INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

NAVIGATING THE LEGAL LANDSCAPE OF DEEPFAKES IN INDIA: PUNISHMENTS AND PROTECTIONS BY - SHYAMASIS SARANGI & NIDHI SHARMA

Authors : SHYAMASIS SARANGI & NIDHI SHARMA

Registration ID : 106259 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6259 & IJLRA6260

Year : Nov -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : shyamasis.sarangi193@nmims.edu.in & sharma.nidhi187@nmims.edu.in

Page No : 14 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/11.2023-32539467/NAVIGATING THE LEGAL LANDSCAPE OF DEEPFAKES IN IND

UNDERSTANDING TRIBALS IN NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE BY - YASHRAJ SINGH PARIHAR

Authors : YASHRAJ SINGH PARIHAR

Registration ID : 106258 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6258

Year : Nov -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : yashraj.nliu@gmail.com

Page No : 16 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/11.2023-25651294/UNDERSTANDING TRIBALS IN NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONA

ANALYSIS OF CIRCULAR TRADING IN FRAUDULENT AND UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES RELATED TO SECURITIES MARKETS IN INDIA AND A COMPARATIVE STUDY WITH UNITED STATES BY - NALINI R

Authors : NALINI R

Registration ID : 106257 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6257

Year : Nov -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : nalinilaw2017@gmail.com

Page No : 17 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/11.2023-78492933/ANALYSIS OF CIRCULAR TRADING IN FRAUDULENT AND UNF

INDIA ASPIRATION TO BE PERMANENT MEMBER UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL. BY - AKASH KUMAR

Authors : AKASH KUMAR

Registration ID : 106256 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6256

Year : Nov -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : imtheakashkrsingh@gmail.com

Page No : 12 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/11.2023-27249415/INDIA ASPIRATION TO BE PERMANENT MEMBER UNITED NAT

UNCHAINING JUSTICE: BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGYS PIONEERING ROLE IN INDIAN ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION BY - MRUNMAI PRADEEP PIMPARKAR & TANVI BRIJESH SONAWANE

Authors : MRUNMAI PRADEEP PIMPARKAR & TANVI BRIJESH SONAWANE

Registration ID : 106254 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6254 & IJLRA6255

Year : Nov -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : pimparkarmrunmai@gmail.com & tanvi.sonawane@gmail.com

Page No : 39 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/11.2023-56892358/UNCHAINING JUSTICE: BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGYS PIONEER

LIFE SENTENCES WITHOUT PAROLE AND PROPORTIONALITY: EVALUATING THE ETHICAL AND HUMAN RIGHTS IMPLICATIONS BY - TANYA MITTAL

Authors : TANYA MITTAL

Registration ID : 106253 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6253

Year : Nov -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : tanyamittal5857@gmail.com

Page No : 23 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/11.2023-18368129/LIFE SENTENCES WITHOUT PAROLE AND PROPORTIONALITY:

UNRAVELING THE SHADOWS OF TERRORISM AS A CRIME IN INDIA BY - RADHA RANJAN

Authors : RADHA RANJAN

Registration ID : 106252 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6252

Year : Nov -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : radharanjan.upsc@gmail.com

Page No : 18 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/11.2023-72891755/UNRAVELING THE SHADOWS OF TERRORISM AS A CRIME IN

CAPITAL PUNISHMENT IN INDIA: LEGAL CHALLENGES AND INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS BY- ABHAY DEV

Authors : ABHAY DEV

Registration ID : 106251 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6251

Year : Nov -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : abhaydevmannady@gmail.com

Page No : 17 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/11.2023-82592931/CAPITAL PUNISHMENT IN INDIA: LEGAL CHALLENGES AND

ACCESS TO CLEAN WATER AS A HUMAN RIGHT: CHALLENGES, PROGRESS, AND STRATEGIES BY - MUKTA PRIYA

Authors : MUKTA PRIYA

Registration ID : 106250 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6250

Year : Nov -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : muktapriya326@gmail.com

Page No : 15 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/11.2023-42641849/ACCESS TO CLEAN WATER AS A HUMAN RIGHT: CHALLENGES

COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT IN CYBERSPACE IN USA AND INDIA BY - DHANVI KOLLIPARA

Authors : DHANVI KOLLIPARA

Registration ID : 106249 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6249

Year : Nov -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : dhanviklp@gmail.com

Page No : 31 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/11.2023-92712879/COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT IN CYBERSPACE IN USA AND IN

International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

ISSN:2582-6433

Website:https://www.ijlra.com/

Accessibility:Open Access

License:Creative Commons 4.0

Submit Manuscript:Click here

Licensing:

All research articles published INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS are fully open access. i.e. immediately freely available to read, download and share. Articles are published under the terms of a Creative Commons license which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Disclaimer:

The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not purport to reflect the opinions or views of the INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS or its members. The designations employed in this publication and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

[1] Chenxi Wang, ‘Deepfakes, Revenge Porn and the impact on women’ (Forbes, 1 November 2019) accessed 15 September 2020

[2] https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/story/rashmika-mandanna-deepfake-controversy-what-is-a-deepfake-video-and-how-can-you-spot-one-404734-2023-11-06?utm_source=btweb_story_share

[1] Joint Stakeholders’ submission on the Situation on rights of indigenous people in India, 3^rd Cycle of the Universal periodic Review (UPR) of India, 27 Session of Human Rights Council 1, 1 (2017).

[3] V. Xaxa, Tribes as Indigenous People of India, 34 Economic and Political Weekly 3589, 3589 (1999).

[6] A. Sengupta, On the Theory and Practice of the Right to Development, 24 Human Rights Quarterly 837, 839 (2002).

[8] https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/development (last visited on April 17, 2019).

[10] Hugo Slim, What Is Development?, 5 Development in Practice 143, 143 (1995).

[12] Gunnar Myrdal, What Is Development?, 8 Journal of Economic Issues 729, 729 (1974).

[14] A/RES/41/128, Declaration on the Right to Development, 4 December 1986 https://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/41/a41r128.html (last seen 26 October, 2021).

[15]J.K. Das, Human Rights and Indigenous People 51 (S.P. Nangia, A.P.H. Publishing Corporation 2001).

[16] S.N. Variava, New Direction in the Human Rights Movement, Human Rights Year Book, Universal Law Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. 13, 13 (2010).

[19] A. Sen, Development as Freedom (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1999), at. 228.

[20] S. Kothari, Whose Nation? The Displaced as Victims of Development, 31 Economic and Political Weekly 1476, 1476 (1996).

[21] W. Fernandes, Singur and the Displacement Scenario, 42 Economic and Political Weekly 203, 203–04 (2007).

[22] State of Kerala v. Peoples Union for Civil Liberties, Kerala State Unit, AIR 1998 SC 1703.

[24] Naramda Bachao Andolan-I Case, (2009) 8 SCC 46.

[1] Author is an Assistant Professor at School of Law, Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

[2] Regulation 4(n) of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Prohibition of Fraudulent and Unfair Trade Practices relating to Securities Market) Regulations, 2003

[3] Section 5, Federal Trade Commission Act, 1914 of the United States of America

[6] Section 15HA of Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992

[7] https://scores.gov.in/

[8] Section 5(a) of the Federal Trade Commission Act (FTC Act)

[3] Akash Kumar, GOLDEN JUBLEE OF COLLECTIVE APPROACH TOWARDS ENVIRONMENT, Volume V Issue II, Indian Journal of Law and Legal Research, pg.1, pg. 1-8, 2022.

[1] IBM, ‘What is Blockchain technology?’, https://www.ibm.com/topics/blockchain

[2] What is ‘Block chain’, The Economic Times (14^th October, 2023), https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/block-chain

[3] Julie Pinkerton, ‘The History of Bitcoin, the First Cryptocurrency’, (7 August, 2023), https://money.usnews.com/investing/articles/the-history-of-bitcoin#:~:text=Bitcoin%20was%20the%20first%20cryptocurrency,identity%20has%20never%20been%20verified

[4] Vishal Gaur and Abhinav Gaiha, ‘Building a Transparent Supply Chain’, Harvard Business Review (May-June 2020), https://hbr.org/2020/05/building-a-transparent-supply-chain

[5] Rella, L. (2019), ‘Blockchain technologies and remittances: From financial inclusion to correspondent banking front Blockchain’, doi:10.3389/fbloc.2019.00014

[6]David Mhlanga, ‘Block chain technology for digital financial inclusion in the industry 4.0, towards sustainable development?’, Vol 6- 2023, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbloc.2023.1035405/full#B33 )

[7] IBM, ‘What are smart contracts on blockchain?’, https://www.ibm.com/topics/smart-contracts

[8] WIPO, ‘Blockchain technologies and IP ecosystems: A WIPO white paper’, [2022], https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/cws/en/pdf/blockchain-for-ip-ecosystem-whitepaper.pdf

[9] Niki Wiles, ‘The Radical Potential of Blockchain Technology’, 6-6-2015, https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2022/04/25/smart-contracts-and-blockchain-arbitration-smart-solutions-paving-the-way-for-a-better-dispute-resolution-mechanism/

[10] Mathew Niekerk, ‘How blockchain can help dismantle corruption in government services’, August 27, 2022, https://www.thepeninsula.org.in/2022/08/27/how-blockchain-can-help-dismantle-corruption-in-government-services/?print=print#:~:text=Projects%20integrating%20blockchain%20into%20procurement,several%20drawbacks%2C%20such%20as%20scalability

[11] Patrick Mutabazi, ‘Blockchain Based Land Registries - How Technology Can be Used For Land Registration’, 7 May, 2021, https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/blockchain-based-land-registries-how-technology-can-mutabazi

[12] Qiuyun Shang, Allison Price, ‘A Blockchain-Based Land Titling Project in the Republic of Georgia: Rebuilding Public Trust and Lessons for Future Pilot Projects’, January 2019, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330069648_A_Blockchain-Based_Land_Titling_Project_in_the_Republic_of_Georgia_Rebuilding_Public_Trust_and_Lessons_for_Future_Pilot_Projects

[13] Niti Aayog, ‘Blockchain: The India Strategy, Arnab Kumar’, Tanay Mahindru, Punit Shukla and Aalekh Sharan, January 2020, https://punjab.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Blockchain_The_India_Strategy_Part_I.pdf

[14] MDPI, ‘Blockchain Technology: Benefits, Challenges, Applications, and Integration of Blockchain Technology with Cloud Computing’, Gousia Habib, Sparsh Sharma, Sara Ibrahim, Imtiaz Ahmad, Shaima Qureshi, Malik Ishfaq, 21 November 2022, https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/14/11/341

[15] Elsevier, ‘Blockchain-based recommender systems: Applications, challenges and future opportunities’, Yassine Himeur, Aya Sayed, Abdullah Alsalemi, Faycal Bensaali, Abbes Amira, Iraklis Varlamis, Magdalini Eirinaki, Christos Sardianos, George Dimitrakopoulos, Volume 43 February 2022, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574013721000769

[16] ‘Features of Blockchain’ 14 March 2023, https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/features-of-blockchain/

[17] ‘Blockchain Forks’, 4 April 2023, https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/blockchain-forks/

[18] IBM, ‘What is blockchain technology?’, https://www.ibm.com/topics/blockchain#:~:text=Blockchain%20is%20ideal%20for%20delivering,accounts%2C%20production%20and%20much%20more

[19] IBM, ‘What is blockchain technology?’, https://www.ibm.com/topics/blockchain#:~:text=Blockchain%20is%20ideal%20for%20delivering,accounts%2C%20production%20and%20much%20more

[20] MDPI, ‘Blockchain Technology: Benefits, Challenges, Applications, and Integration of Blockchain Technology with Cloud Computing’, Gousia Habib, Sparsh Sharma, Sara Ibrahim, Imtiaz Ahmad, Shaima Qureshi, Malik Ishfaq, 21 November 2022, https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/14/11/341

[21] Parma Bains, Arif Ismail, Fabiana Melo, and Nobuyasu Sugimoto, ‘Regulating the Crypto Ecosystem: The Case of Stablecoins and Arrangements’, 26 September 2022, https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/journals/063/2022/008/article-A001-en.xml

[23] BIS, ‘Cryptocurrencies and Decentralized Finance’, Igor Makarov and Antoinette Schoar, December 2022, https://www.bis.org/publ/work1061.pdf

[26] Internet & Mobile Assn. of India v. RBI, (2020) 10 SCC 274

[28] Information Technology Act, 2000, § 2(1)(t)

[29] The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, § 7

[30] Anu Shrivastava, ‘BCCI v. Kochi – (Un)tangled Issues?’, Kluwer Arbitration Blog, 16 October 2018, https://arbitrationblog.kluwerarbitration.com/2018/10/16/bcci-v-kochi-untangled-issues/

[31] The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, § 33 & 34

[32] The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, § 33

[33] Dena Givari, ‘How Does Arbitration Intersect with the Blockchain Technology that underlies Cryptocurrencies?’, Kluwer Arbitration Blog, May 5 2018, https://arbitrationblog.kluwerarbitration.com/2018/05/05/scheduled-blockchain-arbitration-april-17-2018/

[34] Hamed Taherdoost, ‘Smart Contracts in Blockchain Technology: A Critical Review’, MDPI, 13 February 2023, https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/2/117

[35] IBM, ‘What are Smart Contracts on Blockchain?’, https://www.ibm.com/topics/smart-contracts#:~:text=Smart%20contracts%20are%20simply%20programs,intermediary's%20involvement%20or%20time%20loss; ‘Smart Contracts and Blockchain Arbitration: Smart Solutions Paving the Way for a Better Dispute Resolution Mechanism’, Hiroo Advani, Asif Lampwala and Ria Garg, 25 April 2022, https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2022/04/25/smart-contracts-and-blockchain-arbitration-smart-solutions-paving-the-way-for-a-better-dispute-resolution-mechanism/

[36] RBI 2017 Notification, https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=11243

[37] Dena Givari, ‘How Does Arbitration Intersect with the Blockchain Technology that underlies Cryptocurrencies?’, Kluwer Arbitration Blog, May 5 2018, https://arbitrationblog.kluwerarbitration.com/2018/05/05/scheduled-blockchain-arbitration-april-17-2018/

[38] Laxmi Jagdish, ’ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION AND ITS ROLE IN COMPANIES’,25-04-2021, https://dejurenexus.com/alternative-dispute-resolution-and-its-role-in-companies/

[39] ‘What is Alternative Dispute Order?’, Times of India, 27 February 2023, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/lawpedia/what-is-alternative-dispute-order-50952/

[40] William H. Gill, Evidence and Procedure in Arbitration, 1 (1965), Justice R S Bachawat, Bachawat: Arbitration and Conciliation, 6^th edition (2017)

[41] C R Datta, Law of Arbitration & Conciliation, 7^th edition (2017)

[42] Fuerst Day Lawson Ltd. v. Jindal Exports Ltd. AIR 2001 SC 2293 [LNIND 2001 SC 1180]: (2001) 6 SCC 356 [LNIND 2001 SC 1180].

[43] UOI v Singh Builders Syndicate, (2009) 4 SCC 523 : (2009) 2 SCC (Civ) 246; NBCC Ltd v JG Engineers Pvt Ltd, (2010) 2 SCC 385 : AIR 2010 SC 640; NHAI v BSC-RBM-PATI (JV), 2018(4) RAJ 91 (Del)(DB)

[44] Dr P.C. Markanda: Law Relating to Arbitration and Conciliation, 10th edition [2020]

[45] Chief Engineer v Prakash Constructions, 2019(2) RAJ 694 (Mad).

[46] Thalia Kruger, ‘Can Blockchain Arbitration become a proper ‘International Arbitration’? Jurors vs. arbitrators’, 22 May 2022, https://conflictoflaws.net/2022/can-blockchain-arbitration-become-a-proper-international-arbitration-jurors-vs-arbitrators/

[47] Richard J. Gibbon, https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.squirepattonboggs.com/en/professionals/g/gibbon-richard__;!!LBn7KyCY!VrlTqeF46wdW5lQmjE2jt2_94LRpGhOehk_3NlF5GjnRsjtFPfvb2nIrWrpyPnloxKeD9gqPQiHEn8-Bl2ZEsXsqJ1aSULc$

[48] UK Digital Dispute Resolution Rules (Digital DR Rules), 2021.

[49] ‘Smart Contracts and Blockchain Arbitration: Smart Solutions Paving the Way for a Better Dispute Resolution Mechanism’, Hiroo Advani, Asif Lampwala and Ria Garg, 25 April 2022, https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2022/04/25/smart-contracts-and-blockchain-arbitration-smart-solutions-paving-the-way-for-a-better-dispute-resolution-mechanism/

[50] ‘Digital Dispute Resolution Rules – a new way of resolving tech disputes?’, 27 May 2021, https://www.dacbeachcroft.com/es/mx/articles/2021/may/digital-dispute-resolution-rules-a-new-way-of-resolving-tech-disputes/#:~:text=Automatic%20decisions%3A%20The%20Rules%20allow,in%20accordance%20with%20the%20Rules.

[51] ‘Smart Contracts and Blockchain Arbitration: Smart Solutions Paving the Way for a Better Dispute Resolution Mechanism’, Hiroo Advani, Asif Lampwala and Ria Garg, 25 April 2022, https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2022/04/25/smart-contracts-and-blockchain-arbitration-smart-solutions-paving-the-way-for-a-better-dispute-resolution-mechanism/

[52] Id; https://www.barandbench.com/news/fourth-edition-international-conference-on-arbitration-era-globalization

[53] Andrea Utasy Clark, ‘Cryptocurrency disputes increasingly referred to arbitration, with unique issues arising’, 27 September 2022, https://www.pinsentmasons.com/out-law/analysis/cryptocurrency-disputes-increasingly-referred-to-arbitration-with-unique-issues-arising

[54] ‘Whitepaper Smart Derivatives Contracts: From Concept to Construction’, ISDA, October 2018, https://www.isda.org/a/cHvEE/Smart-Derivatives-Contracts-From-Concept-to-Construction-Oct-2018.pdf

[55] ‘Kleros Whitepaper’, Cl´ement Lesaege, Federico Ast, and William George, September 2019, https://kleros.io/whitepaper.pdf

[56] Maxime Chevalier, ‘From Smart Contract Litigation to Blockchain Arbitration, a New Decentralized Approach Leading Towards the Blockchain Arbitral Order’ [Journal of International Dispute Settlement, vol. 12, issue 4, December 2021] 558 – 584 https://academic.oup.com/jids/articleabstract/12/4/558/6414874?redirectedFrom=PDF

[58] ‘An opt-in digital jurisdiction for DAOs and sovereign individuals’, 18 July 2018, https://github.com/aragon/whitepaper

[59] https://jur.io/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/jur-white-paper-v.3.0.0.pdf

[60] Darcy W.E. Allen, Aaron M. Lane & Marta Poblet, ‘The Governance of Blockchain Dispute Resolution’, Harvard Negotiation Law Review, vol. 25, issue 1, Fall 2019, 75-102

[61] Sharath Mulia and Romi Kumari, ‘Blockchain Arbitration: The Future of Dispute Resolution’, 23 November 2021, https://www.foxmandal.in/blockchain-arbitration-the-future-of-dispute-resolution/

[62] Maxime Chevalier, ‘From Smart Contract Litigation to Blockchain Arbitration, a New Decentralized Approach Leading Towards the Blockchain Arbitral Order’, Journal of International Dispute Settlement, Volume 12, Issue 4, December 2021, Pages 558–584, https://academic.oup.com/jids/article-abstract/12/4/558/6414874?redirectedFrom=PDF

[63] Ritika Bansal, ‘Enforceability of Awards from Blockchain Arbitrations in India’, Kluwer Arbitration Blog, August 21, 2019, http://arbitrationblog.kluwerarbitration.com/2019/08/21/enforceability-of-awards-from-blockchain-arbitrations-in-india/

[64] ‘A Look at the Use of Blockchain Technology in the Arbitration Process’, 19 May 2023, https://www.concordlawschool.edu/blog/news/blockchain-arbitration/

[65] Joe Tirado, ‘Lex Cryptographia: Guidelines for ensuring due process in transnational blockchain-based arbitration’, 4 March 2022, https://www.ibanet.org/lex-cryptographia-due-process-blockchain-based-arbitration

[66] A Look at the Use of Blockchain Technology in the Arbitration Process’, 19 May 2023, https://www.concordlawschool.edu/blog/news/blockchain-arbitration/

[67] ‘Smart Contracts and Blockchain Arbitration: Smart Solutions Paving the Way for a Better Dispute Resolution Mechanism’, Hiroo Advani, Asif Lampwala and Ria Garg, 25 April 2022, https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2022/04/25/smart-contracts-and-blockchain-arbitration-smart-solutions-paving-the-way-for-a-better-dispute-resolution-mechanism/

[68] Sharath Mulia and Romi Kumari, ‘Blockchain Arbitration: The Future of Dispute Resolution’, 23 November 2021, https://www.foxmandal.in/blockchain-arbitration-the-future-of-dispute-resolution/

[69] A Look at the Use of Blockchain Technology in the Arbitration Process’, 19 May 2023, https://www.concordlawschool.edu/blog/news/blockchain-arbitration/

[71] A Look at the Use of Blockchain Technology in the Arbitration Process’, 19 May 2023, https://www.concordlawschool.edu/blog/news/blockchain-arbitration/

[72] Thalia Kruger, ‘Can Blockchain Arbitration become a proper ‘International Arbitration’? Jurors vs. arbitrators’, 22 May 2022, https://conflictoflaws.net/2022/can-blockchain-arbitration-become-a-proper-international-arbitration-jurors-vs-arbitrators/

[73] Rana Sajjad Ahmad, ‘Blockchain Arbitration: Promises and Perils’, The American Review of International Arbitration, March 23, 2023, https://aria.law.columbia.edu/blockchain-arbitration-promises-and-perils/

[74] Cemre Kadioglu Kumtepe, ‘A Brief Introduction to Blockchain Dispute Resolution’, John Marshall Law Journal, Vol. 14, No. 2, 2021, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4083107

[75] World Economic Forum, Bridging the Governance Gap: Dispute resolution for blockchain-based transactions, Whitepaper December 2020, https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_WP_Dispute_Resolution_for_Blockchain_2020.pdf

[76] Sharath Mulia and Romi Kumari, ‘Blockchain Arbitration: The Future of Dispute Resolution’, 23 November 2021, https://www.foxmandal.in/blockchain-arbitration-the-future-of-dispute-resolution/

[77] Cemre Kadioglu Kumtepe, ‘A Brief Introduction to Blockchain Dispute Resolution’, John Marshall Law Journal, Vol. 14, No. 2, 2021, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4083107

[78] Alan Ma, ‘Blockchain-Enabled Smart Legal Contracts’, 26 July 2022, https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/86570

[79] Rabindra Kumar Mitra, ‘Blockchain Technology: Importance of Transnational Laws and Jurisdictional Issues in Blockchain Dispute Resolution’, https://rmlnlulawreview.com/2019/02/26/blockchain-technology-importance-of-transnational-laws-and-jurisdictional-issues-in-blockchain-dispute-resolution/

[80] Jelena Madir, ‘Smart Contracts: (How) Do They Fit Under Existing Legal Frameworks?’, 17 December 2018, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3301463

[81] Stuart D. Levi and Alex B. Lipton, Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP, ‘An Introduction to Smart Contracts and Their Potential and Inherent Limitations’, Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance, 26 May 2018, https://corpgov.law.harvard.edu/2018/05/26/an-introduction-to-smart-contracts-and-their-potential-and-inherent-limitations/

[82] Jason Healey and Anni Piiparinen, ‘Did China Just Hack the International Court Adjudicating Its South China Sea Territorial Claims?’, The Diplomat, October 27, 2015, https://thediplomat.com/2015/10/did-china-just-hack-the-international-court-adjudicating-its-south-china-sea-territorial-claims/

[83] THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES And THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA, The South China Sea Arbitration

Award of 12 July 2016, https://docs.pca-cpa.org/2016/07/PH-CN-20160712-Award.pdf

[84] World Economic Forum Survey Report, ‘Deep Shift Technology Tipping Points and Societal Impact’, September 2015, http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GAC15_Technological_Tipping_Points_report_2015.pdf

[85] https://www.foxmandal.in/expertise/technology-law/

[86] Emmanuelle Ganne, Can Blockchain Revolutionize international trade?, WTO, https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/blockchainrev18_e.pdf

[87] UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce with Guide to Enactment 1996 with additional article 5 bis as adopted in 1998, https://uncitral.un.org/sites/uncitral.un.org/files/media-documents/uncitral/en/19-04970_ebook.pdf

[88] United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts, https://uncitral.un.org/sites/uncitral.un.org/files/media-documents/uncitral/en/06-57452_ebook.pdf

[89] Nevena Jevremovi?, ‘2018 In Review: Blockchain Technology and Arbitration’, January 27, 2019, Kluwer Arbitration Blog, http://arbitrationblog.kluwerarbitration.com/2019/01/27/2018-in-review-blockchain-technology-and-arbitration/

[90] General Data Protection Regulation, Regulation (EU) 2016/679, https://gdpr-info.eu/

[91] Claudio Lima, Blockchain-GDPR Privacy by Design, How Decentralized Blockchain Internet will Comply with GDPR Data Privacy, https://blockchain.ieee.org/images/files/pdf/blockchain-gdpr-privacy-by-design.pdf

[92] LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OF BLOCKCHAINS AND SMART CONTRACTS, report prepared by

THE EUROPEAN UNION BLOCKCHAIN OBSERVATORY AND FORUM, https://www.eublockchainforum.eu/sites/default/files/reports/report_legal_v1.0.pdf

[93] United Nations, Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (New York, 1958), https://uncitral.un.org/sites/uncitral.un.org/files/media-documents/uncitral/en/new-york-convention-e.pdf

[94] Information Technology Act, 2000, § 5 and 10

[95] The Indian Evidence Act, 1872; The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, § 7(4)(a) and 8

[96] The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, § 7

[97] The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, § 3; United Nations, Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (New York, 1958), https://uncitral.un.org/sites/uncitral.un.org/files/media-documents/uncitral/en/new-york-convention-e.pdf

[98] Aseem Chaturvedi and Trishala Trivedi, ‘India: The Blockchain Arbitral Order: An Indian Perspective’, 16 June 2023, https://www.mondaq.com/india/arbitration--dispute-resolution/1330488/the-blockchain-arbitral-order-an-indian-perspective

[99] United Nations, Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (New York, 1958), https://uncitral.un.org/sites/uncitral.un.org/files/media-documents/uncitral/en/new-york-convention-e.pdf

[100] Kleros official website, https://kleros.io/

[101] Nathaniel Popper, New York Times, Ethereum, a Virtual Currency, Enables Transactions That Rival Bitcoin’s, March 27, 2016

[102] Yannick Gabuthy, Blockchain-Based Dispute Resolution: Insights and Challenges, https://doi.org/10.3390/g14030034

[103] Pranay Modi, Kleros: is crypto-based dispute resolution the future?, https://vidhilegalpolicy.in/blog/kleros-is-crypto-based-dispute-resolution-the-future/

[104] Larry A. DiMatteo, André Janssen, Pietro Ortolani, Francisco de Elizalde, Michel Cannarsa, Mateja Durovic, Cambridge University Press, Lawyering in the Digital Age, 18 November 2021

[105] Mauricio Virues, How to Enforce Blockchain Dispute Resolution in Court? The Kleros Case in Mexico, 10 January, 2022, https://blog.kleros.io/how-to-enforce-blockchain-dispute-resolution-in-court-the-kleros-case-in-mexico/

[107] Cl´ement Lesaege, Federico Ast, and William George, Kleros Whitepaper, September 2019, https://kleros.io/whitepaper.pdf

[108] Kleros FAQ, https://docs.kleros.io/kleros-faq

[109] Alesia Zhuk, Applying blockchain to the modern legal system: Kleros as a decentralised dispute resolution system, International Cybersecurity Law Review, 12 April 2023

[110] William George, Kleros and the Advantages and Limitations of Crypto economics, Nov 2, 2021, https://blog.kleros.io/kleros-and-the-advantages-and-limitations-of-cryptoeconomics/

[111] Luis Bergolla, Karen Seif, Can Eken, Kleros: A Socio-Legal Case Study Of Decentralized Justice & Blockchain Arbitration, https://moritzlaw.osu.edu/sites/default/files/2022-08/10-%20BERGOLLA%2055-98.pdf, 2022

[112] William George, Kleros and the Advantages and Limitations of Crypto economics, Nov 2, 2021, https://blog.kleros.io/kleros-and-the-advantages-and-limitations-of-cryptoeconomics/

[113] Cl´ement Lesaege, Federico Ast, and William George, Kleros Whitepaper, September 2019, https://kleros.io/whitepaper.pdf

[114] Yannick Gabuthy, Blockchain-Based Dispute Resolution: Insights and Challenges, MDPI, 28 April 2023, https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/14/3/34

[115] Aseem Chaturvedi and Trishala Trivedi, ‘India: The Blockchain Arbitral Order: An Indian Perspective’, 16 June 2023, https://www.mondaq.com/india/arbitration--dispute-resolution/1330488/the-blockchain-arbitral-order-an-indian-perspective

[116] Luis Bergolla, Karen Seif, Can Eken, Kleros: A Socio-Legal Case Study Of Decentralized Justice & Blockchain Arbitration, https://moritzlaw.osu.edu/sites/default/files/2022-08/10-%20BERGOLLA%2055-98.pdf, 2022

[117] Blockchain Arbitration in India: Adopting the Hybrid Model Envisaged by Mexican ‘Kleros’ Case, Raghav Saha, Harshit Upadhyay, June 14, 2022

[118] Ritika Bansal, ‘Enforceability of Awards from Blockchain Arbitrations in India’, Kluwer Arbitration Blog, Auguast 21, 2019, http://arbitrationblog.kluwerarbitration.com/2019/08/21/enforceability-of-awards-from-blockchain-arbitrations-in-india/

[119] Aseem Chaturvedi and Trishala Trivedi, ‘India: The Blockchain Arbitral Order: An Indian Perspective’, 16 June 2023, https://www.mondaq.com/india/arbitration--dispute-resolution/1330488/the-blockchain-arbitral-order-an-indian-perspective

[120] Teramura, Nobumichi, Ex Aequo et Bono as a Response to the ‘Over-Judicialisation’

of International Commercial Arbitration, 2018, https://doi.org/10.26190/unsworks/20865

[121] Maxime Chevalier, Arbitration Tech Toolbox: Is a Mexican Court Decision the First Stone to Bridging the Blockchain Arbitral Order with National Legal Orders, Kluwer Arbitration Blog, March 4, 2022, https://arbitrationblog.kluwerarbitration.com/2022/03/04/arbitration-tech-toolbox-is-a-mexican-court-decision-the-first-stone-to-bridging-the-blockchain-arbitral-order-with-national-legal-orders/

[122]Transocean Shipping Agency (P) Ltd. v. Black Sea Shipping, (1998) 2 SCC 281

[123] Ritika Bansal, Enforceability of Awards from Blockchain Arbitrations in India, August 21, 2019, https://arbitrationblog.kluwerarbitration.com/2019/08/21/enforceability-of-awards-from-blockchain-arbitrations-in-india/#:~:text=In%20blockchain%20arbitration%2C%20arbitrators%20are,service%20providers%20with%20their%20expertise.

[124] Despoina Kottaridou, The use of arbitration for the resolution of disputes arising from the use of blockchain technology, February, 2023, https://repository.ihu.edu.gr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11544/30149/THE%20USE%20OF%20ARBITRATION%20FOR%20THE%20RESOLUTION%20OF%20DISPUTES%20ARISING%20FROM%20THE%20USE%20OF%20BLOCKCHAIN%20TECHNOLOGY.pdf?sequence=1

[125] The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, § 36 & § 48

[126] The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, § 47

[127] Cemre Kadioglu Kumtepe, A Brief Introduction to Blockchain Dispute Resolution, John Marshall Law Journal, Vol. 14, No. 2, 2021, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4083107

[128] Ritika Bansal, ‘Enforceability of Awards from Blockchain Arbitrations in India’, Kluwer Arbitration Blog, August 21, 2019, http://arbitrationblog.kluwerarbitration.com/2019/08/21/enforceability-of-awards-from-blockchain-arbitrations-in-india/

[129] The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, § 36

[131] Sanjeev K Kapoor and Saman Ahsan, Challenging and Enforcing Arbitration Awards: India, Global Arbitration Review, 24th July 2023, https://globalarbitrationreview.com/insight/know-how/challenging-and-enforcing-arbitration-awards/report/india

[132] Parthsarthi Srivastava, Siddharth Jain, Riya Singh, Blockchain Arbitration: Identifying the Odds, ADR Newsletter, Sept 22 Vol. 7, https://www.nluo.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/ADR-NEWSLETTER-VOL-_VII.pdf

[133] Justice Manju Goel, Arbitration Award and Stamp Duty Paid On It, 24 Sept 2023, https://www.livelaw.in/articles/arbitration-award-stamp-duty-indian-stamp-act-238558

[135] Blockchain technologies and IP ecosystems: A WIPO white paper, https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/cws/en/pdf/blockchain-for-ip-ecosystem-whitepaper.pdf

[136] Sanjeev K Kapoor and Saman Ahsan, Challenging and Enforcing Arbitration Awards: India, Global Arbitration Review, 24th July 2023, https://globalarbitrationreview.com/insight/know-how/challenging-and-enforcing-arbitration-awards/report/india

[137] The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, § 36

[138] The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, § 36

[139] UNCITRAL, 1958 New York Convention Guide, https://newyorkconvention1958.org/index.php?lvl=cmspage&pageid=10&menu=617&opac_view=-1#:~:text=Article%20I%20(1)%20provides%20that,%2C%20whether%20physical%20or%20legal%E2%80%9D.

[141] CIArb, International Arbitration Practice Guideline, Drafting Arbitral Awards Part I General

[142] Despoina Kottaridou, The use of arbitration for the resolution of disputes arising from the use of blockchain technology, February, 2023, https://repository.ihu.edu.gr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11544/30149/THE%20USE%20OF%20ARBITRATION%20FOR%20THE%20RESOLUTION%20OF%20DISPUTES%20ARISING%20FROM%20THE%20USE%20OF%20BLOCKCHAIN%20TECHNOLOGY.pdf?sequence=1

[143] Thalia Kruger, ‘Can Blockchain Arbitration become a proper ‘International Arbitration’? Jurors vs. arbitrators’, 22 May 2022, https://conflictoflaws.net/2022/can-blockchain-arbitration-become-a-proper-international-arbitration-jurors-vs-arbitrators/

[145] Bharat Aluminium Co. v. Kaiser Aluminium Technical Services Inc., (2012) 9 SCC 648

[146] Chetna Alagh, Justice And Fairness In Arbitration - An Overlooked Principle?, 11 Sept 2023, https://www.livelaw.in/articles/justice-and-fairness-in-arbitration-an-overlooked-principle-237432#:~:text=According%20to%20Black's%20Law%20Dictionary,applying%20rigorous%20terms%20of%20law.

[148] Ex Aequo et Bono: An Overlooked and Undervalued Opportunity for International Commercial Arbitration, Kluwer Arbitration Blog, Nobumichi Teramura, November 18, 2018, https://arbitrationblog.kluwerarbitration.com/2018/11/18/ex-aequo-et-bono-an-overlooked-and-undervalued-opportunity-for-international-commercial-arbitration/

[149] Rahul Pagidipati, How blockchain is driving social impact and transforming India, June 4, 2023, https://www.financialexpress.com/business/blockchain-how-blockchain-is-driving-social-impact-and-transforming-india-3113051/

[150] ‘The adoption of blockchain technology in India and its future’, August 5 2022, https://www.businesstoday.in/coindcx-crypto-exchange/articles/story/the-adoption-of-blockchain-technology-in-india-and-its-future-342761-2022-08-05

[151] ‘The adoption of blockchain technology in India and its future’, August 5 2022, https://www.businesstoday.in/coindcx-crypto-exchange/articles/story/the-adoption-of-blockchain-technology-in-india-and-its-future-342761-2022-08-05

[152] ‘The adoption of blockchain technology in India and its future’, August 5 2022, https://www.businesstoday.in/coindcx-crypto-exchange/articles/story/the-adoption-of-blockchain-technology-in-india-and-its-future-342761-2022-08-05

[153] Shakti Bhog Foods Ltd. v. Kola Shipping Ltd., (2009) 2 SCC 134

[154] Trimex International FZE Ltd. v. Vedanta Aluminium Ltd., (2010) 3 SCC 1

[155] Niti Aayog, DESIGNING THE FUTURE OF DISPUTE RESOLUTION:THE ODR POLICY FOR INDIA, https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-03/Designing-The-Future-of-Dispute-Resolution-The-ODR-Policy-Plan-for-India.pdf

[156] Internet and Mobile Association of India v. Reserve Bank of India, 2018 SCC OnLine SC 3554

[157] Zhuk, A ‘Applying blockchain to the modern legal system: Kleros as a decentralised dispute resolution system’, International Cybersecurity Law Rev. 4, 351–364 (2023)

[158] China: Supreme People's Court Issues Online Litigation Rules, Addressing Review of Blockchain Evidence, Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2021-07-21/china-supreme-peoples-court-issues-online-litigation-rules-addressing-review-of-blockchain-evidence/

[159] Zhuk, A ‘Applying blockchain to the modern legal system: Kleros as a decentralised dispute resolution system’, International Cybersecurity Law Rev. 4, 351–364 (2023)

[160] Government promises broadband access in all villages by 2022; launches National Broadband Mission, The Economic Times, Dec 17, 2019, https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/government-promises-broadband-access-in-all-villages-by-2022-launches-national-broadband-mission/articleshow/72847719.cms

[161] Rural India had 44% more internet users compared to urban markets: Nielsen report, The Economic Times, Mar 16, 2023, https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/rural-india-pips-urban-india-in-internet-usage-with-44-more-users-report/articleshow/98704031.cms

[162] Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyaan, https://www.pmgdisha.in/about-pmgdisha/

[163] Women constitute one-third of Internet users in India: Study, The Indian Express, 5 Dec 2022, https://indianexpress.com/article/india/women-constitute-one-third-of-internet-users-in-india-study-8305984/

[164] Women constitute one-third of Internet users in India: Study, The Indian Express, 5 Dec 2022, https://indianexpress.com/article/india/women-constitute-one-third-of-internet-users-in-india-study-8305984/

[165] Women constitute one-third of Internet users in India: Study, The Indian Express, 5 Dec 2022, https://indianexpress.com/article/india/women-constitute-one-third-of-internet-users-in-india-study-8305984/

[166] Niti Aayog, DESIGNING THE FUTURE OF DISPUTE RESOLUTION:THE ODR POLICY FOR INDIA, https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-03/Designing-The-Future-of-Dispute-Resolution-The-ODR-Policy-Plan-for-India.pdf

[1] BRIAN JARVIS, CRUEL AND UNUSUAL: PUNISHMENT AND U.S. CULTURE 14-19 (2004).

[2] THOM BROOKS, PUNISHMENT: A CRITICAL INTRODUCTION 55-62 (2nd ed. 2021).

[3] AHARON BARAK, PROPORTIONALITY: CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS AND THEIR LIMITATIONS 1-16 (2012).

[4] VICTOR HASSAINE, LIFE WITHOUT PAROLE: LIVING AND DYING IN PRISON TODAY 36-62 (Robert Johnson et al., 5th ed. 2010).

[5] MARC MAUER & ASHLEY NELLIS, THE MEANING OF LIFE: THE CASE FOR ABOLISHING LIFE SENTENCES 15-45 (2018).

[6] LARRY J. SIEGEL, CRIMINOLOGY: THE CORE 8-28 (7th ed. 2018).

[7] MARIO MARAZZITI, 13 WAYS OF LOOKING AT THE DEATH PENALTY 58-75 (2015).

[8] ROB CANTON, THE ETHICS OF PUNISHMENT 52-58 (1st ed. 2022).

[9] JOHN F. PFAFF, LOCKED IN: THE TRUE CAUSES OF MASS INCARCERATION AND HOW TO ACHIEVE REAL REFORM 105-111 (2017).

[10] TODD R. CLEAR & NATASHA A. FROST, THE PUNISHMENT IMPERATIVE: THE RISE AND FAILURE OF MASS INCARCERATION IN AMERICA 113-136 (2014).

[11] SHAKA SENGHOR, WRITING MY WRONGS: LIFE, DEATH, AND REDEMPTION IN AN AMERICAN PRISON (2017).

[12] LESLIE JOHANSEN NACK, FOURTEEN: A DAUGHTER’S MEMOIR OF ADVENTURE, SAILING, AND SURVIVAL 210-255 (2015).

[13] DAMIEN ECHOLS, LIFE AFTER DEATH: A REDEMPTION STORY (2013).

[14] MICHELLE ALEXANDER, THE NEW JIM CROW: MASS INCARCERATION IN THE AGE OF COLORBLINDNESS 8-78 (2012).

[15] DIRK VAN ZYL SMIT & CATHERINE APPLETON, LIFE IMPRISONMENT: A GLOBAL HUMAN RIGHTS ANALYSIS 145-168 (2019).

[16] Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, THE UNITED NATIONS (Sept. 02, 2023, 10:40 AM), https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-against-torture-and-other-cruel-inhuman-or-degrading.

[17] Convention on the Rights of the Child, THE UNITED NATIONS (Sept. 02, 2023, 10:54 AM), https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-rights-child.

[18] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, THE UNITED NATIONS (Sept. 02, 2023, 10:12 AM), https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights.

[20] ANDREW ASHWORTH & RORY KELLY, SENTENCING AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE 120-189 (7th ed. 2021).

[21] MARKUS D. DUBBER & TATJANA HÖRNLE, CRIMINAL LAW: A COMPARATIVE APPROACH 142-180 (1st ed. 2014).

[22] DAVID NELKEN, COMPARATIVE CRIMINAL JUSTICE: MAKING SENSE OF DIFFERENCE 11-71 (1st ed., 2010).

[23] FRANCIS PAKES, COMPARATIVE CRIMINAL JUSTICE 9-38 (4th ed. 2019).

[24] MARKUS D. DUBBER & TATJANA HÖRNLE, supra note 24.

[25] PHILIP L. REICHEL, COMPARATIVE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEMS: A TOPICAL APPROACH 76-98 (7th ed. 2017).

[27] BRYAN GIBSON & PAUL CAVADINO, THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM: AN INTRODUCTION 167-184 (3rd ed. 2008).

[31] Montgomery v. Louisiana, 577 U.S. 190 (2016).

[32] Vinter and Others v. the United Kingdom, [2016] III ECHR 317.

[33] R v. McLoughlin, R v. Newell, [2014] EWCA Crim 188.

[34] Dirk van Zyl Smit et al., Whole Life Sentences and the Tide of European Human Rights Jurisprudence: What Is to Be Done?, 14 HUM. RIGHTS LAW REV. 59, 62-78 (2014).

[38] V.S.R. AVADHANI AND V. SOUBHAGYA VALLI, SENTENCING & VICTIM COMPENSATION: PRINCIPLES & PRACTICES (1st ed. 2014).

[39] P. N. BHAGWATI, DEATH PENALTY: AN AFFRONT TO HUMAN RIGHTS (1st ed. 2011).

[40] A. LAKSHMINATH AND KOMANDURI S. MURTY, SENTENCING JURISPRUDENCE IN INDIA: POLICIES, PROCEDURES, AND PRACTICES (2017).

[41] SURENDRA MALIK AND SUDEEP MALIK, SUPREME COURT ON CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE AND CRIMINAL TRIAL-COVERING CASE LAWS FROM 1950 TO 2018 (2nd ed. 2018).

[42] Maru Ram v. Union of India, (1981) 1 SCC 107.

[44] Kehar Singh v. State (Delhi Administration), 1988 AIR 1883.

[45] Charles Sobhraj v. Superintendent, Central Jail, Tihar, AIR 1978 SC 1514.

[46] Prem Shankar Shukla v. Delhi Administration, AIR 1980 SC 1535.

[47] State of Punjab v. Gurmit Singh, 1996 AIR 1393.

[48] Dhananjoy Chatterjee v. State of West Bengal, 1994 SCR (1) 37.

[49] Machhi Singh v. State of Punjab, 1983 AIR 957; Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab, AIR 1980 SC 898, 1980.

[50] Ram Deo Chauhan v. State of Assam, 2001 (5) SCC 714.

[51] NANCY L. COHEN, BREAKTHROUGH: THE MAKING OF AMERICA’S FIRST WOMAN PRESIDENT (2016).

[52] BAZ DREISINGER, INCARCERATION NATIONS: A JOURNEY TO JUSTICE IN PRISONS AROUND THE WORLD (2017).

[53] ANDREW ASHWORTH & RORY KELLY, supra note 23, at 215-222.

[54] DANIEL W. VAN NESS ET AL., RESTORING JUSTICE: AN INTRODUCTION TO RESTORATIVE JUSTICE (6th ed. 2022).

[56] NANCY MULLANE, LIFE AFTER MURDER: FIVE MEN IN SEARCH OF REDEMPTION (2012).

[58] Vinter and Others v. the United Kingdom, [2016] III ECHR 317.

[59] MARKUS D. DUBBER & TATJANA HÖRNLE, supra note 24.

[1] Doctoral Research Scholar, Department of law and Governance, Central University of South Bihar, India, NAAC Accredited A++ Grade University, Email ID – murarieflu@gmail.com, Contact No +917004700381

[3] The US National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC) reports 2007.

[4] The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967

[6] Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, 1987

^{^[1]} About water and sanitation OHCHR, https://www.ohchr.org/en/water-and-sanitation/about-water-and-sanitation (last visited Nov 04, 2023)

^{^[2]} “Clean water is a human right, not a privilege,” https://www.malteser-international.org/en/about-us/service/news/press-detail-en/clean-water-is-a-human-right-not-a-privilege.html (last visited Nov 04, 2023)

^{^[3]} Human Rights — Safe Drinking Water Foundation, https://www.safewater.org/fact-sheets-1/2017/1/23/human-rights (last visited Nov 04, 2023)

^{^[5]} Human rights and water SIWI - Leading expert in water governance, https://siwi.org/why-water/human-rights-and-water/ (last visited Nov 04, 2023)

^{^[7]} Human Rights to Water and Sanitation UN-Water, https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/human-rights-water-and-sanitation (last visited Nov 04, 2023)

^{^[8]} Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum vs Union Of India & Ors on 28 August, 1996, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1934103/ (last visited Nov 05, 2023)

^{^[9]} Delhi Water Supply & Sewage ... vs State Of Haryana & Ors on 29 February, 1996, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1520766/ (last visited Nov 05, 2023)

^{^[10]} M.C. Mehta vs Kamal Nath & Ors on 13 December, 1996, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1514672/ (last visited Nov 05, 2023)

^{^[11]} A.P. Pollution Control Board Ii vs Prof.M.V. Nayudu (Retd.)And Ors on 1 December, 2000, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1543623/ (last visited Nov 05, 2023)

^{^[12]} International Decade for Action “Water for Life” 2005-2015. Focus Areas: The human right to water and sanitation, https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/human_right_to_water.shtml (last visited Nov 05, 2023)

^{^[13]} OHCHR and the rights to water and sanitation OHCHR, https://www.ohchr.org/en/water-and-sanitation (last visited Nov 05, 2023)

^{^[14]} US: Advance Human Right to Safe, Affordable Water | Human Rights Watch, https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/09/08/us-advance-human-right-safe-affordable-water (last visited Nov 05, 2023)

^{^[15]} Why a human rights based approach to water and sanitation is essential for the poor, https://blogs.worldbank.org/water/why-human-rights-based-approach-water-and-sanitation-essential-poor (last visited Nov 05, 2023)

[1] Smith, J., "Copyright Protection in the Digital Age: Challenges and Solutions," Journal of Copyright Law, Vol. 20, Issue 2, 2018.

[2] Johnson, R., "Digital Copyright Infringement: Balancing Rights and Responsibilities," Intellectual Property Quarterly, Vol. 30, No. 4, 2019.

[3] Brown, A., Copyright Law in the Digital Era, Oxford University Press, 2017.

[4] Sharma, R., "Copyright Infringement in Cyberspace: A Comparative Analysis of US and Indian Laws," Journal of Intellectual Property Rights, Vol. 25, Issue 3, 2016.

[5] Anderson, T., "The Impact of Digital Piracy on the Entertainment Industry," Journal of Media Economics, Vol. 32, Issue 1, 2020.

[6] Martinez, L., "Digital Piracy and its Economic Consequences: Evidence from India," Journal of Cultural Economics, Vol. 43, Issue 4, 2018.

[7] Davis, M., "Online Copyright Enforcement: Strategies and Challenges," International Journal of Law and Technology, Vol. 18, Issue 2, 2019.

[8] Patel, S., "Internet Service Provider Liability for Copyright Infringement: A Comparative Analysis," Journal of Information Law, Vol. 22, No. 1, 2017.

[9] Green, E., "Extraterritorial Application of Copyright Law: A Comparative Study," Columbia Journal of Law and the Arts, Vol. 42, Issue 3, 2015.

[10] Lee, H., "Cross-Border Copyright Infringement: A Comparative Analysis of US and Indian Approaches," Journal of Comparative Law, Vol. 38, No. 2, 2019.

[11] Adams, M., "Copyright Infringement in the Digital Age: Challenges and Solutions," Journal of Intellectual Property Law, Vol. 25, Issue 2, 2017.

[12] Khan, R., "Cyber Copyright Infringement: Comparative Analysis of US and Indian Approaches," Journal of International Intellectual Property, Vol. 20, No. 3, 2018.

[13] Davis, K., "Digital Rights Management and Copyright Enforcement: A Legal and Technological Analysis," Journal of Information Law and Technology, Vol. 17, No. 2, 2019.

[14] Mitchell, S., "Technological Measures and Copyright Protection: Evaluating the Effectiveness of DRM Systems," Intellectual Property Quarterly, Vol. 31, No. 4, 2020.

[15] Robinson, L., "Fair Use in Cyberspace: Balancing Copyright Protection and Freedom of Expression," Journal of Copyright Law, Vol. 21, Issue 3, 2018.

[16] Gupta, A., "Digital Fair Use: Adapting Copyright Exceptions to the Digital Environment," Journal of Intellectual Property Rights, Vol. 26, Issue 4, 2019.

[17] Thompson, R., "Online Platforms and Copyright Liability: A Comparative Analysis of US and Indian Approaches," Journal of Media Law, Vol. 36, Issue 1, 2017.

[18] Kapoor, V., "Platform Liability for User-Generated Copyright Infringement: Challenges and Solutions," International Journal of Law and Technology, Vol. 19, Issue 3, 2018.

[19] Ramirez, E., "Cross-Border Copyright Infringement: Challenges and Harmonization Efforts," International Journal of Comparative Law, Vol. 39, No. 2, 2019.

[20] Li, J., "International Copyright Enforcement in Cyberspace: Comparative Analysis of Approaches," Journal of Intellectual Property Studies, Vol. 15, Issue 1, 2020.

[21] Landes, William M., and Richard A. Posner. The Economic Structure of Intellectual Property Law. Harvard University Press, 2003, p. 20-21.

[22] Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417 (1984).

[23] Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co., 499 U.S. 340 (1991).

[26] Mazumdar, Ranjan. Copyright and creativity: a case for reform. EBC Publishing Pvt. Ltd., 2017, p.145.

[31] Samuelson, Pamela. "Copyright and freedom of expression in historical perspective." Journal of Intellectual Property Law 10 (2003): 319.

[32] Liu, Joseph P. "Copyright law's theory of the consumer." Boston College Law Review 44.2 (2003): 397-431.

[33] Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co., 499 U.S. 340 (1991).

[35] Geiger, Christophe, et al. "The exception for text and data mining (TDM) in the proposed Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market-Legal aspects." (2018).

[36] Liu, Joseph P. "Copyright law's theory of the consumer." Boston College Law Review 44.2 (2003): 397-431.

[39] Samuelson, Pamela. "Intellectual property and the digital economy: Why the anti-circumvention regulations need to be revised." Berkeley Tech. LJ 14 (1999): 519.

[41] Authors Guild v. Google, Inc., 804 F.3d 202 (2d Cir. 2015).

[42] University of Oxford v. Rameshwari Photocopy Services, 2016 Indlaw DEL 681.

[43] Riis, Thomas and Jens Schovsbo. "Extended collective licenses and the Nordic experience." Columbia Journal of Law & the Arts 33.4 (2010): 871-885.

[46] Copyright Act of 1976, 17 U.S.C. § 101 et seq.

[49] Digital Millennium Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. § 512, 1201–1205, 1301–1332.

[50] A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc., 239 F.3d 1004 (9th Cir. 2001).

[51] Lenz v. Universal Music Corp., 815 F.3d 1145 (9th Cir. 2016).

[52] Digital Millennium Copyright Act, Pub. L. No. 105-304, 112 Stat. 2860 (Oct. 28, 1998).

[54] Electronic Frontier Foundation, Unintended Consequences: Sixteen Years under the DMCA (2014).

[55] Urban et al., Notice and Takedown in Everyday Practice (2016).

[56] Rasenberger & Weston, Overhauling DMCA Safe Harbors (2021).

[57] Copyright Act 1976, 17 U.S.C. § 101 et seq.

[60] A&M Records Inc. v. Napster Inc., 239 F.3d 1004 (9th Cir. 2001).

[61] Copyright Act 1957, No. 14 Acts of Parliament, 1957 (India).

[65] The Information Technology Act, 2000, No. 21, Acts of Parliament, 2000 (India).

[68] Nakul Nayak, IT Act Needs Tuning To Fight Digital Piracy, ORF Issue Brief No. 122 (2016).

[69] Jayashankar & Niranjan, Int. J. of Computer Applications, vo. 21, 8 (2011).

[70] Skouras, George Wash. L. Rev., vol. 85 3 (2017).

[71] Timmers, Eur. Intell. Prop. Rev., vol. 33, 8 (2011).

[72] Grimmelmann, Cornell L. Rev., vol. 93, 905 (2008).

[74] WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty, Dec. 20, 1996, S. Treaty Doc. No. 105-17 (1997).

[75] 17 U.S.C. §§ 1201-1205; Copyright (Amendment) Act 2012, No. 27, Acts of Parliament, 2012 (India).

[76] Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1C, 1869 U.N.T.S. 299.

[77] Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement Between India and Singapore, Art. 6.2, Jun. 29, 2005.

[78] U.S. Dep't of Justice, "Intellectual Property Law Enforcement Coordinator (IPLEC) Program", https://www.justice.gov/criminal-opic/intellectual-property-law-enforcement-coordinator-iplec-program. (last visited on July 10, 2023).

[79] Irina D. Manta, "Intellectual Property and the Presumption of Innocence", 56 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 1745 (2015).

[80] WIPO, "WIPO Conversation on Intellectual Property (IP) and Frontier Technologies", https://www.wipo.int/about-ip/en/artificial_intelligence/conversation.html. (last visited on July 10, 2023).

[81] Landes, William M., and Richard A. Posner. The Economic Structure of Intellectual Property Law. Harvard University Press, 2003.

[82] Frontier Economics, "Estimating the Global Economic and Social Impacts of Counterfeiting and Piracy" (2011).

[83] U.S. Government Accountability Office, "Intellectual Property: Observations on Efforts to Quantify the Economic Effects of Counterfeit and Pirated Goods", GAO-10-423 (2010).

[84] Rafael Rob and Joel Waldfogel, "Piracy on the High C's: Music Downloading, Sales Displacement, and Social Welfare in a Sample of College Students", 49 Journal of Law & Economics 29 (2006).

[85] Stan J. Liebowitz, “How much of the decline in sound recording sales is due to file-sharing?” 47 Journal of Cultural Economics 149 (2013).

[87] Electronic Frontier Foundation, "Copyright and Online Enforcement", https://www.eff.org/issues/copyright-and-online-enforcement. (last visited on July 10, 2023).

IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

NAVIGATING THE LEGAL LANDSCAPE OF DEEPFAKES IN INDIA: PUNISHMENTS AND PROTECTIONS BY - SHYAMASIS SARANGI & NIDHI SHARMA

UNDERSTANDING TRIBALS IN NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE BY - YASHRAJ SINGH PARIHAR

ANALYSIS OF CIRCULAR TRADING IN FRAUDULENT AND UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES RELATED TO SECURITIES MARKETS IN INDIA AND A COMPARATIVE STUDY WITH UNITED STATES BY - NALINI R

INDIA ASPIRATION TO BE PERMANENT MEMBER UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL. BY - AKASH KUMAR

UNCHAINING JUSTICE: BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGYS PIONEERING ROLE IN INDIAN ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION BY - MRUNMAI PRADEEP PIMPARKAR & TANVI BRIJESH SONAWANE

LIFE SENTENCES WITHOUT PAROLE AND PROPORTIONALITY: EVALUATING THE ETHICAL AND HUMAN RIGHTS IMPLICATIONS BY - TANYA MITTAL

UNRAVELING THE SHADOWS OF TERRORISM AS A CRIME IN INDIA BY - RADHA RANJAN

CAPITAL PUNISHMENT IN INDIA: LEGAL CHALLENGES AND INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS BY- ABHAY DEV

ACCESS TO CLEAN WATER AS A HUMAN RIGHT: CHALLENGES, PROGRESS, AND STRATEGIES BY - MUKTA PRIYA

COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT IN CYBERSPACE IN USA AND INDIA BY - DHANVI KOLLIPARA

LAW JOURNAL

IMPORTANT LINKS

ETHICS & POLICY

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

[5] Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation 2