COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF AFFIRMATIVE ACTION PROGRAMME FOR LGBTQ COMMUNITY IN UNITED STATES, AUSTRALIA, AND SOUTH AFRICA BY - SOUMYA SHARMA

Authors : SOUMYA SHARMA

Registration ID : 108036 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8036

Year :July-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : soumyasharma518@gmail.com

Page No : 21 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2024-75332598/COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF AFFIRMATIVE ACTION PROGRAM

GENERATIVE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DIGITAL CONSTITUTIONALISM: A CRITIQUE BY - LOKESH MITTAL & SANIGHDHA

Authors : LOKESH MITTAL & SANIGHDHA

Registration ID : 108034 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8034 & IJLRA8035

Year :July-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : lokeshmittal2022@gmail.com & sn201918@gmail.com

Page No : 13 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2024-79678984/GENERATIVE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DIGITAL CON

IMPACT ON COVID 19 ON INDIAN ECONOMY BY – R. ANGELIN NISHA RAJAN

Authors : R. ANGELIN NISHA RAJAN

Registration ID : 108033 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8033

Year :July-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : angelinnisha86@gmail.com

Page No : 19 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2024-53872873/IMPACT ON COVID 19 ON INDIAN ECONOMY

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND CYBER SECURITY IN INDIA: OPPORTUNITIES AND ITS CHALLENGES BY - VIJAY KUMAR PANDEY & DR. MANISH SHANKER TIWARI

Authors : VIJAY KUMAR PANDEY & DR. MANISH SHANKER TIWARI

Registration ID : 108031 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8031 & IJLRA8032

Year :July-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : VIJAYGKP8574@GMAIL.COM

Page No : 13 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2024-83695756/ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND CYBER SECURITY IN INDI

UNRAVELLING THE 2008 FINANCIAL CRISIS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE FCIC REPORT AND ALTERNATIVE THEORIES BY - GOURI MAHABALSHETTI

Authors : GOURI MAHABALSHETTI

Registration ID : 108030 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8030

Year :July-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : gourimahabalshetti@gmail.com

Page No : 13 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2024-15386759/UNRAVELLING THE 2008 FINANCIAL CRISIS: A COMPARATI

APPOINTMENT OF JUDGES IN HIGHER JUDICIARY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TOPICAL COLLEGIUM SYSTEM IN INDIA BY - D.S. SELVAKUMAR

Authors : D.S. SELVAKUMAR

Registration ID : 108029 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8029

Year :July-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : dsselvakumar58@gmail.com

Page No : 20 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2024-88524478/APPOINTMENT OF JUDGES IN HIGHER JUDICIARY WITH SPE

TOEHOLD TO FOOTHOLD- EMANCIPATING GENDER DISPARITY FROM POLITICS BY - RUPALI GUPTA & SONAL PRIYA

Authors : RUPALI GUPTA & SONAL PRIYA

Registration ID : 108027 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8027 & IJLRA8028

Year :July-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : guptarupali1124@gmail.com & psonal2626@gmail.com

Page No : 19 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2024-94817692/TOEHOLD TO FOOTHOLD- EMANCIPATING GENDER DISPARITY

Understanding India’s Approach to Refugee Law: A Comprehensive Analysis by - ROHAN STHANU

Authors : ROHAN STHANU

Registration ID : 108026 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8026

Year :July-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id :rohansthanu2003@gmail.com

Page No : 19 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2024-33179781/Understanding India’s Approach to Refugee Law: A

Voices Of Courage: Analysing Whistleblowers’ Laws by - Gunjan Sanklecha &JIYA SAHNI

Authors : Gunjan Sanklecha & JIYA SAHNI

Registration ID : 108025 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8025 & IJLRA8042

Year :July-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id :sanklechagunjan@gmail.com & dpsjiy9283@gmail.com

Page No : 20 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2024-34467389/Voices Of Courage: Analysing Whistleblowers’ Law

Child Marriage: The Indian Historical And Societal Context by - Florine M. Muchokore & Dr Gurpreet Kaur

Authors : Florine M. Muchokore & Dr Gurpreet Kaur

Registration ID : 108024 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8024 & IJLRA8176

Year :July-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : florinemuchokore@gmail.com

Page No : 22 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2024-37958274/Child Marriage: The Indian Historical And Societal

International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

ISSN:2582-6433

Website:https://www.ijlra.com/

Accessibility:Open Access

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All research articles published INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS are fully open access. i.e. immediately freely available to read, download and share. Articles are published under the terms of a Creative Commons license which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not purport to reflect the opinions or views of the INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS or its members. The designations employed in this publication and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

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[31] Act Legislation Register. (2013). Marriage Equality (Same Sex) Act 2013.

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[33] Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2017). Results of the Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey.

[34] Commonwealth of Australia. (2017). Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017.

[35] Australian Government Department of Health. (2019). National LGBTI Health Strategy 2019.

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[43] Section 6(1), 7, 10(1), 13(1) of Republic of South Africa. Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act, 2000 (Act No. 4 of 2000).

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[45] [1999] ZACC 17; 2000 (2) SA 1 (CC); 2000 (1) BCLR 39 (CC)

[46] Alteration of Sex Description and Sex Status Act, No. 49 of 2003

[47] Department of Health. (2015). Standard Operating Procedures for the Management of Transgender and Gender Non-Conforming Persons in South Africa.

[49] South African National AIDS Council. (2017). South African National Strategic Plan on HIV, TB and STIs 2017-2022.

[50]Department of Health. (2015). Policy on Management of HIV in the Health Services.

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[52]South African Depression and Anxiety Group. (n.d.). Home. Retrieved [10/3/2023] from https://www.sadag.org/

[53]The Triangle Project. (n.d.). Home. Retrieved [10/3/2023]] from https://triangle.org.za/

[54]OUT LGBT Well-being. (n.d.). About us. Retrieved [10/3/2023] from https://www.out.org.za/about-us/

[55] Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860: Unnatural offences

[56] Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India case is (2018) 10 SCC 1

[57] The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019

[58] “Kerala to set up transgender justice board”, The Hindu, June 16, 2018.

[59] “Central government opposes same-sex marriage plea in Supreme Court; says Indian family concept involves biological man and woman”, Bar & Bench, March 12, 2023

[1] KAUTILYA, ARTHSHASTRA (1915); LARRY DIAMOND, THE SPIRIT OF DEMOCRACY (2008); STEVEN LEVITSKY & DANIEL ZIBLATT, HOW DEMOCRACIES DIE (2018); E.B. WHITE, ON DEMOCRACY (2019); JOHN KEEGAN, THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR (2010); ADAM I.P. SMITH, THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR (2007); JAMES M. MCPHERSON, BATTLE CRY OF FREEDOM (1988).

[3]BUILT IN, https://builtin.com/artificial-intelligence (July 2, 2024); ORACLE, https://www.oracle.com/in/artificial-intelligence/ai-model-training/ (July 2, 2024), TECH TARGET, https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/definition/machine-learning-ML (July 2, 2024);SCIENCE DIRECT, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667241323000113 (July 2, 2024); MAX TEGMARK, LIFE 3.0 (2017); YOSHUA BENGIO, DEEP LEARNING ( 2015); NICK BOSTRON, SUPERINTELLIGENCE (2014); BRIAN CHRISTIAN, THE ALIGNMENT PROBLEM (2020); STUART J. RUSSELL, HUMAN COMPATIBLE (2019); PETER NORVIG, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ( 1995); GIOVANNI DE GREGORIO, DIGITAL CONSTITUTIONALISM: AN INTRODUCTION (CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS; EDOARDO CELESTE, ‘DIGITAL CONSTITUTIONALISM: A NEW SYSTEMATIC THEORISATION’ (2019).; RODNEY D. DYER & NIKHIL NAREN, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND LAW- CHALLENGES DEMYSTIFIED (2023); ZARYN DENTZEL, ‘HOW THE INTERNET HAS CHANGED EVERYDAY LIFE,’ (OPEN MIND BBVA).

[7] IBM, https://research.ibm.com/blog/what-is-generative-AI (July 2, 2024); YOSHUA BENGIO, DEEP LEARNING (2015); NICK BOSTRON, SUPERINTELLIGENCE (2014); BRIAN CHRISTIAN, THE ALIGNMENT PROBLEM (2020); STUART J. RUSSELL, HUMAN COMPATIBLE (2019); PETER NORVIG, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (1995).

[8] LEXISNEXIS, https://www.lexisnexis.com/html/lexisnexis-generative-ai-story/ (July 2, 2024); SPOTDRAFT, https://www.spotdraft.com/blog/ai-due-diligence (July 2, 2024); MENTORIA, https://blog.mentoria.com/the-ai-revolution-in-reshaping-legal-careers/ (July 2, 2024); DELOITTE, https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/th/Documents/deloitte-consulting/generative-AI-dossier.pdf (July 2, 2024); EMERJ ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENEC RESEARCH, ttps://emerj.com/ai-sector-overviews/ai-in-law-legal-practice-current-applications/ (July 2, 2024); YOSHUA BENGIO, DEEP LEARNING (2015); NICK BOSTRON, SUPERINTELLIGENCE (2014); BRIAN CHRISTIAN, THE ALIGNMENT PROBLEM (2020); STUART J. RUSSELL, HUMAN COMPATIBLE (2019); PETER NORVIG, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (1995).

[10] Giovanni De Gregorio, Digital Constitutionalism: An Introduction (Cambridge University Press) https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/digital-constitutionalism-in-europe/digital-constitutionalism-an-introduction/5C9CCFB7B923D33E7E85F93D02AFA761 (July 2, 2024); THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA, 1950; EDOARDO CELESTE, DIGITAL CONSTITUTIONALISM- THE ROLE OF INTERNET BILLS OF RIGHTS (2022); GIOVAANI DE GREGORIO, DIGITAL CONSTITUTIONALISM IN EUROPE- REFRAMING RIGHTS AND POWERS OF THE ALGORITHMIC SOCIETY; ANDRIO MONTI, THE DIGITAL RIGHTS DELUSION- HUMANS, RIGHTS AND THE TECHNOLOGY OF INFORMATION; EDOARDO CELESTE & AMELIE HELDT, CONSTITUTIONALIZING SOCIAL MEDIA.

[15]EDOARDO CELESTE, DIGITAL CONSTITUTIONALISM- THE ROLE OF INTERNET BILLS OF RIGHTS (2022); GIOVAANI DE GREGORIO, DIGITAL CONSTITUTIONALISM IN EUROPE- REFRAMING RIGHTS AND POWERS OF THE ALGORITHMIC SOCIETY; EDOARDO CELESTE, ‘DIGITAL CONSTITUTIONALISM: A NEW SYSTEMATIC THEORISATION’ (20194

[16] EDOARDO CELESTE, ‘DIGITAL CONSTITUTIONALISM: A NEW SYSTEMATIC THEORISATION’ (2019)

[17]RODNEY D. DYER & NIKHIL NAREN, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND LAW- CHALLENGES DEMYSTIFIED (2023); ZARYN DENTZEL, ‘HOW THE INTERNET HAS CHANGED EVERYDAY LIFE,’ (OPEN MIND BBVA)

[18] Klaus Schwab, ‘The Fourth Industrial Revolution: what it means, how to respond’ (JAN 14, 2016) https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-what-it-means-and-how-to-respond ( July 2, 2024).

[1] Cloud adoption risk report 2019 (pdf). https://mscdss.ds.unipi.gr/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/CloudAdoption-Risk-Report-2019.pdf (2019).

[2] file:///C:/Users/ADMIN/Downloads/aseemchapter.pdf

[3]https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377473599_EMERGING_TECHNOLOGIES_AND_FUTURE_CHALLENGES_IN_INDIAN_CYBER_LAW

[4] https://baou.edu.in/assets/pdf/PGDCL_204_slm.pdf

[5] 3Ai in cyber security-capgemini worldwide. https://www.capgemini.com/news/ai-in-cyber security/ (2020)

[6] Ai index 2019 report (pdf). https://hai.stanford.edu/sites/g/files/sbiybj10986/f/ai_index_2019_report.pdf(2020)

[7] Congnigo-infosecurity magazine. https://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/directory/cognigo/ (2019)

[8] https://techgenies.com/artificial-intelligence-and-cybersecurity-opportunities-challenges/

[10] https://techgenies.com/artificial-intelligence-and-cybersecurity-opportunities-challenges/

[11] https://www.linkedin.com/posts/whisper-rukanda-phd-pcfe-cfa-cpm-cdfe-lpt-9a24471a_ai-for-cybersecurity-just-as-ai-systems-activity-7143633909996589056-jk_7

[12] Congnigo-infosecurity magazine. https://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/directory/cognigo/ (2019) ?

[13] Ai index 2019 report (pdf). https://hai.stanford.edu/sites/g/files/sbiybj10986/f/ai_index_2019_report.pdf(2020) ?

[1] Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, The Financial Crisis Inquiry Report, U.S. Government Printing Office, January 2011.

[3] Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, The Financial Crisis Inquiry Report, at 27 (2011).

[8] Peter J. Wallison, Dissenting Statement, in The Financial Crisis Inquiry Report 443-530 (2011).

[9] Michael S. Barr, The Financial Crisis and the Path of Reform, 29 Yale J. on Reg. 91 (2012).

[10] Gary Gorton & Andrew Metrick, Securitized Banking and the Run on Repo, 104 J. Fin. Econ. 425 (2012).

[1] Art. 124. Establishment and constitution of Supreme Court:

(2) Every Judge of the Supreme Court shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal after consultation with such of the Judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Courts in the States as the President may deem necessary for the purpose and shall hold office until he attains the age of sixty five years:

Provided that in the case of appointment of a Judge other than the chief Justice, the chief Justice of India shall always be consulted.

[2] 217. Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court

(1) Every Judge of a High Court shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal on the recommendation of the National Judicial Appointments Commission referred to in article 124A, and shall hold office, in the case of an additional or acting Judge, as provided in article 22 until he attains the age of sixty-two years: Provided that--(a)a Judge may, by writing under his hand addressed to the President, resign his office;(b)a Judge may be removed from his office by the President in the manner provided in clause (4) of article 124 for the removal of a Judge of the Supreme Court;(c)the office of a Judge shall be vacated by his being appointed by the President to be a Judge of the Supreme Court or by his being transferred by the President to any other High Court within the territory of India.

(2) A person shall not be qualified for appointment as a Judge of a High Court unless he is a citizen of India and--(a)has for at least ten years held a judicial office in the territory of India; or(b)has for at least ten years been an advocate of a High Court ' or of two or more such courts in succession;

[3] See, S.P. Gupta v. Union of India, 1981 Supp SCC 87, para 31.

[4] See, Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Assn. v. Union of India, (1993) 4 SCC 441.

[5] Ministry of Law and Justice, Stand of Government on Appointment of Judges, March 2022. “The Constitution (Ninety – Ninth Amendment) Act, 2014 and the National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014 w.e.f. 13.04.2015. However, both the Acts were challenged in the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court vide Judgment dated 16.10.2015 declared both the Acts as unconstitutional and void. The Collegium system as existing prior to the enforcement of the Constitution (Ninety-Ninth Amendment) Act, 2014 was declared to be operative.”

[6] Borrowed from the Book,”Appointment, Independence & Accountability of Judges.” - (From Collegium – To NJAC – To Collegium) Prof. (Dr.) Ratan Singh & Dr. Shinkha Dhiman, , First edition 2022 Published by Allahabad Law Agency. Haryana

[7] The table is borrowed from “Appointment of Constitutional Judges in a Comparative Perspective - With a Proposal for a New Model for Hungary Acta Juridica Hungarica, Vol. 54, No. 1, pp. 5-23 (2013)” available below. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2229184

[8] CJI DY Chandrachud on reforming Supreme Court’s Collegium system, Times of India 12.10.2023.

[10] Allahabad High Court’s Chief Justice Pritinker Diwaker has made an explosive allegation against the collegiums, Hindustan Times, 11.23.2023.

[11] Justice Sanjay Kishan Kaul termed the collegiums system of selecting constitutional court judges as not the best mechanism, Times of India (March 12, 2023)

[12] Amit Anand Choudary, There has to be workable trust between government and Judiciary, says SC, Times of India (Nov, 8, 2023)

[13] Rishabh Sharma, Center on NEET Paper leak: Isolated incidents shouldn’t affect future of aspirants, India Today (June 20, 2024).

[14] NEET won’t be cancelled: Minister Dharmendra Pradhan, Star of Mysore (June 23, 2024).

[15] Barkha Muthur, ‘UGC-NET paper leaked on dark net’: Education minister on exam row, Business Standard (June 20, 2024).

[1] Barbara J Nelson and Najma Chowdhury (eds) Women and Politics Worldwide. London:Yale University Press,1994

[4] D. Syamala Devi,G. Lakshmi, “Political Empowerment of Women in Indian Legislature:A Study”,The Indian Journal of Political Science,Vol. 66,No.1(Jan-March,2005),pp. 75-92(18 pages)

[5] Piyush Mathur,“Women Reservation is Women Empowerment”Times of India,Nov. 26, 2019.

[7] Robinson, A.., & Gottlieb, J..(2019).How to Close the Gender Gap in Political Participation: Lessons from Matrilineal Societies in Africa.British Journal of Political Science,51,68-92 http://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123418000650

[8] Bhalotra,S..,Clots-Figueras, Irma.,&Iyer,Lakshmi.(2013).Path-Breakers: How Does Women's Political Participation Respond to Electoral Success?. Public Choice:Analysis of Collective Decision-Making eJournal http://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2350805

[9] Milazzo, A.., & Goldstein, Markus. (2017).Governance and Women's Economic and Political Participation: Power Inequalities,Formal Constraints and Norms.The World Bank Research Observer ,http://doi.org/10.1093/WBRO/LKY006

[10] Cascio, Elizabeth U.., & Shenhav, N.. (2020).A Century of the American Woman Voter:Sex Gaps in Political Participation,Preferences, and Partisanship Since Women's Enfranchisement. NBER Working Paper Series http://doi.org/10.3386/w26709

[11] Liu, Shan.,& Banaszak, Lee Ann (2016),Do Government Positions Held by Women Matter? A Cross-National Examination of Female Ministers' Impacts on Women's Political Participation. Politics & Gender ,13,132-162 http://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X16000490

[12] Universal Declaration of Human Rights ,art. 21 and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights , art. 25.

[13] The effect of women’s representation in parliament and the passing of gender sensitive policies, American Economic Association (aeaweb.org)

[14] United Nations Equal Opportunities Commission,“United Nations targets for proportion of women in leadership and decision-making positions.” Information Paper 556 (2003).

[16] Convention on the Political Rights of Women, Adopted by the Seventh Session of the General Assembly, December 20, 1952, 7 University of Wisconsin Press 173-75 (1953).

[19] United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affair, https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal5

[20] M. Ameen Nisha & Dr.D. Vezhaventhan,“Political empowerment and participation of women in India”120 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics 4721-4736 (2018).

[21] “Constitutional Law: Constitutional and Charter Provisions:Right of Women to Vote.” 16 Michigan Law Review 125.

[22] Ajit Pal Singh “Women’s Participation at Grass Root Level :An Analysis”,47 Mainstream (2009).

[23] Thakkar, Usha and Gawankar, Rohini. 2004.Women in Panchayat :March towards Empowerment, One India One People-Special Number on Women in Politics.

[24] Jain, Devaki. 2000. The Vocabulary of Women’s Politics. Fredrich Ebert Stiftung, Delhi.

[25] ‘Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women’, Millennium Development Goals,

available at .

[26] Desai, S., \& Temsah, G. (2014). Women in Indian Politics: A Long Road Ahead. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 4(8), 1-7.

[27] Kishwar, M. (2005). Gender Stereotyping in Indian Media: Implications for Women in Politics. Journal of South Asian Studies, 28(3), 541-565.

[28] Pande, R. (2005). Can Mandated Political Representation Increase Policy Influence for Disadvantaged Minorities? Journal of Public Economics, 89(8), 1535-1558.

[29] Agarwal, B. (1997). "Bargaining" and Gender Relations: Within and Beyond the Household. Feminist Economics, 3(1), 1-51.

[30] Duflo, E., \& Topalova, P. (2004). Unappreciated Service: Performance, Perceptions, and Women Leaders in India. Economic and Political Weekly, 39(48), 5135-5144.

[31] Newman, K. L. (2012). Gender, Political Ambition, and the Decision to Run for Elective Office. American Journal of Political Science, 56(3), 498-510.

[32] PRS Legislative Research. (2021). The Women's Reservation Bill: A Comprehensive Guide. Retrieved from [PRS Legislative Research](https://www.prsindia.org).

[33] International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. (2020). Strengthening Women’s Political Participation Through Grassroots Initiatives. Retrieved from [International IDEA](https://www.idea.int).

[34] Centre for Social Research. (2021). Violence Against Women in Politics: A Global Review. Retrieved from [CSR](https://www.csrindia.org).

[35] Jain, P. (2018). Gender Bias in Media: A Study on Women Politicians in Indian Media. Media Asia, 45(2), 112-125.

[36] Impact of Reservation Quotas on Women's Political Participation in Local Governance" (International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance,2020

[37] Political Party Mechanisms for Women's Political Participation"(National Democratic Institute, 2020).

[38] "Educational Campaigns and Women's Political Representation"(Gender and Development Journal, 2018).

[39] "Funding Challenges for Women in Politics in India" (Centre for Social Research, 2021).

[40] "Monitoring Women's Political Representation: Frameworks and Tools" (International Development Research Centre, 2019)

[1] Whistleblower Protection The National Endowment for the Humanities, https://www.neh.gov/about/oig/whistleblower-protection (last visited Jun 28, 2024)

[2] LAW COMMISSION OF INDIA, REPORT NO. 179: THE PUBLIC INTEREST DISCLOSURE AND PROTECTION OF INFORMERS (2001).

[3] Ani, Three convicted in Satyendra Dubey murder case, Indian Express (March 22, 2010), https://indianexpress.com/article/india/crime/three-convicted-in-satyendra-dubey-murder-case/

[4] Pawan Kumar @Monu Mittal V. State of UP. & Anr, A.I.R. 2015 SC (Cri) 822

[5] SECOND ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS COMMISSION, REPORT NO. 4: ETHICS IN GOVERNANCE (2007).

[6] Agencies, Team Anna demands law to protect whistleblowers, Indian Express (March 9, 2012), https://indianexpress.com/article/india/latest-news/team-anna-demands-law-to-protect-whistleblowers/

[7] Press Trust of India, 4 held in whistleblower officer’s murder case, Indian Express (May 22, 2012), https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/4-held-in-whistleblower-officer-s-murder-cas/ .

[8] Express News Service, CBI to probe whistleblower’s death in Kerala, Indian Express (February 18, 2011), https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/cbi-to-probe-whistleblower-s-death-in-kerala/.

[9] False Claims Act, 1863, 31 U.S.C. §§ 3728-3730 (1863).

[10] Lloyd-La Follette Act, 1912, 5 U.S.C. § 7211 (1912).

[11] Whistleblower Protection Act, 1989 5 U.S.C. § 2302 (1989).

[12] Whistleblower Protection Enhancement Act, 2012 5 U.S.C. §743 (2012).

[14] Sarbanes Oxley Act, 2002 18 U.S.C. § 1514A (2002).

[16] Directive 2019/1937/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2019 Relating to the protection of persons who report breaches of Union law, 2019 O.J. (L 305) 17

[17] Public Interest Disclosure Act, 1998, c.23, Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (1998).

[18] Public Servant Disclosure Protection Act, 2005 S.C. 2005, c. 46

[19] whistle-blower, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/whistle-blower (last visited Jun 28, 2024)

[20] Section 3, The Whistleblower Protection Act, 2014.

[21] Whistleblower Protection Act LII / Legal Information Institute, https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/whistleblower_protection_act (last visited Jun 28, 2024)

[22] The Whistleblower Protection Act, 2014, Section 11

[23] International Best Practices For Whistle-Blowers: What India Can Adopt?, https://www.livelaw.in/columns/whistle-blowers-protection-act-rti-official-secrets-act-wbpa-corruption-169677 (last visited Jun 28, 2024)

[26] The Whistleblowers Protection Bill, 2011, Notice of Amendments, Rajya Sabha, August 5, 2013,

[27] Rajya Sabha Official Debates, February 21, 2014. Any amendments made by Rajya Sabha would have necessitated sending the Bill back to Lok Sabha. Given that Lok Sabha was holding its last sitting that day, the Bill would have lapsed.

[28] The Whistle Blowers Protection (Amendment) Bill, 2015 PRS Legislative Research, https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-whistle-blowers-protection-amendment-bill-2015 (last visited Jun 28, 2024)

[30] Laws Enacted and Amended in 2014: A Snapshot, https://www.livelaw.in/laws-enacted-amended-2014-snapshot/ (last visited Jun 28, 2024)

[32] “Enactment Of Law Is Sovereign Function”: Delhi High Court Dismisses Plea For Implementation Of Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2014, https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/delhi-high-court-whistle-blowers-protection-act-sovereign-function-192652 (last visited Jun 28, 2024

[33] The Whistle Blowers Protection (Amendment) Bill, 2015 PRS Legislative Research, https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-whistle-blowers-protection-amendment-bill-2015 (last visited Jun 28, 2024)

[34] Competition Commission of India, Competition Commission of India (Lesser Penalty) Regulations, 2024, L-3(4)/Reg-L.P./2023-24 (February 20, 2024).

[35] Competition Act, 2002, §46, No. 12, Acts of Parliament, 2002 (India).

[36] Protection of Trade Secrets Bill, 2024, Cl. 5, No, __of 2024 (India).

[37] LAW COMMISSION OF INDIA, REPORT NO. 289: TRADE SECRETS AND ECONOMIC ESPIONAGE (2024).

[38] Debby Jain, Law Commission Recommends Whistleblower Protection, Says Amendments May Be Brought To Mandate Test Data Disclosure, LIVE LAW (March 9, 2024), https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/law-commission-of-india-289th-report-trade-secrets-economic-espionage 251731#:~:text=In%20a%20recent%20development%2C%20the,government%20use%2C%20and%20public%20interest.

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IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

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[2] 217. Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court

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[3] Ani, Three convicted in Satyendra Dubey murder case, Indian Express (March 22, 2010), https://indianexpress.com/article/india/crime/three-convicted-in-satyendra-dubey-murder-case/

[6] Agencies, Team Anna demands law to protect whistleblowers, Indian Express (March 9, 2012), https://indianexpress.com/article/india/latest-news/team-anna-demands-law-to-protect-whistleblowers/

[7] Press Trust of India, 4 held in whistleblower officer’s murder case, Indian Express (May 22, 2012), https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/4-held-in-whistleblower-officer-s-murder-cas/ .

[8] Express News Service, CBI to probe whistleblower’s death in Kerala, Indian Express (February 18, 2011), https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/cbi-to-probe-whistleblower-s-death-in-kerala/.

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