INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY IN THE AGE OF SURVEILLANCE BY - PUNYAMURTULA MAANAS

Authors: PUNYAMURTULA MAANAS

Registration ID: 109082 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9082

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: maanas.p_2028@woxsen.edu.in

Page No: 19 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-75799624/THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY IN THE AGE OF SURVEILLANCE

THE CONUNDRUM OF RAISING LEGAL AGE OF MARRIAGE BY - RAJA RANJAN

Authors: RAJA RANJAN

Registration ID: 109081 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9081

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: raja.ranjan@nls.ac.in

Page No: 15 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-68921352/THE CONUNDRUM OF RAISING LEGAL AGE OF MARRIAGE

A CASE SUMMARY: PROPERTY OWNERS ASSOCIATION & ORS. V. STATE OF MAHARASHTRA & ORS. BY - G. ASWINI & DR. P. BRINDA

Authors: G. ASWINI & DR. P. BRINDA

Registration ID: 109079 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9079 & IJLRA9080

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: ashwinignayagam@gmail.com

Page No: 13 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-53255637/A CASE SUMMARY: PROPERTY OWNERS ASSOCIATION & ORS.

DIGITAL PRIVACY IN INDIA: THE NEED FOR PROTECTION IN A DATA-DRIVEN SOCIETY. BY: RIDA FATEMA MOLEDINA

Authors: RIDA FATEMA MOLEDINA

Registration ID: 109078 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9078

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: moledinarida17@gmail.com

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DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-65256862/DIGITAL PRIVACY IN INDIA: THE NEED FOR PROTECTION

IMPLICATIONS, DEVELOPMENT AND ISSUES: AN OVERVIEW ON DATA PROTECTION LAWS IN LOCATION INFORMATION BY - K SANKEERTHANA

Authors: K SANKEERTHANA

Registration ID: 109077 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9077

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: sankeerthanaammulu04@gmail.com

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DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-37365888/IMPLICATIONS, DEVELOPMENT AND ISSUES: AN OVERVIEW

RTI ACT 2005, A APPROACH TO REAL FREEDOM IN INDIA BY - SANJEEV KUMAR TYAGI & DR. MANISH GUPTA

Authors: SANJEEV KUMAR TYAGI & DR. MANISH GUPTA

Registration ID: 109075 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9075 & IJLRA9076

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: tjsanjeev05@gmail.com & advocate.manish.rtk@gmail.com

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DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-73117252/RTI ACT 2005, A APPROACH TO REAL FREEDOM IN INDIA

AI-DRIVEN REGULATORY COMPLIANCE AND RISK MANAGEMENT: EMERGING LEGAL ENFORCEMENT IN INDIA BY - SAUMYA SINHA

Authors: SAUMYA SINHA

Registration ID: 109074 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9074

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: saumya.sinha1509@gmail.com

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DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-99447886/AI-DRIVEN REGULATORY COMPLIANCE AND RISK MANAGEMEN

CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT OF WOMEN BY - PRATYASHA CHOWDHURY, SAARTHAK MISHRA, SHLOK VYAS, TANISHA SONI & SAI KOUSHIK GOUD GORIGE

Authors: PRATYASHA CHOWDHURY, SAARTHAK MISHRA, SHLOK VYAS, TANISHA SONI & SAI KOUSHIK GOUD GORIGE

Registration ID: 109069 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9069, IJLRA9070, IJLRA9071, IJLRA9072 & IJLRA9073

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: chowdhury.pratyasha@gmail.com, sonitanisha602@gmail.com, 23010324072@student.slsh.edu.in, 23010324083@student.slsh.edu.in & 23010324106@student.slsh.edu.in

Page No: 23 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-29278939/CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT OF WOMEN

IMMIGRANT WOMEN AND CHILDRENS REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS: A LEGAL AND POLICY ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS BY - PRANOV ROCHE J C

Authors: PRANOV ROCHE J C

Registration ID: 109068 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9068

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: pranovkavis732002@gmail.com

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DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-86786747/IMMIGRANT WOMEN AND CHILDRENS REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS:

EVALUATION OF JOINT STATEMENT INITIATIVE ON E-COMMERCE BY- SATYAM SHRESTH & SHAMA PRAVEEN

Authors: SATYAM SHRESTH & SHAMA PRAVEEN

Registration ID: 109066 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9066 & IJLRA9067

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: llm094224@nujs.edu & llm094224@nujs.edu

Page No: 18 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-12544358/EVALUATION OF JOINT STATEMENT INITIATIVE ON E-COMM

International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

ISSN:2582-6433

Website:https://www.ijlra.com/

Accessibility:Open Access

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The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not purport to reflect the opinions or views of the INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS or its members. The designations employed in this publication and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

[1]Justice K.S. Puttaswamy & Anr., The Right to Privacy in India: A Constitutional Analysis (2017).

[2]R. Rajagopal, Freedom of Speech and the Right to Privacy: The Media’s Role (1994).

[3]People’s Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL), Challenges to Privacy: The Role of the State in Surveillance (1997).

[4]Selvi, Involuntary Confessions: Narcoanalysis and Right to Privacy (2010).

[5]The “Information Technology (Reasonable Security Practices and Procedures and Sensitive Personal Data or Information) Rules”, 2011, “Gazette of India, Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology”, Notification No”. 20, dated 11/4/2011

[6]“The Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019, Bill No. 373 of 2019”, Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, Government of India.

[9]The Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023, Bill No. 376 of 2023,

[1] Sonalde desai, 'Gender Scripts And Age At Marriage In India, [2010] 47(3) Demography 672

[3] Dadaji Bhikaji vs. Rukhmabai (21.09.1885 - BOMHC) :MANU/MH/0047/1885

[4] https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1629832

[5] Sakshi Singh, 'PROHIBITION OF CHILD MARRIAGE :AN ANALYTICAL STUDY' [2022] 1(3) Indian

Journal of Contemporary Legal and Social Issues 5

[6] The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 2006, s 3(1)

[8] P.H. Nguyen, ‘Social, Biological, andProgrammatic Factors Linking Adolescent Pregnancy and Early Childhood Undernutrition (2019) 3 The Lancet Child and Adolescent Health 463–473.

[10] Ecowrap, ‘Increasing the Legal Age of Women Marriage: A Dominant Strategy For Societal Good, Financially Empowering Women’ State Bank of India 3 (22 October 2020)

[11] Government of India, Law Commission of India, “Proposal to amend the prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 and other allied laws, Report no. 205, February 2008

[12] Ashwini Kumar Upadhayay vs. Union of India Writ Petition (C) No. of 2019

[13] Joseph Shine v. Union of India, Writ Petition (C) No. 194 of 2018

[14] The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 2006, s 3(3)

[16] Megan Arthur “Child Marriage Laws around the World: Minimum Marriage Age, Legal Exceptions, and Gender Disparities.” Journal of women, politics & policy vol. 39,1 51-74. 22 Nov. 2017,

[17] Protection of Children from Sexual Harassment Act, 2012. Sec 2(d(a))

[18] Independent Thought vs. Union of India (2017) 10 SCC 800

[19] An international treaty adopted in 1979 by the United Nations

[20] K.S. Puttaswamy and Ors. vs. Union of India (UOI) and Ors., MANU/SC/0911/2017

[21] V.Bhalla, “‘Increasing the marital age of women to 21 is counter-productive’, says pioneer of the women’s movement, Flavia Agnes”, January 27, 2022, as accessed from https://theleaflet.in/incr

[22] Joseph Shine v. Union of India, Writ Petition (C) No. 194 of 2018

[23] Aparna Mitra, ‘Son Preference in India: Implications for Gender Development’ (2014) 48(4) Journal of Economic Issues 1021

[24] MEMORANDUM-TASK-FORCE-ON-AGE-OF-MARRIAGE-FROM-CIVIL-SOCIETY-ORGS-AND-

REPS-June-25-2020.pdf (pldindia.org)

[26] Shakti Vahini v Union of India and others(2018) 7 SCC 192

[27] Shafin Jahan vs Ashokan and OthersAIR 2018 SC 1933

[28] K.S. Puttaswamy and Ors. vs. Union of India (UOI) and Ors., MANU/SC/0911/2017

[29] State of Bombay v. Narasu Appa Mali [AIR (1952) Bom 84]

[30] V.Bhalla, “‘Increasing the marital age of women to 21 is counter-productive’, says pioneer of the women’s movement, Flavia Agnes”, January 27, 2022, as accessed from https://theleaflet.in/incr

[31] MEMORANDUM-TASK-FORCE-ON-AGE-OF-MARRIAGE-FROM-CIVIL-SOCIETY-ORGS-AND-

REPS-June-25-2020.pdf (pldindia.org)

[33] Bandita Sahoo, '18 v 21: AN ANALYSIS OF MARRIAGEABLE AGE IN INDIA' [2022] 2(3) Journal of

Legal Research and Juridical Sciences 7

[35] Shireen J. Jejeebhoy, Ending Child Marriage in India, Drivers and Strategies (New Delhi,

UNICEF) ://www.unicef.org/india/media/2556/file/Drivers-strategies-for-ending-childmarriage.pdf>

[37] Flavia Agnes, ‘Controversy over Age of Consent’ (2013) 48(29) Economic and Political Weekly 10,

[2] https://www.scobserver.in/cases/nature-of-private-property-property-owners-association-v-state-of-maharashtra.

[3] Art 31C. Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles: Notwithstanding anything contained in Article 13, no law giving effect to the policy of the State towards securing all or any of the principles laid down in Part IV shall be deemed to be void on the ground that it is inconsistent with, or takes away or abridges any of the rights conferred by Article 14 or Article 19 and no law containing a declaration that it is for giving effect to such policy shall be called in question in any court on the ground that it does not give effect to such policy:

Provided that where such law is made by the Legislature of a State, the provisions of this article shall not apply thereto unless such law, having been reserved for the consideration of the President, has received his assent.

[4] Art 39 Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State- The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing—

(b) that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good.

[5] https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/(All urban agglomerations of the world with a population of 1 million inhabitants or more (reference date: 2024-01-01)). last visited on 24.02.2025.

[8] Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, (1973) 4 SCC 225.

[11] The Supreme Court had earlier taken this stand in the case of Sanjeev Coke v. Union of India (1983 AIR SC 239) and State of Karnataka v. Ranganath Reddy ((1978) 1 S.C.R. 641).

[15] Whether Article 31C (as upheld in Kesavananda Bharati) survives in the Constitution after the amendment to the provision by the forty-second amendment was struck down by this Court in Minerva Mills?

[16] In para 203 of the judgement “Article 39(b) is not a source of legislative power. The inclusion or exclusion of ‘privately-owned resources’ from the ambit of the provision does not impact the power of the legislature to enact laws to acquire such resources. The power to acquire private resources, in certain situations, continues to be traceable to other provisions in the Constitution, including the sovereign power of eminent domain.”

[17] In para 204 of the judgement “Five significant elements emerge from the text of Article 39(b), which has been reproduced in paragraph 2 of this Judgement. These are:

a. The provision relates to “ownership and control”;

b. The ownership and control of “material resources” is dealt with by the provision;

c. The material resources which the provision covers are those which are “of the community”;

d. The policy of the state must be directed to secure the “distribution” of the ownership and control of such resources;

e. The purpose of the distribution must be to “best subserve the common good”.”

[1] Article 21, the constitution of India, 1950.

[2] Writ Petition (Civil) No 494 of 2012; (2017) 10 SCC 1; AIR 2017 SC 4161

[3] Information Technology Act, 2000(No 21 OF 2000)

[4] The digital personal data protection act, 2023( No. 22 OF 2023)

[5] See article, should ‘location data’ be considered as ‘personal data’ under Indian privacy laws, available at

[6] See article, “location privacy: user behaviour in the field, available at

[7] See article, data privacy in India: current outlook and the future, available at

[8] The general data protection regulation,2018, replacement of EU data protection directive of 1995

[9] See article, "Legal and Ethical Implications of Location Data in Online Social Networks" by Gundecha et al., available at

[10] See article, “the role of data protection in marketing” by Kelly D. Martin and Patrick E. Murphy, available at < https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar_url?url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kelly-Martin-12/publication/308578866_The_Role_of_Data_Privacy_in_Marketing/links/5c473b67a6fdccd6b5c04380/The-Role-of-Data-Privacy-in-Marketing.pdf&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Rtk9ZaCBEK6P6rQPrc-EmAk&scisig=AFWwaea2KbSKIOLL4SP-_xK0zCFo&oi=scholarr>

[11] See article, “ current trends and challenges in location in location based services” by Haosheng Huang and Georg Gartner, available at < https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/7/6/199#:~:text=(6)%2C%20199%3B-,https%3A//doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7060199,-Received%3A%2023%20May>

[12]Andrew J. Blumberg and Pete Eckersley , "On Locational Privacy, and How to Avoid Losing it Forever

[13] India: Understanding The Process Of Data Anonymisation In The Context Of Data Privacy Laws< https://www.mondaq.com/india/data-protection/1128820/understanding-the-process-of-data-anonymisation-in-the-context-of-data-privacy-laws#:~:text=In%20India%2C%20'Anonymisation'%20is,the%20framework%20of%20privacy%20jurisprudence.>

[14] See definition of “ Anonymization” available at < imperva.com>

[15] Clause 3(2) of the Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019

[16]Clause 3(2) of the Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019

[17] Article 4(5) of General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR),2016

[18] India: Understanding The Process Of Data Anonymisation In The Context Of Data Privacy Laws< https://www.mondaq.com/india/data-protection/1128820/understanding-the-process-of-data-anonymisation-in-the-context-of-data-privacy-laws#:~:text=In%20India%2C%20'Anonymisation'%20is,the%20framework%20of%20privacy%20jurisprudence.>

[21] Article 21, the constitution of India, 1950.

[22] Writ Petition (Civil) No 494 of 2012; (2017) 10 SCC 1; AIR 2017 SC 4161

[24] Writ Petition (Civil) No 494 of 2012; (2017) 10 SCC 1; AIR 2017 SC 4161

[25] See article, “ location information is more important than you think” by Sarah Meyer, available at < https://www.cpomagazine.com/data-privacy/location-privacy-is-more-important-than-you-think/>

[26] The Personal Data Protection Bill 2019, now stands withdrawn

[27] Information Technology Act, 2000(No 21 OF 2000

[28] See article, “location privacy and its application: a systematic study” by Bo Liu; Wanlei Zhou; Tiaqing Zhu; Longxiang Gao’ Yong Xiang, available at < https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324177819_Location_Privacy_and_Its_Applications_A_Systematic_Study>

[29] See article, “location privacy and its application: a systematic study” by Bo Liu; Wanlei Zhou; Tiaqing Zhu; Longxiang Gao’ Yong Xiang, available at < https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324177819_Location_Privacy_and_Its_Applications_A_Systematic_Study>

[30] See article, should ‘location data’ be considered as ‘personal data’ under Indian privacy laws, available at

[31] See article, “a closer look at location data: privacy and pandemics” available at < https://fpf.org/blog/a-closer-look-at-location-data-privacy-and-pandemics/>

[32] See article, “ a closer look at location data: privacy and pandemics” available at < https://fpf.org/blog/a-closer-look-at-location-data-privacy-and-pandemics/>

[33]See article,” a closer look at location data: privacy and pandemics” available at < https://fpf.org/blog/a-closer-look-at-location-data-privacy-and-pandemics/>

[34] Sensitive personal data and information, 2011

[35] Writ Petition (Civil) No 494 of 2012; (2017) 10 SCC 1; AIR 2017 SC 4161

[37] Information Technology Act, 2000(No 21 OF 2000)

[38] Section 43A of, Information Technology Act, 2000(No 21 OF 2000)

[39] Section 354C of, Indian Penal Code,1860(No 45 of 1860)

[40] Section 354D of, Indian Penal Code,1860(No 45 of 1860)

[41] Section 509 of, Indian Penal Code,1860(No 45 of 1860)

[46] General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR),2016

[47] The digital personal data protection act, 2023( No. 22 OF 2023)

[48]See long title of The digital personal data protection act, 2023( No. 22 OF 2023)

[50] See article “ decoding the digital personal protection data protection act,2023” by dr. Lalit kalra available at < https://www.ey.com/en_in/cybersecurity/decoding-the-digital-personal-data-protection-act-2023>

[51] The digital personal data protection act, 2023( No. 22 OF 2023)

[52] See article “ decoding the digital personal protection data protection act,2023” by dr. Lalit kalra available at < https://www.ey.com/en_in/cybersecurity/decoding-the-digital-personal-data-protection-act-2023>

[53] See article " salient features of the digital personal data protection bill 2023", available at

[54] See article " salient features of the digital personal data protection bill 2023", available at

[55] See article " salient features of the digital personal data protection bill 2023", available at

[56] See article " salient features of the digital personal data protection bill 2023", available at

[57] See article " salient features of the digital personal data protection bill 2023", available at

[58] See article " salient features of the digital personal data protection bill 2023", available at >

[59] See article “ decoding the digital personal protection data protection act,2023” by dr. Lalit kalra available at < https://www.ey.com/en_in/cybersecurity/decoding-the-digital-personal-data-protection-act-2023>

[60] See article” The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023: Recommendations for Inclusion in the Digital India Act” by shravishta ajaykumar; amoha basrur; vaishnavi Sharma, available at < https://www.orfonline.org/research/the-digital-personal-data-protection-act-2023/#amp_ct=1698763717905&_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=16987637067786&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&share=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orfonline.org%2Fresearch%2Fthe-digital-personal-data-protection-act-2023%2F>

[61] See article” The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023: Recommendations for Inclusion in the Digital India Act” by shravishta ajaykumar; amoha basrur; vaishnavi Sharma, available at < https://www.orfonline.org/research/the-digital-personal-data-protection-act-2023/#amp_ct=1698763717905&_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=16987637067786&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&share=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orfonline.org%2Fresearch%2Fthe-digital-personal-data-protection-act-2023%2F>

[62] See article " salient features of the digital personal data protection bill 2023", available at

[63] Clause 2(28) of The Personal Data Protection Bill 2019

[64] Clause 2(28) of the Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019

[65] Clause 3(2) of the personal data protection bill, 2019

[66] Clause 3(2) of the personal data protection bill, 2019

[67] Information Technology Act, 2000(No 21 OF 2000)

[68] The Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019, as introduced in Lok Sabha

[69] Joint Committee on the Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019, December 2021

[70] Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019, as introduced in Lok Sabha.

[3] Jain, N. K. (2007). Right to information: concept, law, practice. New Delhi: Regal Publications. pp. 314e319.

[4] Peled, R., & Rabin, Y. (2010). The constitutional right to information. Colum. Hum. Rts. L. Rev., 42, 357.

[11] Banisar, D. (2006). Freedom of information around the world 2006: A global survey of access to government information laws. Privacy International.

[14] Birkinshaw, P. (2006). Freedom of information and openness: Fundamental human rights. Admin. L. Rev., 58, 177.

[16] Stein, L. L., & Camaj, L. (2018). Freedom of information. In Oxford research encyclopedia of communication.

[17] Ghosh, S., & Kumar, Y. (2024). Transparency laws, corruption and the quality of government: comparing India and China. Asian Journal of Political Science, 1-21.

[20] Factories act, 1948 (63 of 1948). (1960). Delhi: Manager of Publications.

[24] Aswale, S. N. “Role of the People and Government in the Implementation of RTI Act”.

[25] Singh, S. R. The Growing role of Civil Society Organisations in Contemporary India: A Case Study of the Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan.

[26] Langdon, S. (2005). Transparency and “good governance:” the role of freedom of information laws in Canada. In X Congreso Internacional Del CLAD Sobre La Reforma Del Estado y de La Administración Pública.

[5] “The Indian Penal Code”, 1860, § 354,cl. A, No. 45, Acts of Parliament, 1860 (India).

[6] “The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act”, 2013, No.13, Acts of Parliament, 2013 (India).

[7] “The Indian Penal Code, 1860”, § 354 , No. 45, Acts of Parliament, 1860 (India).

[8] “The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act”, 2013, No.14, Acts of Parliament, 2013 (India).

[9] Vishaka & Ors vs State Of Rajasthan & Ors, AIR 1997 SC 3011.

[11] Rebecca L. Howard Valdivia, Sexual harassment of women at workplace: issue and challenges. (Sep. 14, 2024, 11:32 PM) https://www.epw.in/journal/1991/34/commentary/sexual-harassment-sex-discrimination.html.

[12] Aaron Karp, Unheard And Uncounted: Violence against Women in India , Issue Brief, (2015).

[13] Rakesh Kumar, Sexual harassment: Section 354 of The Indian Penal Code, GJRA, (2014).

[14] K. Padma, Vruddhula Dakshayani, Dr. K. Sitamanikyam, SEXUAL HARASSMENT OF WOMEN AT WORKPLACE: ISSUES AND CHALLENGE, IJRAR, 391-397, (2023).

[15] Archita Mohapatra and Preetha Soman alongside with Vikram Shroff, The casual acceptance of sexual harassment at the workplace must end.

[21] The Indian Penal Code, 1860, § 354,cl. B, No. 45, Acts of Parliament, 1860 (India).

[23] “Vishaka & Ors vs State Of Rajasthan & Ors, AIR 1997 SC 3011”.

[24] “Apparel Export Promotion Council vs A.K. Chopra, AIR 1999 SC 625”.

[25] Medha Kotwal Lele v. Union of India, (2013) 1 SCC 311.

[26] “The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1974, § 161, No. 2, Acts of Parliament”, 1974 (India).

[27]“The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1974, § 154, No. 2, Acts of Parliament”, 1974 (India).

[28] “The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1974, § 164, No. 2, Acts of Parliament”, 1974 (India).

[29] “The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1974, § 273, No. 2, Acts of Parliament”, 1974 (India).

[30] “The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1974, § 357, No. 2, Acts of Parliament”, 1974 (India).

[31] Indian Evidence Act, 1872, § 53, cl. A, No. 1, Acts of Parliament, 1872 (India).

[32] Indian Evidence Act, 1872, § 114, No. 1, Acts of Parliament, 1872 (India).

[33] “Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012, § 7, No. 32, Acts of Parliament, 2012 (India)”.

[34] “Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012, § 8, No. 32, Acts of Parliament, 2012 (India)”.

[35] “Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012, § 9, No. 32, Acts of Parliament, 2012 (India)”.

[36] “Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012, § 10, No. 32, Acts of Parliament, 2012 (India)”.

[37] “Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012, § 11, No. 32, Acts of Parliament, 2012 (India)”.

[38] Vishaka & Ors vs State Of Rajasthan & Ors, AIR 1997 SC 3011.

[39] “The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act”, 2013, No.14, Acts of Parliament, 2013 (India).

[43] Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946, No. 20, Acts of Parliament, 1946 (India).

[44] Apparel Export Promotion Council vs A.K. Chopra, AIR 1999 SC 625.

[45] “Medha Kotwal Lele v. Union of India, (2013) 1 SCC 311”.

[46] “Central Civil Services (Classification, Control and Appeal) Rules, 1965”.

[47] The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013, No.14, Acts of Parliament, 2013 (India).

[48] State Of Maharashtra And Another vs Madhukar Narayan Mardikar, AIR 1991 SC 207.

[49] Mrs. Rupan Deol Bajaj & Anr vs Kanwar Pal Singh Gill & Anr, AIR 1996 SC 309.

[50] Jaya Kodate v. Rashtrasant Tukdoji Maharaj Nagpur University, 2014 SCC OnLine Bom 814.

[51] Girdhar Gopal v. State, 1952 SCC OnLine MP 202.

[52] Chaitu Lal v. State of Uttarakhand, AIR 2020 SC 219.

[53] Vidyadharan v. State of Kerala, 2004 SCC (Cri) 260 12.

[54] Tarkeshwar Sahu v. State of Bihar, (2006) 8 SCC 560.

[55] Women In Cinema Collective vs State Of Kerala, 2022 LiveLaw (Ker) 128.

[56] The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013, No.14, Acts of Parliament, 2013 (India).

[1] United Nations. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). Adopted December 16, 1966. United Nations Treaty Series 999.

[2] United Nations. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). Adopted December 18, 1979. United Nations Treaty Series 1249.

[3] Girard, Fran??oise, and Wilhelmina Waldman. "Ensuring the reproductive rights of refugees and internally displaced persons: legal and policy issues." International Family Planning Perspectives 26, no. 4 (2000): 167-173.

[4] Austin, Judy, Samantha Guy, Louise Lee-Jones, Therese McGinn, and Jennifer Schlecht. "Reproductive health: a right for refugees and internally displaced persons." Reproductive health matters 16, no. 31 (2008): 10-21.

[5] Austin, Judy, Samantha Guy, Louise Lee-Jones, Therese McGinn, and Jennifer Schlecht. "Reproductive health: a right for refugees and internally displaced persons." Reproductive health matters 16, no. 31 (2008): 10-21.

[6] Tirado, Veronika, Josephine Chu, Claudia Hanson, Anna Mia Ekström, and Anna Kågesten. "Barriers and facilitators for the sexual and reproductive health and rights of young people in refugee contexts globally: A scoping review." PloS one 15, no. 7 (2020): e0236316.

[7] Gagnon, Anita J., Lisa Merry, and Cathlyn Robinson. "A Systemic Review of Refugee Women's Reproductive Health." Refuge 21 (2002): 6.

[9] Planned Parenthood v. Casey (505 U.S. 833, 1992)

[11] Medina v. Department of Homeland Security, 913 F.3d 242 (5th Cir. 2019).

[12] Ramos v. Nielsen, 321 F. Supp. 3d 1083 (N.D. Cal. 2018).

[15] Larrea-Schiavon, Silvana, Lucía M. Vázquez-Quesada, Lindsay R. Bartlett, Nayeli Lam-Cervantes, Pooja Sripad, Isabel Vieitez, and Liliana Coutiño-Escamilla. "Interventions to improve the reproductive health of undocumented female migrants and refugees in protracted situations: A systematic review." Global Health: Science and Practice 10, no. 6 (2022): 1-15.

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[38] Sharma, Sourabh. "Report On Women's Reproductive Rights As Human Rights: Evaluating The Impact Of Laws And Policies On Access To Reproductive Healthcare." Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences 10, no. 4S (2023): 3519-3524.

[40] Freedman, Lynn P., and Stephen L. Isaacs. "Human rights and reproductive choice." Studies in family planning (1993): 18-30.

[1] World Trade Organization, ‘WT/MIN(17)/60’ (13 December 2017).

[2] World Trade Organization, ‘WT/L/1056’ (25 January 2019).

[3] World Trade Organization, ‘INF/ECOM/87’ (26 July 2024).

[4] World Trade Organization, ‘Joint Statement Initiative on Electronic Commerce, Article 1’ WTO Doc INF/ECOM/87 (26 July 2024).

[5] World Trade Organization, ‘Joint Statement Initiative on Electronic Commerce, Article 3’ WTO Doc INF/ECOM/87 (26 July 2024).

[6] World Trade Organization, ‘Joint Statement Initiative on Electronic Commerce, Article 4’ WTO Doc INF/ECOM/87 (26 July 2024).

[7] World Trade Organization, ‘Joint Statement Initiative on Electronic Commerce, Article 9’ WTO Doc INF/ECOM/87 (26 July 2024).

[8] World Trade Organization, ‘Joint Statement Initiative on Electronic Commerce, Article 10’ WTO Doc INF/ECOM/87 (26 July 2024).

[9] World Trade Organization, ‘Joint Statement Initiative on Electronic Commerce, Article 11’ WTO Doc INF/ECOM/87 (26 July 2024).

[10] World Trade Organization, ‘Joint Statement Initiative on Electronic Commerce, Article 12’ WTO Doc INF/ECOM/87 (26 July 2024).

[11] World Trade Organization, ‘Joint Statement Initiative on Electronic Commerce, Article 14’ WTO Doc INF/ECOM/87 (26 July 2024).

[12] World Trade Organization, ‘Joint Statement Initiative on Electronic Commerce, Article 17’ WTO Doc INF/ECOM/87 (26 July 2024).

[13] World Trade Organization, ‘Joint Statement Initiative on Electronic Commerce, Article 18’ WTO Doc INF/ECOM/87 (26 July 2024).

[14] World Trade Organization, ‘Joint Statement Initiative on Electronic Commerce, Article 19’ WTO Doc INF/ECOM/87 (26 July 2024).

[15] World Trade Organization, ‘Joint Statement Initiative on Electronic Commerce, Article 20’ WTO Doc INF/ECOM/87 (26 July 2024).

[16] World Trade Organization, ‘Joint Statement Initiative on Electronic Commerce, Article 21’ WTO Doc INF/ECOM/87 (26 July 2024).

[17] World Trade Organization, Negotiating Group on Basic Telecommunications, Reference Paper, WTO Doc S/GBT/4 (24 April 1996).

[18] World Trade Organization, ‘Joint Statement Initiative on Electronic Commerce, Article 25’ WTO Doc INF/ECOM/87 (26 July 2024).

[19] World Trade Organization, ‘Joint Statement Initiative on Electronic Commerce, Article 26’ WTO Doc INF/ECOM/87 (26 July 2024).

[20] World Trade Organization, ‘Joint Statement Initiative on Electronic Commerce, Article 27’ WTO Doc INF/ECOM/87 (26 July 2024).

[21] World Trade Organization, ‘Joint Statement Initiative on Electronic Commerce, Article 28’ WTO Doc INF/ECOM/87 (26 July 2024).

[22] World Trade Organization, Agreement on Trade Facilitation, WTO Doc WT/L/940 (27 November 2014).

[23] Rashmi Jose, ‘What Developing Countries Should Know About Negotiations for a New Global Agreement on E-Commerce’ (International Institute for Sustainable Development, 6 September 2024).

[24] World Trade Organization, ‘Annex 4: Plurilateral Trade Agreements’, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (15 April 1994) 1867 UNTS 154.

[25] Warwick Commission, The Multilateral Trade Regime: Which Way Forward? (University of Warwick 2007).

[26] Jane Kelsey, 'The Illegitimacy of Joint Statement Initiatives and Their Systemic Implications for the WTO' (2022) 25 J Int'l Econ L 2.

[27] World Trade Organization, ‘Joint Proposal’ WT/GC/W/819/Rev.1 (28 April 2021).

[28] United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Developing Countries and Trade Negotiations on E-Commerce (UNCTAD, 19 February 2021) https://unctad.org.

IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

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IMPORTANT LINKS

ETHICS & POLICY

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[7]- [(2017) 10 SCC 1]

[8]- [(1994) 6 SCC 632]

[10] [(1997) 1 SCC 301]

[11]- [(2010) 7 SCC 263]

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