INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

ASSESSING THE EFFICACY AND HURDLES CONFRONTING THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURTS: AUTHORED BY - PARINITA SEHRAWAT & KARITKEYA CHAUDHARY

Authors: PARINITA SEHRAWAT & KARITKEYA CHAUDHARY

Registration ID: 107136 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7136 & IJLRA7137

Year: March-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: parinitasehrawat002@gmail.com & kartikeyachaudhary1168@gmail.com

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CIVILIZATION DOMINATING SAVAGERY BY - BOMMERLA SAI ADITI

Authors: BOMMERLA SAI ADITI

Registration ID: 107135 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7135

Year: March-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: bommerlaaditi@gmail.com

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Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/04.2024-93527329/CIVILIZATION DOMINATING SAVAGERY

E-TAXATION ISSUE IN CYBERSPACE BY - MINSHI SINHA

Authors: MINSHI SINHA

Registration ID: 107134 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7134

Year: March-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

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Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/04.2024-88466124/E-TAXATION ISSUE IN CYBERSPACE

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EQUALITY BEFORE LAW IN INDIA AND UNITED STATE OF AMERICA CONSTITUTION BY: - SHWETA RAVINDRA KANADE

Authors: SHWETA RAVINDRA KANADE

Registration ID: 107133 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7133

Year: March-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: shwetakanade1995@gmail.com

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Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/04.2024-99231677/COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EQUALITY BEFORE LAW IN IND

EMEGENCY IN INDIA AND USA BY: DHOBALE SANKET NARAYAN

Authors: DHOBALE SANKET NARAYAN

Registration ID: 107132 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7132

Year: March-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: sanket.dhobale123@gmail.com

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Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/04.2024-33296446/EMEGENCY IN INDIA AND USA

BALANCING JUSTICE: EXPLORING RETROSPECTIVITY IN JUDICIAL INTERPRETATION OF PENAL STATUTES BY.: - ADV. RAJSEE M. KHEDKAR

Authors: ADV. RAJSEE M. KHEDKAR

Registration ID: 107131 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7131

Year: March-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: crajseekhedkar175@gmail.com

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Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/04.2024-57256517/BALANCING JUSTICE: EXPLORING RETROSPECTIVITY IN JU

EVALUATING THE REVERSE ONUS CLAUSE AND REFORMATIVE ASPECT IN NDPS ACT,1985 BY - PRIYANKA. C

Authors: PRIYANKA. C

Registration ID: 107130 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7130

Year: March-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: cpriyanka1822001@gmail.com

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Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/04.2024-41256986/EVALUATING THE REVERSE ONUS CLAUSE AND REFORMATIVE

WHY WE NEED THE CLEAN AIR ACT IN INDIA? BY - K. AASHIKA

Authors: K. AASHIKA

Registration ID: 107129 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7129

Year: March-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: aashikakadiravan@gmail.com

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Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/04.2024-85256946/WHY WE NEED THE CLEAN AIR ACT IN INDIA

THE TRUTH ABOUT DISCRIMINATION AGAINST GENDER JUSTICE: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS BY - TANISHA GUPTA & SAGAR SAINI

Authors: TANISHA GUPTA & SAGAR SAINI

Registration ID: 107128 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7128 & IJLRA7139

Year: March-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: tanishagupta6141@gmail.com & sagarsaini50574@gmail.com

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Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/04.2024-88938427/THE TRUTH ABOUT DISCRIMINATION AGAINST GENDER JUST

SUPERHUMAN CAPABILITIES OF AI IN LAW- FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE TO WHITE-COLLAR ROLES IN INDIA BY - M. SNEHA GOUD

Authors: M. SNEHA GOUD

Registration ID: 107126 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7126

Year: March-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: snehamula@gmail.com

Page No: 14 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/01.2026-66468431/SUPERHUMAN CAPABILITIES OF AI IN LAW- FUNDAMENTAL

International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

ISSN:2582-6433

Website:https://www.ijlra.com/

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All research articles published INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS are fully open access. i.e. immediately freely available to read, download and share. Articles are published under the terms of a Creative Commons license which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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[1] James A. Goldston, Don’t Give Up on the ICC, FOREIGN POLICY (Aug. 8, 2019), https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/08/08/dont-give-up-on-the-icchague-war-crimes/ [https://perma.cc/PHS4-8XGP]

[2] Douglas Guilfoyle, Part I – This is not Fine: The International Criminal Court in Trouble, EJIL: TALK (Mar. 21, 2019)

[3] Christian Wenaweser, ICC Review Conference: Opening Remarks, Int’l Crim Ct., available at http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/asp_docs/RC2010/Statements/ICC-RC-statementsChristianWenaweser-ENG.pdf (last visited April 12, 2011).

[4] Bartram Brown, ‘International Criminal Law: Nature, Origin and A Few Key Issues’ in Research Handbook on International Criminal Law (2011, Edward Elgar)

[5] Beth Van Schaack and Ron Slye, ‘ A Concise History of International Criminal Law’ (2007) accessed 21/11/2018

[6] History, INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA, http://www.icty.org/en/about/office-of-theprosecutor/history [perma.cc/BS6R-HGQ9].

[7] Rebecca Gordon, Why Are We Above International Law?, THE NATION (Mar. 26, 2019), https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/rebeccagordon-international-criminal-court-john-bolton/ [perma.cc/7XDSM8SY].

[8] Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda, Case No. ICC-01/04-02/06, Warrant of Arrest (Aug. 22, 2006), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc305330.pdf. 224 Callixte Mbarushimana arrested in France for crimes against humanity and war crimes allegedly committed in the Kivus (Democratic Republic of the Condo), INT’L CRIM. CT., (Oct. 11, 2010), http://www.icccpi.int/menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/press%20releases%20 (2010)/pr581.

[9] Situations and Cases, INT’L CRIM. CT., available at http://www.icccpi.int/Menus/ICC/Situations+ and+Cases/Situations/Situation+ICC+0204/ (last visited Apr. 23, 2011).

[10] Kevin Jon Heller, Well, the Gbagbo “No Case to Answer” Appeal Should Be Interesting, OPINIO JURIS (Jan. 22, 2019), http://opiniojuris.org/2019/01/22/well-the-gbagbo-no-case-to-answerappeal-should-be-interesting/ [perma.cc/2UM7-C9DU]

[11] Hemi Mistry, The Significance of Institutional Culture in Enhancing the Validity of International Criminal Tribunals, 17 INT’L CRIM. L. REV. 17 (2017).

[12] ICC, Thomas Lubanga Dyilo Sentenced to 14 Years of Imprisonment, ICC-CPI-20120710-PR824 (July 10, 2012), available at https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=pr824 [perma.cc/VWX2-N4KU]

[13] BENYERA, Everisto. Is the International Criminal Court Unfairly Targeting Africa? Lessons for Latin America and the Caribbean States. Politeia, 2018, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 1–30.10.25159/0256-8845/2403

[14] Kenneth Roth, Endorse the International Criminal Court, in 3 TOWARD AN INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT? 19 (Council on Foreign Relations ed., 1999).

[15] FORD, Stuart. Can the International Criminal Court Succeed? An Analysis of the Empirical Evidence of Violence Prevention. Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review, 2019, Vol. 43, pp. 101–123.

[16] ICC: Judges Reject Afghanistan Investigation, HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH (Apr. 12, 2019), https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/04/12/icc-judgesreject-afghanistan-investigation [perma.cc/5Q6J-WRDJ].

[17] A Hierarchy of the Goals of International Criminal Courts, supra note 26, at 188-92 (discussing the extensive literature on the goals of international criminal courts).

[18] Lilian A. Barria & Steven D. Roper, How Effective are International Criminal Tribunals? An Analysis of the ICTY and ICTR, 9 INT’L J. HUM. RTS. 349, 359-362 (2005) (basing an evaluation of effectiveness on the number of individuals indicted, arrested, and tried).

[19] Geoff Dancy & Florencia Montal, From Law versus Politics to Law in Politics: A Pragmatist Assessment of the ICC’s Impact, 32 AM. U. INT’L L. REV. 645, 660 (2017)

[20] James Meernik, The International Criminal Court and the Deterrence of Human Rights Atrocities, 17 CIVIL WARS 318 (2015).

[21] See generally Sigall Horovitz et al., The International Criminal Court, in ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERNATIONAL COURTS 223, 223-252 (Yuval Shany ed., 2014).

[1] Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary (Springfield, MA: G & C Merriam, 1974), 372.

[2] Shivam Saxena, Emergency provisions: History, type and duration in India, IPLADERS, (Nov. 2020, 28 10:10 AM),https://blog.ipleaders.in/emergency-provisions-history-types-duration-india/.

[4] Naga People’s Movement of Human Rights v. Union of India,AIR 1998 SC 431: (1998) 2 SCC 109.

[5] M.P. Jain, Indian Constitutional Law, 786-787 (5th edin., 2003, Wadhwa and Company Nagpur).

[7] Bhut Nath v. State of West Bengal, AIR 1974 SC 806: (1974) 1 SCC 645.

[8] Shylashri Shankar, The State of Emergency in India: Bockenforde's Model in a Sub-National Context, 19 German L.J. 197 (2018).

[12] Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579 (1952).

[13] Patrick A. Thronson, Toward Comprehensive Reform of America's Emergency Law Regime, 46 Michigan L.J. 737 (2013).

[14] William B. Fisch, Emergency In The Constitutional Law Of United States, 38 Am. J. Comp. L. Supp. 389(1990).

[1] Charles Sampford, Retrospectivity and the Rule of Law 10 (2006)

[2] (a) The Indonesian Constitution (Article 28(I)): prohibits prosecution under retroactive application of law as this is considered a human right that may not be derogated from in any circumstances. (b) The Indian Constitution (Article 20): protects from conviction for violation of law that as not an offence at the time of the commission of the act and from a penalty greater than that under the law in force at that time. (c) The Japanese Constitution (Article 39): protects persons from being held criminally liable for an act which was lawful at the time it was committed. (d) Constitution of Argentina mandates that punishment without trial based on law enacted before an act was committed is not permitted.

[4] Jerome Hall, General Principles of Criminal Law 28 (1947)

[5] Jill E. Fisch, "Retroactivity and Legal Change: An Equilibrium Approach”

[6] Livingston Hall, "Strict or Liberal Construction of Penal Statutes".

[7] David slawson , “ Comstitutional and legislative Consideration in Retroactive Lawmaking”.

[8] Art. 20 (1) states: "No person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of a law in force at the

time of the commission of the act charged as an offence, nor be subjected to a penalty greater than that which might have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of the commission of the offence."

[10] Arvind P. Datar, "Prospective Overruling: Correct Doctrine, Incorrect Application", (2008) 7 SCC (Jour) 41.

[11] 3 Dall. 386, 1 L.Ed. 648 (1798). The case makes a reference to a few examples such as creation or abrogation of offences, altering the rules of evidence or enhancing or reducing the prescribed punishment etc.

[3] Article 6(2): Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall have the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to the law. The words are identical to that of ICCPR.

[4] Victor Tadros & Stephen Tierney, The Presumption of the innocence and the Human Rights Act, 2004

[5] Narendra Singh v. State of Maharashtra 2004 SCC (Cri) 699

[6] Noor Aga v. State of Punjab (2008) 16 SCC 417

[7] Constitution of India, Article 21: No person shall be deprived of their life except according to procedure established by law.

[8]Hussainara Khatoon v. Home Secretary, State of Bihar 1981 SC 928 (4)

[9] D. Rama Subba Reddy v. P.V.S. Rama Das 1970 Cr.L.J. 83

[12] Narendra Singh v state of MP (2004) 10 SCC 699

[13] Binoy Kumar Mishra v State of Jharkhand (2017) 13 SCC 636

[14] Van der Meer v. The Queen (1988) 82 A.L.R. 10, 31

[15] Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms,1982 Art 11(d)

[16] Every accused person has a right to a fair trial, which includes the right to be presumed innocent, to remail silent, and not to testify during proceedings.

[21] Coffin v. United States 156 U.S at page 455

[22] Woolmington v. Director of Public Prosecutions (1935) UKHL 1

[23]Bryon M. Sheldrick, “Shifting Burdens and required Inferences: The Constitutionality of Reverse Onus Clauses,” Univ. Toronto Fac. L. Rev (1986) 44(2) at pages 181-182

[24]Law Commission on India, “47^th Report- The Trial and Punishment of Social and Economic Offences”

[26] Subs, by Act 9 of 2001, s.25, for sec. 54 (w.e.f. 2-10-2001)

[29] Inder Sain vs. the State of Punjab (1973) AIR 2309

[32] Immunity from prosecution to addicts volunteering for treatment

[33] Power of Government to establish centres for identification, treatment, etc., of addicts and for supply of Narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.

[34] Ronald Dworkin, LAW’S EMPIRE 218 – 219, 225-254 (1986)

[1] Airing ‘clean air’ in Clean India Mission T. Banerjee & M. Kumar & R.K. Mall & R.S. Singh Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India 2 Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India

[2] ARTICLE Conceptual Problems of the Right to Breathe Clean Air by Sava Jankovic Department of Research and Science, Institute of Science and Culture, Oslo, Norway

[3] Harendra K. Sharma, Banwari Dandotiya & Nimisha Jadon (2017) Exposure

of Air Pollution and Its Health Effects in Traffic Police Persons of Gwalior City, India, Environmental

Claims Journal, 29:4, 305-315, DOI: 10.1080/10406026.2017.1390357

[6] Mamta Suthar, G.K. Singh & R.P. Saini (2017) Effects of air pollution for

estimating global solar radiation in India, International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 36:1, 20-27,

DOI: 10.1080/14786451.2014.979348

[7] 4PETER BIRKS & GRANT MCLEOD, JUSTINIAN’S INSTITUTES, 55 (1987)

[8] Luis Rodriguez-Rivera, Is the Human Right to Environment Recognized Under International Law? It Depends on the Source, 12 DENV. J. INT’L L&POL’Y 16 (2001).

[10] Airing ‘clean air’ in Clean India Mission T. Banerjee & M. Kumar & R.K. Mall & R.S. Singh Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India 2 Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India

[11] National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) for Indian cities: Review and outlook of clean air action plans Tanushree Ganguly a , Kurinji L. Selvaraj a , Sarath K. Guttikunda b,c, a Council on Energy, Environment and Water, New Delhi, India b Urban Emissions, New Delhi, India c Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, USA

[12] Balakrishnan K, Sambandam S, Ramaswamy P, et al. Establishing integrated rural– urban cohorts to assess air pollution-related health effects in pregnant women, children and adults in Southern India: an overview of objectives, design and methods in the Tamil Nadu Air Pollution and Health Effects (TAPHE) study. BMJ Open 2015;5:e008090. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015- 008090

IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

ASSESSING THE EFFICACY AND HURDLES CONFRONTING THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURTS: AUTHORED BY - PARINITA SEHRAWAT & KARITKEYA CHAUDHARY

CIVILIZATION DOMINATING SAVAGERY BY - BOMMERLA SAI ADITI

E-TAXATION ISSUE IN CYBERSPACE BY - MINSHI SINHA

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EQUALITY BEFORE LAW IN INDIA AND UNITED STATE OF AMERICA CONSTITUTION BY: - SHWETA RAVINDRA KANADE

EMEGENCY IN INDIA AND USA BY: DHOBALE SANKET NARAYAN

BALANCING JUSTICE: EXPLORING RETROSPECTIVITY IN JUDICIAL INTERPRETATION OF PENAL STATUTES BY.: - ADV. RAJSEE M. KHEDKAR

EVALUATING THE REVERSE ONUS CLAUSE AND REFORMATIVE ASPECT IN NDPS ACT,1985 BY - PRIYANKA. C

WHY WE NEED THE CLEAN AIR ACT IN INDIA? BY - K. AASHIKA

THE TRUTH ABOUT DISCRIMINATION AGAINST GENDER JUSTICE: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS BY - TANISHA GUPTA & SAGAR SAINI

SUPERHUMAN CAPABILITIES OF AI IN LAW- FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE TO WHITE-COLLAR ROLES IN INDIA BY - M. SNEHA GOUD

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