasadarao Vs Chitti Asiri Polamma 1993 SCC OnLine AP 327: 1993 (1) ALT (Cri.) 421.

[33] Balram Argidda Vs A. Chandramma and Another 1997 Cri.L.J. 1305 (AP).

[34] Balram Argidda Vs A. Chandramma and Another 1997 Cri.L.J. 1305 (AP).

[35] Bhuwan Mohan Singh Vs Meena AIR 2014 SC 2875.

[36] Reema Sulkan Vs Sumar Singh Sulkan AIR 2018 SC (Crl) 1384.

[37] Shamima Farooqui Vs Shahid Khan AIR 2015 SC 2025.

[40] AIR 2021 SC 569 : 2020 SCC OnLine SC 903 39

[42] Gangabai Vs Shriram @ Shrikishan 1991 Cri.L.J., 2018.

[43] Sk Khaja Mohideen v. Sk Parveen 2020 CRI.L.J. 3454: AIRONLINE 2019 AP 85

[44] Saygobai Vs Chueeru Bajrangi AIR 2011 SC 1557: (2010) 13 SCC 762.

[45] Siraj mohmedkhan Janmohamadkhan v. Hafizunnisa Yasinkhan AIR 1981 SC 1972

[3] About us, “Right to Food - a Fundamental Right”, NHRC Blog, available at, https://nhrc.nic.in/press- release/right-food-fundamental-right last seen on 26/01/2025

[4] About us, “Right to Food - a Fundamental Right”, NHRC Blog, available at, https://nhrc.nic.in/press- release/right-food-fundamental-right last seen on 26/01/2025

[1] Faseeha Khatoon is a PhD scholar at Dr. RMLNLU, Lucknow. She can be contacted at faseehakhatoon012@gmail.com.

[2] World Health Organisation, “Female Genital Mutilation” Feb. 3^rd, 2020, available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/female-genital-mutilation.

[3] Efua Dorkenno and Scilla Elworthy, “Report of the Minority Rights Group on Female Genital Mutilation: Proposals for Change” (April, 1992).

[4] The UN General Assembly The Girl Child: Report of the Secretary-General, GA Res 62/140, GAOR, UN Doc A/64/315 (August 21^st, 2009) available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/4ac9ac552.html.

[5] Helen Signy, “Australia: The Unkindest Cut”, Sydney Morning Herald, Feb. 26^th, 1994.

[6] Sunna in Muslims is a word for “tradition”, See Efua Dorkenoo, Scilla Elworthy, “Report of Minority Group on Female Genital Mutilation: Proposals for Change” (April 1992).

[7] G.H Sayed et. al., “The Practice of Female Genital Mutilation in Upper Egypt” 55 Intl. J. Gynecology & Obstetrics 285 (1996).

[8] Maggie Garb, “US Doctors Seeing “Circumcised” Female Immigrants” 33 Am. Med. News 3 (1990).

[11] “What’s Culture Got to do with it? Excising the Harmful Tradition of Female Circumcision”, 106 Harv. L. Rev. 1944,1946 (1993).

[13] World Health Organization (Geneva), Supra note 1.

[15] UN General Assembly 69^th Session, New York, 18^th December 2014, see also: UN General Assembly, intensifying global efforts for the elimination of female genital mutilation: resolution / adopted by the General Assembly, 2 February 2017, A/RES/71/168, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/589c75f44.html (accessed 3 March 2022).

[16] Stanley G. French, Teays Wanda et. al. (eds.), Violence Against Women: Philosophical Perspectives (Cornell University Press, London, 1998).

[18] Jewel Llamas, “Female Circumcision: The History, the Current Prevalence and the Approach to a Patient” University of Virginia, School of Medicine (2017).

[20] Mona Eltahawy, “Report on FGM in Egypt, 28 Too Many: FGM…let’s end it” (April, 2017). available at: https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/5a17ef454.pdf.

[21] Armelle Andro, Marie Lesclingand, Translated by Madeleine Grieve, Paul Reeve, “Female Genital Mutilation. Overview and Current Knowledge” 71 Population 217-296 (2016).

[22] Hanny Lightfoot-Klein, Prisoner of Ritual: An Odyssey into Female Genital Circumcision in Africa 27 (Harrington Park Press, New York, 1989).

[23] Mahomed Nabih EL-Gharib, “Female Genital Cutting: A Persistent African Health Challenge” 1 Gynecology and Obstetrics Open Access Open Journal 1-6 (2019).

[24] United Nations Children’s Fund, Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A Global Concern, UNICEF, New York, (2016).

[28] Radhika Coomaraswamy, “Identity Within: Cultural Relativism, Minority Rights and the Empowerment of Women” 34 Geo. Wash. Intl. L. Rev. 483-492 (2002).

[29] Nawal M. Nour, “Female Genital Cutting: A Persisting Practice” 1(3) Reviews in Obstetrics & Gynecology 135-139 (2008).

[30] Shweta Mishra, Amit Kumar Pandey, “Female Genital Mutilation Violation of Fundamental Rights” 2 Indian Journal of Health and Medical Law 10 (2019); The clitoris is often referred to as ‘haraam ki boti’ or ‘source of sin’ in the Dawoodi Bohra community, practicing FGC.

[31] Nancy Ehreinreich and Mark Barr, “Intersex Surgery, Female Genital Cutting, and the Selective Condemnation of “Cultural Practices” 40 Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 71 (2005).

[32] Masooma Ranalvi, belonging to the community of Dawoodi Bohra herself, spearheads campaigns against Female Genital Mutilation in India.

[33] Alice Walker, Pratibha Parmar, Warrior Marks: Female Genital Mutilation and the Sexual Blinding of Women (Harcourt Brace, 1993).

[34] Katumba, R., “Kenyan Elders Defend Circumcision” Development Forum 17 (1990); (citing Mrs. Njeri, a defender of female genital mutilation in Kenya), available at: https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/156000/act770061997en.pdf (last visited on July 04, 2022).

[35] Masooma Ranalvi, “On Human Rights Day, Can We At least Accept That FGM Exists?”, The Quint, Dec. 10^th, 2019, available at: https://www.thequint.com/voices/women/on-human-rights-day-let-us-acknowledge-the-fact-that-female-genital-mutilation-exists-practice-shrouded-in-secrecy.

[36] C.T. Ross, P. Strimling, K.P. Ericksen, et. al., “The Origins and maintenance of female genital mutilation across Africa” 27:2 Human Nature 73-200 (2016).

[40] For instance, Masooma Ranalvi, who faced excommunication from her community for raising voice against FGM

[42] Aarefa Johari, Aysha Mahmood, “Female Genital Cutting is being practiced in Kerala too: Sahiyo investigation” Sahiyo, available at: https://sahiyo.org/sahiyo-blog/kerala.html.

[43] Rina Chandran, “No evidence of FGM, India government tells court, appalling activists” Reuters December 29^th, 2017, available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-women-religion/no-evidence-of-fgm-india-government-tells-court-appalling-activists-idUSKBN1EN0QB.

[44] Masooma Ranalvi, “If Sudan can ban female genital mutilation, why can’t India?” Scroll.in May 21^st, 2020, available at: https://scroll.in/article/962307/if-sudan-can-ban-female-genital-mutilation-why-cant-india.

[45] Amanat Khullar, “With Data, an Attempt to Lift the Veil of Secrecy Around Female Genital Mutilation” The Wire 07^th Feb, 2018, available at: https://thewire.in/gender/data-attempt-lift-veil-secrecy-around-female-genital-mutilation.

[47] Huzefa Ahmadi, “Female Genital Mutilation in India- A Legal Overview” XLII The Indian Advocate: Journal of the Bar Association of India 63 (2018).

[48] Mridula Chari “Bohra leader upholds female circumcision in countries where it is not banned” Scroll.in Jun 7^th, 2016, available at: https://scroll.in/article/809463/bohra-leader-upholds-female-genital-mutilation-in-countries-where-it-is-not-banned.

[49] “Female Genital Mutilation in India” Amnesty International India, September 11^th, 2018, available at: https://amnesty.org.in/female-genital-mutilation-in-india/.

[50] R. Ghadially, “All for “Izzat” 38 Newsl Womens Glob Netw Reprod Rights 7-8 (1992), available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12285436/.

[51] Chhavi Sachdev, “Petition Against Female Genital Mutilation Provokes an Angry Backlash” NPR, Goats and Soda August 02, 2016, available at: https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/08/02/486927642/petition-against-female-genital-mutilation-evokes-an-angry-backlash (last visited on July 06, 2020).

[52] Harinder Baweja, “India’s Dark Secret” Hindustan Times, February 29, 2016.

[56] Goal 5: Gender Equality. (“at least 200 million girls have been subjected to female genital mutilation, based on data from 30 countries where the practice is concentrated and where nationally representative prevalence data is available.”), available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg5.

[57] Dawoodi Bohra Women’s Association for Religious Freedom (DBWRF).

[58] Yesha Kotak, “Mumbai’s Dawoodi Bohra women to SC: Khatna is essential to our faith” Hindustan Times July 10^th, 2018.

[59] Angel L. Martínez Cantera, “’I was crying with unbearable pain’: study reveals extent of FGM in India” The Guardian March 6^th, 2018.

[60] Mridula Chari, “Bohra leader upholds female circumcision in countries where it is not banned” Scroll.in June 07, 2016, available at: https://scroll.in/article/809463/bohra-leader-upholds-female-genital-mutilation-in-countries-where-it-is-not-banned.

[61] Rina Chandran, “Muslim leader in India under fire from activists for supporting FGM” Reuters April 29, 2016, available at: https://in.reuters.com/article/india-fgm-bohra-speech/muslim-leader-in-india-under-fire-from-activists-for-supporting-fgm-idINKCN0XQ1FE (last visited on July 07, 2020).

[62] Sahiyo, “Our Campaign will continue: Sahiyo’s statement in response to Syedna’s official stand on khatna” June 07, 2016, available at: https://sahiyo.com/tag/syedna/.

[64] Sunita Tiwari v. Union of India, WP (Civil) 286 of 2017 (FB).

[67] Rigmor C. Berg, Vigdis Underland, “Immediate Health Consequences of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting” Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services (2014).

[69] Emily Banks “Female Genital Mutilation and Obstetric Outcome: WHO Collaborative Prospective Study in Six African Countries” 367 The Lancet 1835-1841 (2006).

[70] Sunita Tiwari v. Union of India, WP (Civil) 286 of 2017, citing WHO Report, “Female Genital Mutilation and Obstetric Outcome: WHO Collaborative Prospective Study in Six African Countries”.

[71] Sunita Tiwari v. Union of India, WP (Civil) 286 of 2017 (FB).

[73] Explained Desk, “Explained: The three cases SC wants clubbed with Sabarimala review” Indian Express November 16^th, 2019.

[74] Indian Young Lawyer’s Association v. The State of Kerala, (2019) 11 SCC 1 (CB).

[75] Explained Desk, “Explained: The three cases SC wants clubbed with Sabarimala review” Indian Express November 16^th, 2019.

[82] Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012, s. 3 (b).

[83] Sunita Tiwari v. Union of India, WP (Civil), 286 of 2017 (FB), para. 3

[84] Adriana Kaplan, Suiberto Hechavarria, et. al., “Health consequences of female genital mutilation/cutting in Gambia, evidence into action” 8 Reproductive Health (2011).

[85] UN General Assembly, International Day of Zero Tolerance for Female Genital Mutilation, 6 February, “Ending Female Genital Mutilation by 2030”, available at: https://www.un.org/en/observances/female-genital-mutilation-day.

[86] Outlook Web Bureau, “Why Should Only A Lady Have Obligation to Please Her Husband: SC On Female Genital Mutilation” Outlook July 30^th, 2018.

[87] Scroll Staff, “Female Genital Cutting: SC refers plea seeking ban of practice to five-judge Constitution Bench” Scroll.in September 24^th, 2018, available at: https://scroll.in/latest/895592/female-genital-cutting-sc-refers-plea-seeking-ban-of-practice-to-five-judge-constitution-bench.

[88] Sunita Tiwari v. Union of India W.P (Civil) No. 286 of 2017 (FB), para. 12.

[92] Vishakha v. State of Rajasthan, (1997) 6 SCC 241 (FB).

[94] Bharat H. Desai, Kumari Nitu, et. al., “Quest for Women’s Right to Bodily Integrity: Reflections on Recent Judicial inroads in India” 53 Economic and Political Weekly (December 29^th, 2018).

[95] Ping Wang Aching for Beauty: Footbinding in China NED-New Edn. University of Minnesota Press, 2000. Jstor, http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5749/j.ctttv93r.

[97] In the words of Dean Roscoe Pound, “Law is social engineering which means a balance between the competing interests in the society”, in which applied sciences are used for resolving problems of society; see also, Sai Abhipsa Gochhayat, “‘Social Engineering by Roscoe Pound’: Issues in Legal and Political Philosophy” November 15^th, 2010, available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1742165.

[98] Justice K.S. Puttawamy v. Union of India (2017) 10 SCC 1 (CB).

[99] Murli S. Deora v. Union of India (2001) 8 SCC 765 (DB); (“no one shall be deprived of his life without due process of law”).

[101] Jayna Kothari, “The Indian Supreme Court Declares the Constitutional Right to Privacy” Oxford Human Rights Club Blog, Oct 4^th, 2017, available at: https://ohrh.law.ox.ac.uk/the-indian-supreme-court-declares-the-constitutional-right-toprivacy/#:~:text=The%20Court%20referred%20to%20several,the%20right%20against%20forced%20sterilization.

[102] Navtej Singh Jauhar v. Union of India AIR 2018 SC 4321 (CB).

[103] Smt. R. Vasantha v. Union of India, (2001) 2 LLJ 843 (Mad.).

[104] Suchita Srivastava v. Chandigarh Administraton, 2009 11 SCC 409 (DB).

[105] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Achieving Gender Equality, Women’s Empowerment and Strengthening Development Cooperation (United Nations, New York, 2010).

[106] Sunita Tiwari v. Union of India W.P (Civil) No. 286 of 2017.

[108] Triple Talaq, available at: https://www.scobserver.in/court-case/triple-talaq-case.

[109] Shruti Ganapatye, “Mixed Reactions for Triple Talaq Act” July 31^st, 2019 available at: https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/mixed-reactions-for-triple-talaq-act/articleshow/70458097.cms#:~:text='Victory%20against%20misogyny%2C%20patriarchy'%20say%20activists.&text=As%20per%20the%20new%20Muslim,three%20years%20for%20the%20husband.

[110] The Wire Stuff, “’Complete Charade’: Activists, Civil Society Groups Condemn Triple Talaq Bill” The Wire July 31^st, 2019, available at: https://thewire.in/communalism/triple-talaq-bill-muslim-women.

[111] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948; The Constitution of India, art. 21.

[114] Rohan Venkatramakrishnan, “What does privacy actually mean? Excerpts from the Supreme Court judgement” Scroll.in August 24^th, 2017.

[116] Justice K.S. Puttawamy v. Union of India (2017) 10 SCC 1 (CB).

[118] M.P Sharma v. Satish Chandra 1954 SCR 1077 (CB).

[119] Kharak Singh v. State of U.P. 1964 SCR (1) 332 (CB).

[120] Pranav Tomar, Law Audience’s Blog, available at: https://www.lawaudience.com/k-s-puttaswamy-retd-v-union-of-india-aadhaar-judgement/.

[121] Sunita Tiwari v. Union of India, WP (Civil) No.

[126] Vrinda Bhandari, Amba Kak, et. al., “An Analysis of Puttaswamy: The Supreme Court’s Privacy Verdict” IndraStra November 18^th, 2017.

[127] Resolution passed by the Anjuman-e-Burhani, Sydney, February 9^th, 2016; see also: Sunita Tiwari v. Union of India, W.P (Civil) No. 286 of 2017, para. 16.

[128] The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012.

[136] PTI, “IPC, POCSO enough to deal with female genital mutilation: Govt” Outlook August 04^th, 2017, available at: https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/ipc-pocso-enough-to-deal-with-female-genital-mutilation-govt/1116486.

[137] Indian Penal Code, 1860, s. 375 (explanation 1, mentions that the term vagina includes labia majora).

[138] PTI, “Center notifies new POCSO rules making law for sexual offences against children more stringent” The Hindu March 13, 2020; also see, Ministry of Women Child Development, Notification, “Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012” March 9^th, 2020.

[145] Rasheeda Bhagat, “India: Ban this barbarous practice!” Hindu Businessline July 29^th, 2014, available at: http://www.stopfgmmideast.org/india-ban-this-barbarous-practice/.

[146] Government of India, Ministry of Women and Child Development, “National Policy for Children, 2013” Res. No. 16-1/2012-CW-I (April 26^th, 2013).

[147] Somya Abrol, “Yes, Female Genital Mutilation happens in India; here’s everything you need to know” India Today February 6^th, 2018, available at: https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/people/story/female-genital-mutilation-india-clitoris-pleasure-muslim-bohra-community-1162510-2018-02-06.

[148] Justice K.S. Puttawamy v. Union of India (2017) 10 SCC 1 (CB).

[149] UDHR, 1948, art. 3, ICESCR, 1976, art, 12, ICCPR, 1966, art. 7.

[150] The Constitution of India, art. 14,15,21,39 (e).

[151] Sunita Tiwari v. Union of India, W.P (Civil) No. 286 of 2017.

[155] Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, (1978) 2 SCR 621.

[157] Sunita Tiwari v. Union of India, W.P (Civil) No. 286 of 2017.

[158] ANI, “SC questions practice of female genital mutilation, says why lady be obliged to please her husband” Outlook July 30^th, 2018, available at: https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/accountability-court-to-hear-sharifs-graft-cases-on-aug-1/1360144?scroll.

[161] Sahiyo, “Respected Syedna, we are all disappointed by your views on female circumcision” Bohra Resolution Letters Against Khatna/FGC April 29^th, 2016, available at: https://sahiyo.com/2016/04/29/respected-syedna-we-are-all-disappointed-by-your-views-on-female-circumcision/.

[162] World Health Organisation, “Male circumcision: global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptability”, Department of Reproductive Health and research, WHO. See also, Rinchen Norbu Wangchuk, “Female Genital mutilation Violates Fundamental Rights, Says Supreme Court” The Better India July 31^st, 2018, available at: https://www.thebetterindia.com/153833/female-genital-mutilation-fundamental-rights-supreme-court/.

[164] Dr. M. Ismail Faruqui v. Union of India AIR 1995 SC 605 A (DB).

[166] The Commissioner, Hindu Religious Endowments, Madras v. Shri Lakshmindar Tirth Swamiyar of Shri Shirur Mutt, 1954 SCR 1005 (CB).

[168] Bombay Prevention of Ex-communication Act, 1949.

[170] Sardar Syedna Taher Saifuddin Saheb v. State of Bombay, 1962 SCR Supl. (2) 496 (CB).

[171] Dr. M. Ismail Faruqui v. Union of India AIR 1995 SC 605 A.

[175] Indian Young Lawyer’s Association v. The State of Kerala, (2019) 11 SCC 1 (CB).

[177] Gautam Bhatia, “Nine Judges, Seven Questions” February 16^th, 2020, available at: https://indconlawphil.wordpress.com/category/freedom-of-religion/essential-religious-practices/.

[184] Lucy Vickers, “A Common Denominator: The Role of the Anti-Exclusion Principle in Freedom of Religion Cases” 3 (2) University of Oxford Human Rights Hub Journal 2020.

[185] Gautam Bhatia, “Freedom from Community: Individual Rights, group life, state authority and religious freedom under the Indian Constitution” 5 (3) Global Constitutionalism, 2016, 351-382.

[191] Fahad Zuberi, “Cannot defend the indefensible: The unconstitutional case of female genital mutilation” The Leaflet November 28^th, 2018, available at: https://www.theleaflet.in/cannot-defend-the-indefensible-the-unconstitutional-case-of-female-genital-mutilation/#.

[194] The Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act, 1987, ss. 2 (b), 4, 5.

[195] The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012, s. 19.

[1] Vodafone International Holdings BV v. Union of India, (2012) 6 SCC 613.

[2] McDowell & Co. Ltd. v. Commercial Tax Officer, (1985) 3 SCC 230.

[3] Cairn Energy PLC v. India, PCA Case No. 2016-7 (2020).

[4] GKN Driveshafts (India) Ltd. v. ITO, (2003) 1 SCC 72.

[5] Hindustan Lever Ltd. v. R.B. Wadkar, (2004) 9 SCC 438.

[1] Sugiharti and N. M. Machdar, “Transfer Pricing Dan Tax Avoidance: Tinjauan Literatur Tentang Perspektif Global,” J. Audit dan Perpajak., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 26–33, 2023, [Online]. Available: https://jurnal.itscience.org/index.php/jap/article/view/2982

[2] H. Yusuf and J. Isgiyarta, “Analisis Praktik Penghindaran Pajak di Bidang Impor pada Kepailitan Perusahaan Ekspor Impor,” J. Badan Pendidik. dan Pelatih. Keuang. Kementeri. Keuang. Republik Indones., 12, no. 1, pp. 20–30, 2018, [Online]. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4ed8/97213ce5050ced93f3fd76305cc9ab5196b9.pdf

[3] A. Christians, “Avoidance, Evasion, and Taxpayer Morality.,” Washingt. Univ. J. Law Policy, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 2014,[Online].Available:http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lft&AN=95612845&site=ehost-live

[4] A. D. Nurrahmi and S. Rahayu, “Pengaruh Strategi Bisnis, Transfer Pricing, dan Koneksi Politik Terhadap Tax Avoidance,” JAE J. Akunt. dan Ekon., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 48–57, 2020.

[5] Directorate General of Taxes, Tax Audit Procedures and Penalties (2023), at 9, https://www.djponline.com/reports (last accessed Feb. 22, 2025).

[6] John Smith, Corporate Tax Avoidance: The Role of Multinational Corporations 42 J. Int'l Tax 112, 115 (2021).

[7] Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) Project, OECD, Final Reports (2015), at https://www.oecd.org/tax/beps/ (last accessed Feb. 22, 2025).

[1] Farina, Cynthia R. "Statutory interpretation and the balance of power in the administrative state." Colum. L. Rev. 89 (1989): 452.

[2] Vanberg, Georg. "Constitutional courts in comparative perspective: A theoretical assessment." Annual Review of Political Science 18 (2015): 167-185.

[3] Haskell, John. Direct democracy or representative government? Dispelling the populist myth. Routledge, 2018.

[4] McConnell, Michael W. "Active Liberty: A Progressive Alternative to Textualism and Originalism." (2005): 2387.

[5] Eule, Julian N. "Judicial review of direct democracy." The Yale Law Journal 99.7 (1990): 1503-1590.

[6] Benvindo, Juliano Zaiden. On the limits of constitutional adjudication: deconstructing balancing and judicial activism. Springer Science & Business Media, 2010.

[7] Gardbaum, Stephen. "Pushing the boundaries: judicial review of legislative procedures in South Africa."

Constitutional Court Review 9.1 (2019): 1-18.

[8] Whittington, Keith E. "Extrajudicial constitutional interpretation: Three objections and responses." NCL Rev.

80 (2001): 773.

[9] Flaherty, M. S. (1995). The most dangerous branch. Yale LJ, 105, 1725.

[10] Kurland, P. B. (1986). The Rise and Fall of the" Doctrine" of Separation of Powers. Michigan law review, 85(3), 592-613.

[11] Krent, H. J. (1988). Separating the Strands in Separation of Powers Controversies. Virginia Law Review, 1253-1323.

[12] Sargentich, T. O. (1986). Contemporary debate about legislative-executive separation of powers. Cornell L. Rev., 72, 430.

[13] Levinson, D. J., & Pildes, R. H. (2006). Separation of parties, not powers. Harvard Law Review, 2311-2386.

[14] Waldron, J. (2013). Separation of powers in thought and practice. BCL Rev., 54, 433.

[15] Gwyn, W. B. (1988). Indeterminacy of the Separation of Powers and the Federal Courts. Geo. Wash. L. Rev., 57, 474.

[16] Verkuil, P. R. (1988). Separation of Powers, the Rule of Law and the Idea of Independence. Wm. & Mary L. Rev., 30, 301.

[17] Manning, J. F. (2010). Separation of powers as ordinary interpretation. Harv. L. Rev., 124, 1939.

[1] ‘Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019.’ accessed 14 February 2025.

[2] ‘National Legal Ser.Auth vs Union Of India & Ors on 15 April, 2014’ accessed 14 February 2025.

[3] Shamayeta Bhattacharya, Debarchana Ghosh and Bandana Purkayastha, ‘“Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act” of India: An Analysis of Substantive Access to Rights of a Transgender Community’ (2022) 14 Journal of Human Rights Practice 676 accessed 14 February 2025.

[5] Sohail Nazim, ‘Historical Development of Legal Aid System in India: A Legal Perspectives’ (2023) 17 History and Sociology of South Asia 69 accessed 14 February 2025.

[6] ‘Full Article: Law, Gender Identity, and the Uses of Human Rights: The Paradox of Recognition in South Asia’ accessed 14 February 2025.

[7] Kathryn Abrams, ‘Emotions in the Mobilization of Rights’.

[8] Dipika Jain and Kimberly M Rhoten, ‘Epistemic Injustice and Judicial Discourse on Transgender Rights in India: Uncovering Temporal Pluralism’ (2020) 26 Journal of Human Values 30 accessed 14 February 2025.

[9] ‘Report of the Expert Committee on the Issues Relating to Transgender Person’ accessed 14 February 2025.

[10] ‘The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill, 2016’ (PRS Legislative Research) accessed 14 February 2025.

[11] ‘LGBTQIA+ Department – Abuse Refuge Org’ accessed 14 February 2025.

[12] ‘Transgender People and Law Enforcement Interactions: Rights and Realities’ (Transgender Law Center) accessed 14 February 2025.

[14] ‘Access to Health Services: Barriers Faced by the Transgender Population in India’ (ResearchGate) accessed 14 February 2025.

[16] ‘India-Living-with-Dignity-Publications-Reports-Thematic-Report-2019-ENG.Pdf’ accessed 18 February 2025.

[17] Jami K Taylor, Transgender Rights and Politics: Groups, Issue Framing, and Policy Adoption (University of Michigan Press 2014) accessed 18 February 2025.

[18] ‘Discrimination against Transgender Persons Must No Longer Be Tolerated - Commissioner for Human Rights - Www.Coe.Int’ (Commissioner for Human Rights) accessed 18 February 2025.

[19] ‘Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8 - PMC’ accessed 18 February 2025.

[20] ‘About TGEU - TGEU - Transgender EuropeTGEU – Transgender Europe’ accessed 18 February 2025.

[21] ‘Explainer: The Crucial Fight for Legal Gender Recognition | International IDEA’ accessed 18 February 2025.

[22] Europarat and Europarat (eds), Discrimination on Grounds of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Europe (2. ed, Council of Europe Publ 2011).

[26] Sam Winter, ‘Lost in Transition: Transpeople, Transprejudice and Pathology in Asia’ (2009) 13 The International Journal of Human Rights 365 accessed 18 February 2025.

[27] Women and Gender Equality Canada, ‘Celebrating Five Years of Legal Protections for Gender Identity and Gender Expression’ (17 June 2022) accessed 18 February 2025.

[28] ‘National Legal Ser.Auth vs Union Of India & Ors on 15 April, 2014’ (n 2).

[30] Jigyasha Singh, ‘NALSA Judgement: A Legal Recognition of Third Gender’ (2021) 4 Issue 3 International Journal of Law Management & Humanities 5552 .

[31] Aniruddha Dutta, ‘Contradictory Tendencies: The Supreme Court’s NALSA Judgment on Transgender Recognition and Rights’.

[32] ‘The SAGE Handbook of Global Sexualities - Davy, Zowie - Thoreson, Ryan - Bertone, Chiara - Santos, Ana Cristina - SAGE Publications Ltd - Torrossa’ accessed 18 February 2025.

[33] S Waseem Ahmad and M Ashraf Ali, ‘Social Justice and the Constitution of India’ (2006) 67 The Indian Journal of Political Science 767 accessed 18 February 2025.

[34] ‘Yogyakartaprinciples.Org – The Application of International Human Rights Law in Relation to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity’ accessed 18 February 2025.

[35] ‘Indian Supreme Court Recognises Third Gender’ (Human Rights Law Centre, 15 April 2014) accessed 18 February 2025.

[36] ‘Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019.’ (n 1).

[40] Ankana Bal, ‘The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019: A Critical Analysis’ (2020) 3 Issue 6 International Journal of Law Management & Humanities 1069 .

[42] Muskan Sharma, ‘A Review of The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 on Perspective of the Transgender People’ (2023) 6 Issue 2 International Journal of Law Management & Humanities 3209 .

[43] Sangeetha Sriraam, ‘Time to “Act”: Guaranteeing Full Citizenship of Transgender Persons in India’ in Douglas A Vakoch (ed), Transgender India: Understanding Third Gender Identities and Experiences (Springer International Publishing 2022) accessed 18 February 2025.

[44] “Frontiers | Ruptures and resurgences: Marking the spatiality of transgender identity in India since the enactment of Transgender Persons Act 2019,” available at: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/political-science/articles/10.3389/fpos.2022.963033/full (last visited February 18, 2025).

[47] ‘Support for Marginalized Individuals for Livelihood and Enterprise (SMILE’ accessed 18 February 2025.

[49] ‘Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment - Government of India’ accessed 18 February 2025.

[50] Rachit Garg, ‘Government Policies for Gender Equality in India’ (iPleaders, 22 March 2022) accessed 18 February 2025.

[51] ‘THE THIRD GENDER IN PRESENT DAY INDIA: EXAMINING THE NALSA CASEOF 2014’.

[52] Vikram Kolmannskog, ‘“No Going Back”. A Case Study of Sexual and Gender Minorities’ [2016] Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal.

[53] Sohail Nazim, ‘Historical Development of Legal Aid System in India: A Legal Perspectives’ (2023) 17 History and Sociology of South Asia 69 accessed 19 February 2025.

[55] Kattamreddy Ananth Rupesh and others, ‘A Comprehensive Primer on Transgender Health in India’ (2023) 1 NATIONAL BOARD OF EXAMINATIONS JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES accessed 19 February 2025.

[56] Suvam Kishore, ‘Transgender in India: A Socio-Legal Study’ (2023) 3 Indian Journal of Integrated Research in Law 1 .

[57] ‘Changes to the Rape Law in the Offing. Is There Reason for Hope? | The Business Standard’ accessed 19 February 2025.

[58] ‘Inclusion and Exclusion of Third Genders – Social Hinderance in India’ accessed 19 February 2025.

[59] ‘Compendium_NHRC_Advisories_2024.Pdf’ accessed 19 February 2025.

[60] ‘NHRC Issues an Advisory to Ensure Welfare of Transgender Persons | National Human Rights Commission India’ accessed 19 February 2025.

[61] ‘Advisory for Ensuring the Welfare of Transgender Persons_Sep2023.Pdf’ accessed 19 February 2025.

IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

MAINTENANCE FOR WIVES UNDER SECTION 125 CRPC: JUDICIAL PERSPECTIVES ON ENTITLEMENT, PROCEDURAL NUANCES AND SOCIAL JUSTICE BY - PROF. (DR.) K. SITA MANIKYAM & K.BHARATH CHANDRA

INDIAS STRUGGLE FOR FOOD STARVATION: LEGAL OVERVIEW. BY - DURVESH MUKUND BHAT & RUTUJA MAHENDRA YADAV

UNCUT STORIES: A STUDY ON THE PRACTICE OF FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION BY - FASEEHA KHATOON

VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN PUBLIC SPACES: LEGAL AND POLICY INTERVENTION BY - HARSHITA KASHYAP

TAXATION AND DUTY IMPLICATIONS IN INDIA BY - PRACHI SINGH

INVESTIGATING THE LEGALITY AND ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS OF CORPORATE TAX AVOIDANCE STRATEGIES BY - RESHMA. R, ANWIN ANTO, SWATHY SATHYAN & DILSHA.P.D

OF WRITS AND THEIR TRANSMUTATION: A DISQUISITION UPON THE ARCANE PROGENY OF COMMON LAW MANDAMUS BY - AKHIL VJ

JUDICIAL ACTIVISM IN INDIAN LEGAL SYSTEM AND ITS IMPACT ON SEPARATION OF POWERS BY: MANSI PATEL & DIKSHA SHARMA

RIGHTS IN INDIA: PROGRESS DELAYED, BUT NOT DENIED THE JOURNEY OF TRANSGENDER BY - MR. RAHUL TIWARI, DR. VINEETA AGRAWAL & DR. ANIL MANJHI

EXAMINING THE USE OF CONCILIATION IN CRIMINAL CASES THROUGH LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK AND JUDICIAL RESPONSE BY - AYUSHI SINGH

LAW JOURNAL

IMPORTANT LINKS

ETHICS & POLICY

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation 2