INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

OBEY THE LAWS: FREE OF CONSTRAINT By - Dr. S. Krishnan & Ms. Priya Chugh

Authors : Dr. S. Krishnan & Ms. Priya Chugh

Registration ID : 106057 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6057 & IJLRA6058

Year : Sep -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : s.krishnan22@gmail.com

Page No : 16 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/09.2023-67845694/OBEY THE LAWS: FREE OF CONSTRAINT

LIABILITY OF AIR CARRIERS FOR PASSENGER INJURIES EXPLORING THE PARAMETERS OF ACCIDENT UNDER INTERNATIONAL AVIATION CONVENTIONS BY - JAYANT KASHYAP & DIVYANSH BHATNAGAR

Authors : JAYANT KASHYAP & DIVYANSH BHATNAGAR

Registration ID : 106055 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6055 & IJLRA6056

Year : Sep -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : jayantkashyap@dsnlu.ac.in & divyanshbhatnagar@dsnlu.ac.in

Page No : 21 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/09.2023-45972699/LIABILITY OF AIR CARRIERS FOR PASSENGER INJURIES E

THE CONNECTION BETWEEN CLIMATE CHANGE AND HUMANITARIAN CRISIS: AN ANALYSIS OF THE UN REFUGEE CONVENTION AND ITS APPLICABILITY TO CLIMATE REFUGEES BY - FARZIN NAZ

Authors : FARZIN NAZ

Registration ID : 106054 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6054

Year : Sep -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : nazfarzin7@gmail.com

Page No : 15 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/09.2023-23834549/THE CONNECTION BETWEEN CLIMATE CHANGE AND HUMANITA

HEALTHCARE ACCESS FOR SEX WORKERS BY : C DHANALAKSMI

Authors : C DHANALAKSMI

Registration ID : 106053 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6053

Year : Sep -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : dhanalaksmi2003@gmail.com

Page No : 10 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/09.2023-29816483/HEALTHCARE ACCESS FOR SEX WORKERS

CHILD RIGHTS IN DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT: THE CONUNDRUM OF BALANCING PROTECTION AND PARTICIPATION By: Anjali Dixit

Authors : Anjali Dixit

Registration ID : 106051 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6051

Year : Sep -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : anjalidixit16@gmail.com

Page No : 17 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/09.2023-68634969/CHILD RIGHTS IN DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT: THE CONUNDRUM

THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW IN PROSECUTING WAR CRIMES AND GENOCIDE BY - VIDUSHI VERMA

Authors : VIDUSHI VERMA

Registration ID : 106049 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6049

Year : Sep -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : vidushiverma887@gmail.com

Page No : 15 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/09.2023-26779649/THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL

THE TRANSFORMATIVE POWER OF UNIVERSALIZED WAGE BY - MS. SHAMEKSHA R

Authors : MS. SHAMEKSHA R

Registration ID : 106048 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6048

Year : Sep -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : shamekshar@gmail.com

Page No : 16 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/09.2023-17936388/THE TRANSFORMATIVE POWER

FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION IN INDIA: UNVEILING THE URGENT NEED FOR LEGISLATION AND HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION BY - SHUBHAM VASHIST

Authors : SHUBHAM VASHIST

Registration ID : 106047 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6047

Year : Sep -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : shubham.vashist204@gmail.com

Page No : 18 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/09.2023-73429115/FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION IN INDIA

RIGHT TO EQUALITY & RULE OF LAW: A CONCEPTUAL STUDY FOR ADMINISTRATION OF DUE JUSTICE BY - ABHISHEK KARAN & DR. A.K. SINGHAL

Authors : ABHISHEK KARAN & DR. A.K. SINGHAL

Registration ID : 106045 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6045 & IJLRA46

Year : Sep -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : abhishekkaran040196@gmail.com & ashish.singhal@iudehradun.edu.in

Page No : 15 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/09.2023-12457289/RIGHT TO EQUALITY & RULE OF LAW

RAMIFICATIONS OF CUSTODIAL VIOLENCE IN INDIA: A STUDY BY: AAYUSHI KUMARI & KUMAR SAURABH

Authors : AAYUSHI KUMARI & KUMAR SAURABH

Registration ID : 106043 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6043 & IJLRA6044

Year : Sep -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : aayushisharma0288@gmail.com & ksaurabh39@gmail.com

Page No : 21 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/09.2023-67136356/RAMIFICATIONS OF CUSTODIAL VIOLENCE

International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

ISSN:2582-6433

Website:https://www.ijlra.com/

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[1] Jayant Kashyap is a student of Damodaram Sanjivayya National Law University, Visakhapatnam.

[2] Divyansh Bhatnagar is a student of Damodaram Sanjivayya National Law University, Visakhapatnam.

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[31] Hu v. Air China Limited, Judgment No. 399/2009 of January 7, 2009, Tribunal of Busto Arsizio (Varse) in Case No. 1118 of 2007.

^{^[1]} B.A.LL.B, LL.M., National Law University and Judicial Academy, Assam, Content Writer, nazfarzin7@gmail.com.

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[1] COLLEGE NAME: The Tamil Nadu Dr.Ambedkar Law University-SOEL

EMAIL ID: dhanalaksmi2003@gmail.com

[1] Anjali Dixit is a Ph. D scholar at Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University, Lucknow. She completed her LL.M. from NALSAR University of Law, Hyderabad in 2021 and qualified UGC NET (JRF) examination in 2022.

[2] Child protection & Children’s rights in Digital World, CHILDREN’S RIGHTS DIGITAL

https://childrens-rights.digital/einstieg/index.cfm/topic.277, Accessed 11 August 2021.

[3] Sonia Livingstone, Sharon Mclaughlin, Brian O’Neill, Eva Lievens, and Valerie Verdoodt, Children’s Rights and Digital Technologies in Ursula Kilkelly & Liefaard Ton (eds), International Human Rights of Children (Springer 2018). (hereinafter, ‘Ursula 2018’)

[4] UNICEF, Protecting Children from Online Sexual Exploitation (June 15, 2016)

https://www.unicef.org/media/73506/file/FBO-Guide-for-Religious-Leaders-Communities-2016.pdf. accessed August 14, 2021.

[6] It must be noted here that “children are entitled to special care and assistance” (UNCRC, art.25) and that “Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children” (UNCRC, art.26). Beyond this, there is no implication that children should be treated in any way differently from adults as regards fundamental rights.

[7] Onora O'Neill, Children’s Rights and Children’s Lives, 3 Ethics (1988). Also, P E Veerman, The aging of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child 4 Int. J. Of Children’s Rights,18 (2010).

[8] United Nations Committee on the Rights of Child, General Comment No. 25, Children’s Rights in relation to the digital environment (2021) (hereinafter, ‘GC 25’).

[11] Ingrid Schoon, Risk and Resilience: Adaptations in Changing Times (Cambridge University Press 2006) (hereinafter, ‘Schoon 2006’).

[13]Andrea Duerager & Sonia Livingstone, How can parents support children’s internet safety? (hereinafter, ‘Duerager 2012’) (March 2012) http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/42872/>accessed April 26, 2022.

Helen Whittle et al., Review of young people’s vulnerabilities to online grooming 18 Aggression and Violent Behavior, (2013).

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https://en.unesco.org/icted/sites/default/files/2019-04/62_fosteing_digital_citizenship_through_safe_and_responsible_use_of_ict.pdf Accessed April 21, 2022.

[18] Linda Raftree & Keshet Bachan, Integrating information and communication technologies into communication for development strategies to support and empower marginalized adolescent girls (August 2013)(hereinafter ‘Linda Raftree 2013’). https://communityengagementhub.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/04/ICTPaper_Web.pdf

accessed April 20, 2022.

[20] Sonia Livingstone & Ellen Helsper, Balancing Opportunities and Risks in Teenagers Use of the Internet: The Role of Online Skills and Family Context, 2 New Media & Society 12 (2010).

[21] Gerrit Beger, Priscilla Kounkou Hoveyda, Akshay Sinha, Indonesian youth online: An exploratory study of the Indonesian digital landscape (January 31, 2012) accessed August 11, 2021.

[22] Sonia Livingstone et al., A Global Research Agenda for Children’s Rights in the Digital Age, 8 J. Of Children and Media, 4 (2014).

[24] Elena Tilovska-Kechedji and Darian Rakitovan, The Digital World Affecting Children’s Rights and the effects of Internet Governance J. E.-EUR. CRIM. L. 140(2018).

[25]Athena Duffy et al., Self-Perceived Pornography Addiction in Adults: A Systematic Review of Definitions and Reported Impact’ 13 J. of Sexual MED,760 (2016).

[26] Miranda A. H. Horvath et al., Basically... Porn Is Everywhere: A Rapid Evidence Assessment on the Effects that Access and Exposure to Pornography Has on Children and Young People, Middlesex Univ.'S Res. Repository 33 (2013)

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https://5rightsfoundation.com/uploads/OurRghtsinaDigitalWorld-FullReport.pdf accessed April 22, 2022.

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https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/insight6.pdf accessed April 26, 2022.

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[32] Sarah Wilson, Digital Technologies, Children and Young People's Relationships and Self-Care,14 Children's Geographies 3 (2016).

[35] Act on Development of an Environment that Provides Safe and Secure Internet Use for Young People,2008 (Japan).

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[43] Aratrika Choudhuri, Conceptualizing Children's Rights in Digital Spaces: Emerging Issues and Challenges 15 Socio-LEGAL REV. 151. (2019).

[46] United Nations, Committee on the Rights of Child, The Right of the Child to be heard, General Comment No. 12 (2009).

[49]Jutta Croll, New Youth Protection Law in Germany: Participation of children is a top priority (March 12, 2021)

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[52] This article is adapted from author’s LL.M dissertation ‘Configuring Digital Rights of Children: Emerging Issues and Challenges, submitted to NALSAR University of Law in August 2021.

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[6] Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 1998, art. 6, No. 38544, 1998.

[7] Rome Statute of International Criminal Court, 1998, https://legal.un.org/icc/statute/99_corr/cstatute.htm (last visited Sept. 11, 2023).

[8] Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 1998, art. 7, No. 38544, 1998.

[9] Rome Statute of International Criminal Court, 1998, https://legal.un.org/icc/statute/99_corr/cstatute.htm (last visited Sept. 13, 2023).

[10] Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 1998, art. 8, No. 38544, 1998.

[11] Inserted by resolution RC/Res.6 of 11 June 2010.

[13] Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 1998, art. 17, No. 38544, 1998.

[5] Laksmi Anantnarayan, Shabana Diler, Natasha Menon, The Clitoral Hood A Contested Site: Khafd or Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C), WESPEAKOUT (Sept. 16, 2023, 3:17 pm), https://narisamatamanch.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Khafd-or-Female-Genital-MutilationCutting-FGMC-in-India_A-Report.pdf

[6] Mariya Taher, Understanding Female Genital Cutting in the Dawoodi Bohra Community: An Exploratory Survey, Sahiyo (Sept. 16, 2023, 3:20 pm), https://sahiyo.org/images/resource-pdf/sahiyo_report_final-5.21.19.pdf

[7] Kirti Bhargava, Does India Need A Law To Curb Female Genital Mutilation? What Has FGM To Do With Religion?, Outlook India, (Nov. 17, 2022, 5:08 pm), https://www.outlookindia.com/national/does-india-need-a-law-to-curb-female-genital-mutilation-what-has-fgm-to-do-with-religion--news-238125

[9] Masooma Ranalvi, Modi govt in denial about female genital mutilation in India. Collect data, let states ban it, ThePrint, (Nov. 23, 2022, 10:41 am), https://theprint.in/opinion/modi-govt-in-denial-about-female-genital-mutilation-in-india-collect-data-let-states-ban-it/1230724/

[11] World Bank, Compendium of international and national legal frameworks on female genital mutilation (5th ed. 2021).

[12] UN General Assembly, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, 18 December 1979, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1249, p. 13, http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/cedaw.htm.

[15] Bridie Jabour, Australia's first female genital mutilation trial: how a bright young girl convinced a jury, The Guardian, (Nov. 13, 2015, 6:28 am), https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/nov/13/female-genital-mutilation-trial-young-girl-convinced-jury-australia

[16] Pec?iu?riene?, J. (2013) Good practices in Combating female genital mutilation. Luxembourg: Publications Office.

[18] Shalini Nair, No official data on existence of Female Genital Mutilation in India, Centre tells SC, The Indian Express, (Dec. 28, 2017, 07:16 am), https://indianexpress.com/article/india/no-official-data-on-existence-of-female-genital-mutilation-in-india-centre-tells-sc-5001780/

[26]Eliminating female genital mutilation: An interagency statement OHCHR, UNAIDS, UNDP, UNECA, UNESCO, UNFPA, UNHCHR, UNICEF, UNIFEM, WHO (2008). Geneva: World Health Organization.

[27] Al-Sabbagh, M.L. (1998) Islamic ruling on male and female circumcision. Alexandria: World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean.

[28] Kassamali N. Genital cutting. [ed.] Suad Joseph. Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures. Brill-Leiden, 2006, Vol. III, p 129–134.

[30] Laksmi Anantnarayan, Shabana Diler, Natasha Menon, The Clitoral Hood A Contested Site: Khafd or Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C), WESPEAKOUT (Sept. 16, 2023, 3:17 pm), https://narisamatamanch.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Khafd-or-Female-Genital-MutilationCutting-FGMC-in-India_A-Report.pdf

[31] Rasheeda Bhagat, India: Ban this barbarous practice!, Stop FGM Middle East, (July 29, 2014), http://www.stopfgmmideast.org/india-ban-this-barbarous-practice/

[1]Student of L.L.M., ICFAI Law School, ICFAI University, Dehradun.

[2]Associate Professor, ICFAI Law School, ICFAI University, Dehradun.

^{^[1]} United Nations International Police Task Force, 1996.

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[3] R.E. AlIen, Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English (1990) p.286.

Custody according to shorter Oxford Dictionary, means safe keeping, protection, charge, care, guardian ship; M.C.Desai, Venkata Ramaiya’s Law Lexicon with Legal Maxims (1996) p.574.

[4] Gurdial Singh v. Emperor, AIR 1932 Lah. 609, p. 611. In fact, actual detention or confinement is not essential, suffice it will be if the accused is submitted to custody by action or by word of the police; N.K. Jain, Custodial Crimes – An Affront To Human Dignity, Human Rights (2000) p. 64.

[5] Mihir Adhikary v. State, 1983 Cri LJ (Cal) 1559.

[6] Collins Cobuild, English Language Dictionary (1992) p.1546.

[7] SAHELI-A Women Resource Centre v. Police Commissioner of Delhi, AIR 1990 SC 513.

[8] D.K.Basu v. State of West Bengal, AIR 1997 SC 610.

[9] Shailendre Mishra, Police Brutality: An Analysis of Police Behavior (1986) pp.32-33.

[10] Nithya Ramakrishnan, In custody: Law, Impunity and Prisoner Abuse in South Asia 5 ( Sage Publication Ltd., 2013).

[13]https://www.academia.edu/9267466/CONCEPT_OF_CUSTODIAL_VIOLENCE_AND_TYPES_OF_TORTUE

[15] https://knowlaw.in/index.php/2023/05/22/indian-police-custodial-violence-and-interrogations/

[17]https://www.clearias.com/custodialviolence/#:~:text=It%20sometimes%20leads%20to%20psychological,social%20hatred%2C%20and%20many%20more.

[18]https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-against-torture-and-other-cruel-inhuman-or-degrading

[19] https://prsindia.org/theprsblog/the-prevention-of-torture-bill-2010

[20] Article 3- “Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.”

[21] Article 5- “No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.”

[22] Article 11-“(1) Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defense. (2) No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed.”

[23]https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights#:~:text=the%20present%20Covenant.-,Article%207,to%20medical%20or%20scientific%20experimentation.

[24]https://www.deccanherald.com/india/ncrb-report-gujarat-records-highest-custodial-deaths-in-india-1140709.html

[25] https://knowlaw.in/index.php/2023/02/19/riding-the-roughshod-is-it-time-to-ratify-uncat/

[26]https://cjp.org.in/why-has-india-still-not-ratified-un-convention-against-torture/#:~:text=India%20signed%20it%20but%20did,binding%20as%20per%20international%20law.

[27] Article 20- “(1) No person shall be convicted of an offence except for violation of a law in force at the time of the commission of the act charged as an offence, nor be subjected to a penalty greater than that which might have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of the commission of the offence.

(2) No person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once.

(3) No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.”

[28] Smith v. Director, Serious Fraud Office, (1992)3 ALL EF 456 (463); People’s Union for Civil Liberties v. Union of India, (2004)9 SCC 580.

IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
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