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JUDICIAL LAW MAKING IN INDIA: CATALYST FOR JUSTICE DELIVERY AND SOCIAL MOBILIZATION: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS BY - PRATIKSHA PRAVIN BARVE

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CANDID ASSESSMENT OF TAX SCRUTINY IN FUTURES AND OPTIONS (F&O) TRADING: LEGAL NOTICE, PRACTICAL REALITIES, AND STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING TURNOVER CHALLENGES UNDER THE INCOME TAX ACT, 1961. BY - ADV. SIDDHARTH SACHAN & CA BRIJMOHAN LAVANIYA

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LISTENING TO THE GRASSHOPPERS IN PLUTOCRATIC SOCIETY BY - KRITI MEHTA

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ENHANCING LEGAL PROTECTION FOR LGBTQ+ BY - K.B.S. VENKAT SAI

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IMPACT OF GST ON INSURANCE INDUSTRY BY:- SHIVAM PANDEY & TEJAS SINGH

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[1] Mithilesh Kumar Pandey v. Election Commission of India, 2014 SCC OnLine Del 4771; upheld by the Supreme Court in Mithilesh Kumar Pandey v. Election Commission of India, Petition for Special Leave to Appeal (Case No. 9767/2015) decided on 28 September 2015.

[2] In an ideal scenario, any reference to campaign promises should have included all promises made to the electorate on the campaign trail, irrespective of whether or not those promises are mentioned in a formal manifesto. If this were not the case, it would be extremely easy for political parties to escape accountability by disseminating misleading promises by word of mouth or other means, but not specifying them in the manifesto. However, such a broad definition would imply that an isolated promise made by even a local politician would bind the party if voted to power. Therefore, a pragmatic middle path needs to be adopted. As a result, for the purposes of this paper, any reference to “campaign promises” or “poll pledges” includes not only all manifesto promises (since they are

“officially” endorsed by the party) but also promises that are made by the upper echelons of the party hierarchy, or repeated by numerous political leaders on the campaign trail, or widely disseminated by party functionaries by other means (since it may be implied that such promises have been acceded to by the party leadership, unless specifically denied or objected to). The issue of whether or not a promise that does not appear in the manifesto satisfies the above-mentioned criteria may be construed to be a question of fact.

[3] Stephen D. Sencer, ‘Read My Lips: Examining the Legal Implications of Knowingly False Campaign Promises’ (1991) 90(2) Michigan Law Review 428, 430.

[5] Even if large sections of population in a constituency boycott elections, the election of the representative is not threatened in the absence of a legally specified minimum voter turnout for an election to be regarded as valid. In such cases, while the moral legitimacy of the process may be questioned, its legal validity is beyond doubt.

[6] Swapan Dasgupta, ‘The manifesto and its total irrelevance in elections’ (NDTV, 19 March 2014) accessed 10 January 2021.

[7] ANZ Grindlays Bank Plc. v. The Commissioner, Municipal Corporation of Delhi 1995 SCC OnLine Del 376 [107].

[8] Bromley London Borough Council v. Greater London Council [1983] 1 A.C. 768.

[9] For assessing the impact of social media on elections in India, see Sangeeta Mahapatra, ‘India online: How social media will impact the 2019 Indian General Election’ (South Asia@LSE Blog, 11 January 2019) accessed 10 January 2021.

[10] Luca Corazzini, Sebastian Kube, Michael Andre Marechal and Antonio Nicolo, ‘Elections and Deceptions: An Experimental Study on the Behavioral Effects of Democracy’ (2014) 58(3) American Journal of Political Science 579, 585-586.

[12] Cesi Cruz, Philip Keefer, Julien Labonne and Francesco Trebbi, ‘Making Policies Matter: Voter Responses to Campaign Promises’ (2018) NBER Working Paper No. 24785, 1.

[13] S. Subramaniam Balaji v. Government of Tamil Nadu (2013) 9 SCC 659 [85].

[14] Charles J Walsh and Marc S Klein, ‘From Dog Food to Prescription Drug Advertising: Litigating False Scientific Establishment Claims under the Lanham Act’ (1992) 22(2) Seton Hall Law Review 389, 399.

[15] ibid 398-400. Note that in India, false or misleading advertising does not receive protection under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution under the garb of commercial speech. See, Tata Press Ltd. v. Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd. (1995) 5 SCC 139 [17]. The same is also made punishable under Section 89 of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019.

[16] Havells India Ltd. v. Amritanshu Khaitan 2015 SCC OnLine Del 8115.

[17] Robert Pitofsky, ‘Beyond Nader: Consumer Protection and the Regulation of Advertising’ (1977) 90(4) Harvard Law Review 661, 677. ²⁴ Armand Derfner and J. Gerald Hebert, ‘Voting is Speech’ (2016) 34(2) Yale Law & Policy Review 471, 489. ²⁵ Sencer (n 3) 432-433. ²⁶ ibid.

[18] Besides caste or religious loyalties, such factors may include bribery during campaigns, or even voter intimidation.

[20] ibid. ³⁰ ibid. ³¹ A. K. Bhattacharya, ‘Rosy promises, lack of credibility: Why manifestos are becoming irrelevant’ (Business Standard, 10 April 2019) accessed 10 January 2021.

[21] Barry Sullivan, ‘FOIA and the First Amendment: Representative Democracy and the People’s Elusive Right to Know’ (2012) 72(1) Maryland Law Review 1, 59-60.

[24] State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain AIR 1975 SC 865 [74]; S. P. Gupta v. Union of India AIR 1982 SC 149; The Secretary, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India v. Cricket Association of Bengal AIR 1995 SC 1236 [43].

[25] The Secretary, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India (n 36) [82].

[26] See People’s Union for Civil Liberties v. Union of India (2013) 10 SCC 1 [28]. The Supreme Court observed that casting of a vote is an instance of the voter exercising his or her freedom under Article 19(1)(a).

[27] Union of India v. Association for Democratic Reforms (2002) 5 SCC 294 [38].

[28] People’s Union for Civil Liberties v. Union of India (2003) 4 SCC 399 [26].

[29] Annabelle Lever, ‘Privacy and Democracy: What the Secret Ballot Reveals’ (2015) 11(2) Law, Culture and the Humanities 164, 174.

[31] S. Raghbir Singh Gill v. S. Gurcharan Singh Tohra AIR 1980 SC 1362 [13]. ⁴⁴ People’s Union for Civil Liberties (n 38) [56].

[32] Justice K. S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India (2017) 10 SCC 1 [297].

[34] Bert-Jaap Koops, Bryce Clayton Newell, Tjerk Timan, Ivan Skorvanek, Tomislav Chokrevski and Masa Galic,

‘A Typology of Privacy’ (2017) 38(2) University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law 483, 497.

[37] This is in addition to the protection that is already granted to the voter when he or she expresses his or her voting preference under Article 19(1)(a). See People’s Union for Civil Liberties (n 40) [97].

[38] People’s Union for Civil Liberties (n 40) [94]. ⁵² ibid.

[41] Resurgence India v. Election Commission of India (2014) 14 SCC 189 [20]-[22].

[42] Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India AIR 1978 SC 597. Although not very relevant for our discussion, the Supreme Court in another case included the right to know within the broad scope of Article 21, besides it being a part of Article 19(1)(a), thus showing how a single right can fall under multiple interconnected heads. This conclusion reached by the Court, however, was not accompanied by any extensive reasoning or discussion on that particular point, even though the Court acknowledged that access to information was necessary for a participatory role to be played by the people in a democratic system. See Reliance Petrochemicals Ltd. v. Proprietors of Indian Express Newspapers, Bombay AIR 1989 SC 190 [34].

[43] Severyna Magill, ‘The Right to Privacy and Access to Abortion in a Post-Puttaswamy World’ (2020) 3(2) University of Oxford Human Rights Hub Journal 160, 171.

[47] Association for Democratic Reforms (n 39) [38].

[48] People’s Union for Civil Liberties (n 40) [94].

[49] The arguments relating to the reasonableness of this assumption have already been discussed in Part 2 of this essay.

[50] One may also argue that credibility of election promises can be a far more important consideration in deciding for whom to vote, than information about certain aspects of the antecedents of a candidate, say, for example, educational qualifications. In fact, Justice Venkatarama Reddi dissented with the majority on this issue in People’s Union for Civil Liberties, by holding that educational qualifications of a candidate did not constitute essential information that the voter ought to know as a matter of right, and thus, did not require compulsory disclosure. See People’s Union for Civil Liberties (n 40) [122].

[51] The act of filing of a false affidavit relating to the information that is to be mandatorily disclosed by the candidate, including his or her antecedents, is made punishable under Section 125A of the Representation of the People Act, 1951.

[52] This proposition is consistent with judicial precedent as well. For instance, the Supreme Court disallowed the practice of leaving blank spaces in affidavits by the candidates, on the ground that it rendered the right of a voter to receive information about the candidate, absolutely ineffective. See Resurgence India (n 55). ⁶⁷ Sencer (n 3) 440.

[53] Khatri (II) v. State of Bihar (1981) 1 SCC 627, 630; Rudul Sah v. State of Bihar (1983) 4 SCC 141; Nilabati Behera v. State of Orissa, AIR 1993 SC 1960 ⁶⁹ Sencer (n 3) 456.

[55] Abdul Rahim v. Ma Budima, AIR 1933 Rang 149, 150.

[56] Examples of such exceptional situations are discussed below in Part 3.4 of this essay, although the instances listed must not be taken to be an exhaustive list.

[57] S. Subramaniam Balaji (n 19) [61.1]-[61.2].

[59] Malavika Prasad and Gaurav Mukherjee, ‘Reinvigorating Bicameralism in India’ (2020) 3(2) University of Oxford Human Rights Hub Journal 96, 108-109.

[60] It is worth noting that while casting a vote in favour of a candidate put up by a party, the voter not only exercises a choice for the candidate, but also for the party symbol.

[61] See, e.g., Association for Democratic Reforms (n 39).

[62] Rambabu Singh Thakur v. Sunil Arora (2020) 3 SCC 733.

[63] Kihoto Hollohan v. Zachilhu 1992 Supp (2) SCC 651 [46].

[65] Nathaniel Persily and Bruce E. Cain, ‘The Legal Status of Political Parties: A Reassessment of Competing Paradigms’ (2000) 100(3) Columbia Law Review 775, 780.

[66] Mark E. Rush, ‘Voters’ Rights and the Legal Status of American Political Parties’ (1993) 9(3) Journal of Law and Politics 487, 510-513. ⁸³ ibid 494.

[67] Tarunabh Khaitan, ‘Political Parties in Constitutional Theory’ (2020) 73 Current Legal Problems 89, 106-107.

[70] See generally, Natasha G Menell, ‘Judicial Enforcement of Socioeconomic Rights: A Comparison between Transformative Projects in India and South Africa’ (2016) 49(3) Cornell International Law Journal 723. ⁸⁸ ibid 727.

[71] People’s Union for Civil Liberties v. Union of India, Writ Petition (Civil) No. 196 of 2001.

[72] International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (adopted 16 December 1966, entered into force

3 January 1976) 993 UNTS 3, art. 2(1); ‘The Limburg Principles on the Implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’ (8 January 1987) UN Doc E/CN.4/1987/17, [21]-[24]. The doctrine of progressive realisation of socioeconomic rights is well entrenched in South African rights jurisprudence. See, e.g., the decision of the South African Constitutional Court in Mazibuko v. City of Johannesburg, 2010 (4) SA 1 (CC) [67].

[73] David Bilchitz, ‘Are Socio-Economic Rights a Form of Political Rights?’ (2015) 31(1) South African Journal on Human Rights 86, 107-111.

[75] Margaux J. Hall and David C. Weiss, ‘Human Rights and Remedial Equilibration: Equilibrating Socio Economic Rights’ (2011) 36(2) Brooklyn Journal of International Law 453, 461-462.

[77] This test is inspired from a similar exception to Governmental liability under the doctrine of promissory estoppel. See Motilal Padampat Sugar Mills Co. Ltd. v. State of Uttar Pradesh (1979) 2 SCC 409 [24].

[79] ibid. The need for a dispassionate reassessment of election promises as to their viability, after getting elected, was emphatically approved by Lord Denning. See Bromley London Borough Council (n 13).

[80] Supreme Court Employees’ Welfare Association v. Union of India (1989) 4 SCC 187 [51].

[81] Vipul Prasad, ‘Why poll manifestos in India should be measurable, accountable’ (Moneycontrol, 2 April 2019) accessed 10 January 2021.

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[5] N.V. Paranjape, Studies in Jurisprudence & Legal Theory, Allahabad: Central Law Agency, 2008 p. 16

[6] S. Dayal, R. R. Pandey, A text book of jurisprudence. (Allahabad: Central Law Agency, 1965) at 45

[7] Abhinav Misra, Jurisprudence, Agra: UpkarPrakashan, p. 13

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[15] HLA Hart, The concept of Law (Oxford University Press, 1961), p. 12

[16] Upendra Baxi (ed.) K.K. Mathew on Democracy, Equality and Freedom I (1978).

[22] Sachidananda v. State of West Bengal, AIR 1987 SC 1109.

[23] Prerana Srinath, Judicial Law Making Through Dictum In India: A Constitutionally Legitimized Practice https://www.livelaw.in/lawschoolcolumn/constitution-judicial-law-making-judiciary-article-142-supreme-court-205937 (last accessed on 22/03/2024)

[26] Prof. Dr G.B. Reddy* and Pavan Kasturi, A Comprehensive Analysis on Judicial Legislation in India, https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2022/03/04/a-comprehensive-analysis-on-judicial-legislation-in-india/ (last accessed on 25/03/2024)

[27] M.C. Mehta (2) v. Union of India, (1988) 1 SCC 471

[28] Union Carbide Corpn. (2) v. Union of India, (1989) 2 SCC 540

[29] Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan, (1997) 6 SCC 241

[30] D.K. Basu v. State of W.B., (1997) 1 SCC 416

[31] 1966 SCC OnLine US SC 112 : 16 L Ed 2d 694 : 384 US 436 (1966)

[33] Vishwa Jagriti Mission v. Central Govt., (2001) 6 SCC 577

[34] Aruna Ramachandra Shanbaug v. Union of India, (2011) 4 SCC 454

[35] Medha Kotwal Lele v. Union of India, (2013) 1 SCC 297

[36] Odisha Vikash Parishad v. Union of India, (2020) 7 SCC 264

[37] Paramvir Singh Saini v. Baljit Singh, (2021) 1 SCC 184

[38] P.N. Bhagwati, Judicial Activism in India (last accessed on 23-03-2024)

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[3] Roy, A. (2022, October 10). Arundhati Roy flags signs of fascism in India, says it is aided by corporate funding. The Hindu. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/arundhati-roy-dissects-hindutva-fascism/article65988430.ece

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§ Soham Yeole, 3^rd Year B.A.LLB. (Hons.), Maharashtra National Law University, Nagpur. E-mail: sohamyeole@nlunagpur.ac.in.

Kalyanii Tipule, 3^rd Year B.A.LLB. (Hons.), Maharashtra National Law University, Nagpur. E-mail: sohamyeole@nlunagpur.ac.in.

[4] Section 3(19), THE INSOLVENCY AND BANKRUPTCY CODE, 2016.

[5] Section 206, THE INSOLVENCY AND BANKRUPTCY CODE, 2016.

[6] Section 207, THE INSOLVENCY AND BANKRUPTCY CODE, 2016.

[7] Vide Notification No. IBBI/2016-17/GN/REG003, dated 23rd November, 2016 published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part III, Sec.4, vide No. 424, dated 23rd November, 2016 (w.e.f. 29.11.2016).

[8] “Insolvency Professionals- Meaning, Eligibility, Functions, Types, Acts” Especia , 28 Nov. 2022, https://especia.co.in/post/insolvency-professionals/.Accessed 6 Apr. 2024.

[9] IBBI, “Insolvency And Bankruptcy Board Of India Frequently Asked Questions-Insolvency Professionals,” https://ibbi.gov.in/uploads/register/FAQs%20on%20Registration%20as%20an%20Insolvency%20Professional_08_02_2023.pdf. Accessed 6 Apr. 2024.

[10] Singh, Vijay Kumar. “Modern Corporate Insolvency Regime in India: A Review”. 2021 NLS BUS. L. REV. 22, 2021. Accessed 4 Apr. 2024.

[11] Kothari Vinod & Bansal Sikha, “Role Of Insolvency Professionals In Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process”, Vinod Kothari, https://vinodkothari.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Role-of-IP-in-CIRP.pdf. Accessed 6 Apr. 2024.

[12] Rao, “Role & Responsibility Of Insolvency Professionals Under The Code-An Analysis,” ICSIIIP, https://icsiiip.in/panel/assets/images/research_articles/16331692499424Articles%20(Sep,%202016).pdf, Accessed 6 Apr. 2024.

[13] Gattani, Vaibhav and Dolly Chhabda. “An Analysis of Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code 2016”. 3 INDIAN J. INTEGRATED RSCH. L. 1, 2023. Accessed 4 Apr. 2024.

[16] Basavaraj Koujalagi & 82 others v. Sumit Binani, liqui dator of Gujarat NRE Coke Limited [Company Appeal (AT) (Insolvency) No. 731 of 2021.

[17] NCLT, New Delhi Bench-III C.P. No. 2891/I&BP/2019, Order dated 04.09.2020.

[18] Sandeep Kumar Gupta v. In re (2018) 151 SCL 101.

[19] IBBI Disciplinary Committee Case No. IBBI/DC/12/2018, Order dated 12.11.2018.

[20] IBBI Disciplinary Committee Case No. IBBI/DC/14/2018, Order dated 28.01.2019.

[21] IBBI Disciplinary Committee Order No. IBBI/ Disc. Com./2017/1 (F. No. IBBI/IP/DC/2017/29/1), Order dated 15.11.2017.

[23] IBBI Disciplinary Committee Case No. IBBI/DC/16/2019, Order dated 17.04.2019.

[24] CONFIDENTIALITY OF INFORMATION RELATING TO PROCESSES UNDER INSOLVENCY AND BANKRUPTCY CODE, 2016, CIRCULAR NO.IP (CIRP)/007/2018, 2018.

[25] Supreme Court of India in Civil Appeal No. 8430 of 2018, Order dated 31.01.2019.

[26] Ashwini Mehra, In re (2020) 117 taxmann.com 564 (IBBI).

[27] CIRCULAR NO.IBBI/IP/013/2018, FEE AND OTHER EXPENSES INCURRED FOR CORPORATE INSOLVENCY RESOLUTION PROCESS

[28] IBBI Disciplinary Committee Case No. IBBI/DC/22/2020, Order dated 21.04.2020.

[29] Bhavna Sanjay Ruia, In re [2018] 95 taxmann.com 193 (IBBI).

[31] Sanjay Kumar Agarwal v. Central Bureau of Investigation, Anti-Corruption Bureau, Dhanbad, [2023] 149 taxmann.com 146 (Jharkhand)].

[32] Kumar, Dhananjay and Gautam Sundaresh. “Insolvency Professionals under India’s New Insolvency Regime,”. EMERGING MARKETS RESTRUCTURING JOURNAL ISSUE NO. 8 — WINTER 2018–2019, 2019. Accessed 4 Apr. 2024.

[34] Manhas, Anupam. “Corporate insolvency laws: a critical analysis”. 5 INT'l J.L. MGMT. & HUMAN. 1378, 2022. Accessed 4 Apr. 2024.

[35] Dev, Manik. “Analysis of Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 - Procedures, Jurisprudence and Latest Amendment of 2021”. 26 SUPREMO AMICUS [225], 2021. Accessed 4 Apr. 2024.

[36] “Guide to the Insolvency Professional Agency (IPA) in India – Role | Regulation” Responsibilities, 18 Jan. 2024, www.taxmann.com/post/blog/guide-to-the-insolvency-professional-agency-ipa-in-india-role-regulation-responsibilities. Accessed 6 Apr. 2024.

[1] Hatzenbuehler, Keyes, and Hasin , State-Level Policies and Psychiatric Morbidity In Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Populations<>

[2] Bostock v. Clayton County, 590 U.S.___(more)140 S. Ct. 1731

[4] National Legal Services Authority V Union Of India, (2014 INSC 275)

[6] LGBTQ Youth’s Views on Gay-Straight Alliances: Building Community, Providing Gateways, and Representing Safety and Support , <>

[1] LL.M. Candidate, CHRIST University, Delhi NCR.

[2] United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

[3] Collaboration, Accountability, Research, Education and Support Act

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^{^[2]} Sehrawat, M, Dhanda U, “ GST in India – Akey tax reform” International journal of researchGranthalya.3(12), pp. No.133-141.

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^{^[4]} Poddar S, Ahmad E (2009), GST Reforms and Intergovernmental Considerations in India, Working Paper No.1/2009-DEA, Department of Economic Affairs Ministry of Finance, Government of India

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^{^[6]} Ahmad E. and Poddar S., (2009), GST Reforms and Intergovernmental Considerations in India, Asia Research Centre, Working Paper 26, Pg. 1-43

IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

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ENHANCING LEGAL PROTECTION FOR LGBTQ+ BY - K.B.S. VENKAT SAI

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THE IMPACT OF ELECTRONIC BANKING ON NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS: A STUDY IN THE INDIAN CONTEXT BY - SUSHIL DESHMUKH

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IMPACT OF GST ON INSURANCE INDUSTRY BY:- SHIVAM PANDEY & TEJAS SINGH

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[1] Raghav Sengupta, The Role of the Supreme Court of India as a “Law-making” Institution, Manupatra Articles, https://articles.manupatra.com/article-details/The-Role-of-the-Supreme-Court-of-India-as-a-Law-making-Institution

[9]Gautam Bhatiya, Hardik Choubey, Indian Constitutional Law and Philosophy, https://indconlawphil.wordpress.com/tag/judicial-legislation/, (last accessed on 28/03/2024)

[23] Prerana Srinath, Judicial Law Making Through Dictum In India: A Constitutionally Legitimized Practice https://www.livelaw.in/lawschoolcolumn/constitution-judicial-law-making-judiciary-article-142-supreme-court-205937 (last accessed on 22/03/2024)

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