INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

THE CONNECTION BETWEEN CLIMATE CHANGE AND HUMANITARIAN CRISIS: AN ANALYSIS OF THE UN REFUGEE CONVENTION AND ITS APPLICABILITY TO CLIMATE REFUGEES BY - FARZIN NAZ

Authors : FARZIN NAZ

Registration ID : 106054 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6054

Year : Sep -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : nazfarzin7@gmail.com

Page No : 15 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/09.2023-23834549/THE CONNECTION BETWEEN CLIMATE CHANGE AND HUMANITA

HEALTHCARE ACCESS FOR SEX WORKERS BY : C DHANALAKSMI

Authors : C DHANALAKSMI

Registration ID : 106053 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6053

Year : Sep -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : dhanalaksmi2003@gmail.com

Page No : 10 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/09.2023-29816483/HEALTHCARE ACCESS FOR SEX WORKERS

CHILD RIGHTS IN DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT: THE CONUNDRUM OF BALANCING PROTECTION AND PARTICIPATION By: Anjali Dixit

Authors : Anjali Dixit

Registration ID : 106051 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6051

Year : Sep -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : anjalidixit16@gmail.com

Page No : 17 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/09.2023-68634969/CHILD RIGHTS IN DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT: THE CONUNDRUM

THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW IN PROSECUTING WAR CRIMES AND GENOCIDE BY - VIDUSHI VERMA

Authors : VIDUSHI VERMA

Registration ID : 106049 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6049

Year : Sep -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : vidushiverma887@gmail.com

Page No : 15 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/09.2023-26779649/THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL

THE TRANSFORMATIVE POWER OF UNIVERSALIZED WAGE BY - MS. SHAMEKSHA R

Authors : MS. SHAMEKSHA R

Registration ID : 106048 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6048

Year : Sep -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : shamekshar@gmail.com

Page No : 16 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/09.2023-17936388/THE TRANSFORMATIVE POWER

FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION IN INDIA: UNVEILING THE URGENT NEED FOR LEGISLATION AND HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION BY - SHUBHAM VASHIST

Authors : SHUBHAM VASHIST

Registration ID : 106047 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6047

Year : Sep -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : shubham.vashist204@gmail.com

Page No : 18 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/09.2023-73429115/FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION IN INDIA

RIGHT TO EQUALITY & RULE OF LAW: A CONCEPTUAL STUDY FOR ADMINISTRATION OF DUE JUSTICE BY - ABHISHEK KARAN & DR. A.K. SINGHAL

Authors : ABHISHEK KARAN & DR. A.K. SINGHAL

Registration ID : 106045 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6045 & IJLRA46

Year : Sep -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : abhishekkaran040196@gmail.com & ashish.singhal@iudehradun.edu.in

Page No : 15 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/09.2023-12457289/RIGHT TO EQUALITY & RULE OF LAW

RAMIFICATIONS OF CUSTODIAL VIOLENCE IN INDIA: A STUDY BY: AAYUSHI KUMARI & KUMAR SAURABH

Authors : AAYUSHI KUMARI & KUMAR SAURABH

Registration ID : 106043 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6043 & IJLRA6044

Year : Sep -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : aayushisharma0288@gmail.com & ksaurabh39@gmail.com

Page No : 21 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/09.2023-67136356/RAMIFICATIONS OF CUSTODIAL VIOLENCE

GLOBALIZATION- SOCIO AND LEGAL THREAT TO THE INDIGENEITY OF HIMALAYAN NATIVE BY - NABAMITA PURKAYASTHA & HARSH VARDHAN SINGH

Authors : NABAMITA PURKAYASTHA & HARSH VARDHAN SINGH

Registration ID : 106041 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6041 & IJLRA6050

Year : Sep -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : nabamita520@gmail.com & harshvardhan.hnlu@gmail.com

Page No : 16 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : ttps://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/09.2023-11881693/GLOBALIZATION

"A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND SOCIETAL PERCEPTIONS OF MARITAL RAPE IN INDIA AND OTHER COUNTRIES" BY - GAURAV CHAUDHARY AND BALJINDER SINGH

Authors : GAURAV CHAUDHARY AND BALJINDER SINGH

Registration ID : 106040 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6040

Year : Sep -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : gaurav.chaudhary2021@nludelhi.ac.in & baljinder.singh19@nludelhi.ac.in

Page No : 20 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link :

International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

ISSN:2582-6433

Website:https://www.ijlra.com/

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^{^[1]} B.A.LL.B, LL.M., National Law University and Judicial Academy, Assam, Content Writer, nazfarzin7@gmail.com.

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^{^[7]} MARIO ALEJANDRO ARIZA, As Miami Keeps Building, Rising Seas Deepen Its Social Divide, May 12, 2023, available at: https://e360.yale.edu/features/as-miami-keeps-building-rising-seas-deepen-its-social-divide, (Last visited on May 12, 2023).

^{^[9]}Environmental Migration, May 12, 2023, available at: https://environmentalmigration.iom.int/environmental-migration, (Last visited on May 12, 2023).

^{^[10]} Dimitry V. Ivanov and Damir K Bekyashev (eds.), Environmental Migration in International Law 5-20 (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2016), May 12, 2023, available at https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Environmental_Migration_in_International/C-L6DAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Environmental+refugee+Define&printsec=frontcover, (Last visited on May 12, 2023).

^{^[15]} Relief Web, Kiribati: The remote island nation faces a triple threat to health, May 12, 2023,

available at:https://reliefweb.int/report/kiribati/kiribati-remote-island-nation-faces-triple-threat-health, (Last visited on May 12, 2023).

^{^[18]}Addressing Climate Migration in the Caribbean, available at: https://theglobalamericans.org/2023/03/addressing-climate-migration-in-the-caribbean/ (Last visited on May 12, 2023).

^{^[20]}Rima Parekh , “How California’s wildfires spark migration”, (2021), available at: .https://escholarship.org/content/qt2t46h1hw/qt2t46h1hw_noSplash_a59a931a51682c4ac6678cd2a4125cef.pdf?t=qz2nz3 (Last visited on May 27, 2023).

^{^[21]} The Egyptian government failing to protect refugees from rape and sexual assault, available at: https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20221128-egyptian-government-failing-to-protect-refugees-from-rape-and-sexual-assault/ (Last visited on May 27, 2023).

[1] COLLEGE NAME: The Tamil Nadu Dr.Ambedkar Law University-SOEL

EMAIL ID: dhanalaksmi2003@gmail.com

[1] Anjali Dixit is a Ph. D scholar at Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University, Lucknow. She completed her LL.M. from NALSAR University of Law, Hyderabad in 2021 and qualified UGC NET (JRF) examination in 2022.

[2] Child protection & Children’s rights in Digital World, CHILDREN’S RIGHTS DIGITAL

https://childrens-rights.digital/einstieg/index.cfm/topic.277, Accessed 11 August 2021.

[3] Sonia Livingstone, Sharon Mclaughlin, Brian O’Neill, Eva Lievens, and Valerie Verdoodt, Children’s Rights and Digital Technologies in Ursula Kilkelly & Liefaard Ton (eds), International Human Rights of Children (Springer 2018). (hereinafter, ‘Ursula 2018’)

[4] UNICEF, Protecting Children from Online Sexual Exploitation (June 15, 2016)

https://www.unicef.org/media/73506/file/FBO-Guide-for-Religious-Leaders-Communities-2016.pdf. accessed August 14, 2021.

[6] It must be noted here that “children are entitled to special care and assistance” (UNCRC, art.25) and that “Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children” (UNCRC, art.26). Beyond this, there is no implication that children should be treated in any way differently from adults as regards fundamental rights.

[7] Onora O'Neill, Children’s Rights and Children’s Lives, 3 Ethics (1988). Also, P E Veerman, The aging of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child 4 Int. J. Of Children’s Rights,18 (2010).

[8] United Nations Committee on the Rights of Child, General Comment No. 25, Children’s Rights in relation to the digital environment (2021) (hereinafter, ‘GC 25’).

[11] Ingrid Schoon, Risk and Resilience: Adaptations in Changing Times (Cambridge University Press 2006) (hereinafter, ‘Schoon 2006’).

[13]Andrea Duerager & Sonia Livingstone, How can parents support children’s internet safety? (hereinafter, ‘Duerager 2012’) (March 2012) http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/42872/>accessed April 26, 2022.

Helen Whittle et al., Review of young people’s vulnerabilities to online grooming 18 Aggression and Violent Behavior, (2013).

[16] UNESCO, Fostering Digital Citizenship through Safe and Responsible use of ICT, (2014)

https://en.unesco.org/icted/sites/default/files/2019-04/62_fosteing_digital_citizenship_through_safe_and_responsible_use_of_ict.pdf Accessed April 21, 2022.

[18] Linda Raftree & Keshet Bachan, Integrating information and communication technologies into communication for development strategies to support and empower marginalized adolescent girls (August 2013)(hereinafter ‘Linda Raftree 2013’). https://communityengagementhub.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/04/ICTPaper_Web.pdf

accessed April 20, 2022.

[20] Sonia Livingstone & Ellen Helsper, Balancing Opportunities and Risks in Teenagers Use of the Internet: The Role of Online Skills and Family Context, 2 New Media & Society 12 (2010).

[21] Gerrit Beger, Priscilla Kounkou Hoveyda, Akshay Sinha, Indonesian youth online: An exploratory study of the Indonesian digital landscape (January 31, 2012) accessed August 11, 2021.

[22] Sonia Livingstone et al., A Global Research Agenda for Children’s Rights in the Digital Age, 8 J. Of Children and Media, 4 (2014).

[24] Elena Tilovska-Kechedji and Darian Rakitovan, The Digital World Affecting Children’s Rights and the effects of Internet Governance J. E.-EUR. CRIM. L. 140(2018).

[25]Athena Duffy et al., Self-Perceived Pornography Addiction in Adults: A Systematic Review of Definitions and Reported Impact’ 13 J. of Sexual MED,760 (2016).

[26] Miranda A. H. Horvath et al., Basically... Porn Is Everywhere: A Rapid Evidence Assessment on the Effects that Access and Exposure to Pornography Has on Children and Young People, Middlesex Univ.'S Res. Repository 33 (2013)

[27] Ellen Johanna Helsper, R18 material: Its Potential Impact on People under 18- An Overview of the Available Literature (January 2005) accessed April 26, 2022.

[29] Our Rights in a Digital World (March 2021)

https://5rightsfoundation.com/uploads/OurRghtsinaDigitalWorld-FullReport.pdf accessed April 22, 2022.

[30]Gerison Lansdown, Promoting Children’s Participation in democratic decision-making (February 2001)

https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/insight6.pdf accessed April 26, 2022.

[31] Sonia Livingstone, Taking Risky Opportunities in Youthful Content Creation: Teenagers Use of Social Networking Sites for Intimacy, Privacy and Self-expression 10 NW. MED. SOC. 3 (2008).

[32] Sarah Wilson, Digital Technologies, Children and Young People's Relationships and Self-Care,14 Children's Geographies 3 (2016).

[35] Act on Development of an Environment that Provides Safe and Secure Internet Use for Young People,2008 (Japan).

[36] Internet Society Perspectives on Internet Content Blocking (Internet Society, March 24, 2017)

https://www.internetsociety.org/resources/doc/2017/internet-content-blocking/

Accessed April 22, 2022.

[37] Enhancing Online Safety for Children Act 2015 (Australia).

[38]Mapping Online Child Safety in Asia Pacific (July 2017) https://www.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Online-Child-Safety-in-Asia-Pacific-report-final.pdf accessed April 26, 2022.

[39] Chris Berg & Simone Breheny, Enhancing online safety for children (March 2014)

https://www.communications.gov.au/sites/default/files/submissions/Institute_of_Public_Affairs.pdf accessed April 22, 2022.

[40] Melissa K. Holt, David Finkelhor, & Glenda Kaufman Kantor, Hidden Forms of Victimization in Elementary Students Involved in Bullying, 3 School PSY.REV. 36 (2007).

[41] Sonia Livingstone, Leslie Haddon, Anke Görzig and Kjartan Ólafsson Risk and Safety on the Internet: The perspective of European Children (2011)

http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/33731/ accessed April 21, 2022.

[43] Aratrika Choudhuri, Conceptualizing Children's Rights in Digital Spaces: Emerging Issues and Challenges 15 Socio-LEGAL REV. 151. (2019).

[46] United Nations, Committee on the Rights of Child, The Right of the Child to be heard, General Comment No. 12 (2009).

[49]Jutta Croll, New Youth Protection Law in Germany: Participation of children is a top priority (March 12, 2021)

https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/medialse/2021/03/12/new-youth-protection-law-in-germany-participation-of-children-is-a-top-priority/ accessed April 27, 2022.

[52] This article is adapted from author’s LL.M dissertation ‘Configuring Digital Rights of Children: Emerging Issues and Challenges, submitted to NALSAR University of Law in August 2021.

[5] Dr. Ibe Okegbe Ifeakandu & Dr. Charles Emeka Ochem, Examination of the Crime of Genocide under the Rome, 105, Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization, 1 (2021), https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JLPG/article/download/55412/57228.

[6] Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 1998, art. 6, No. 38544, 1998.

[7] Rome Statute of International Criminal Court, 1998, https://legal.un.org/icc/statute/99_corr/cstatute.htm (last visited Sept. 11, 2023).

[8] Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 1998, art. 7, No. 38544, 1998.

[9] Rome Statute of International Criminal Court, 1998, https://legal.un.org/icc/statute/99_corr/cstatute.htm (last visited Sept. 13, 2023).

[10] Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 1998, art. 8, No. 38544, 1998.

[11] Inserted by resolution RC/Res.6 of 11 June 2010.

[13] Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 1998, art. 17, No. 38544, 1998.

[5] Laksmi Anantnarayan, Shabana Diler, Natasha Menon, The Clitoral Hood A Contested Site: Khafd or Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C), WESPEAKOUT (Sept. 16, 2023, 3:17 pm), https://narisamatamanch.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Khafd-or-Female-Genital-MutilationCutting-FGMC-in-India_A-Report.pdf

[6] Mariya Taher, Understanding Female Genital Cutting in the Dawoodi Bohra Community: An Exploratory Survey, Sahiyo (Sept. 16, 2023, 3:20 pm), https://sahiyo.org/images/resource-pdf/sahiyo_report_final-5.21.19.pdf

[7] Kirti Bhargava, Does India Need A Law To Curb Female Genital Mutilation? What Has FGM To Do With Religion?, Outlook India, (Nov. 17, 2022, 5:08 pm), https://www.outlookindia.com/national/does-india-need-a-law-to-curb-female-genital-mutilation-what-has-fgm-to-do-with-religion--news-238125

[9] Masooma Ranalvi, Modi govt in denial about female genital mutilation in India. Collect data, let states ban it, ThePrint, (Nov. 23, 2022, 10:41 am), https://theprint.in/opinion/modi-govt-in-denial-about-female-genital-mutilation-in-india-collect-data-let-states-ban-it/1230724/

[11] World Bank, Compendium of international and national legal frameworks on female genital mutilation (5th ed. 2021).

[12] UN General Assembly, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, 18 December 1979, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1249, p. 13, http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/cedaw.htm.

[15] Bridie Jabour, Australia's first female genital mutilation trial: how a bright young girl convinced a jury, The Guardian, (Nov. 13, 2015, 6:28 am), https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/nov/13/female-genital-mutilation-trial-young-girl-convinced-jury-australia

[16] Pec?iu?riene?, J. (2013) Good practices in Combating female genital mutilation. Luxembourg: Publications Office.

[18] Shalini Nair, No official data on existence of Female Genital Mutilation in India, Centre tells SC, The Indian Express, (Dec. 28, 2017, 07:16 am), https://indianexpress.com/article/india/no-official-data-on-existence-of-female-genital-mutilation-in-india-centre-tells-sc-5001780/

[26]Eliminating female genital mutilation: An interagency statement OHCHR, UNAIDS, UNDP, UNECA, UNESCO, UNFPA, UNHCHR, UNICEF, UNIFEM, WHO (2008). Geneva: World Health Organization.

[27] Al-Sabbagh, M.L. (1998) Islamic ruling on male and female circumcision. Alexandria: World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean.

[28] Kassamali N. Genital cutting. [ed.] Suad Joseph. Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures. Brill-Leiden, 2006, Vol. III, p 129–134.

[30] Laksmi Anantnarayan, Shabana Diler, Natasha Menon, The Clitoral Hood A Contested Site: Khafd or Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C), WESPEAKOUT (Sept. 16, 2023, 3:17 pm), https://narisamatamanch.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Khafd-or-Female-Genital-MutilationCutting-FGMC-in-India_A-Report.pdf

[31] Rasheeda Bhagat, India: Ban this barbarous practice!, Stop FGM Middle East, (July 29, 2014), http://www.stopfgmmideast.org/india-ban-this-barbarous-practice/

[1]Student of L.L.M., ICFAI Law School, ICFAI University, Dehradun.

[2]Associate Professor, ICFAI Law School, ICFAI University, Dehradun.

^{^[1]} United Nations International Police Task Force, 1996.

^{^[2]} Dagdu v. State of Maharashtra, (1977) 3 SCC 68.

[3] R.E. AlIen, Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English (1990) p.286.

Custody according to shorter Oxford Dictionary, means safe keeping, protection, charge, care, guardian ship; M.C.Desai, Venkata Ramaiya’s Law Lexicon with Legal Maxims (1996) p.574.

[4] Gurdial Singh v. Emperor, AIR 1932 Lah. 609, p. 611. In fact, actual detention or confinement is not essential, suffice it will be if the accused is submitted to custody by action or by word of the police; N.K. Jain, Custodial Crimes – An Affront To Human Dignity, Human Rights (2000) p. 64.

[5] Mihir Adhikary v. State, 1983 Cri LJ (Cal) 1559.

[6] Collins Cobuild, English Language Dictionary (1992) p.1546.

[7] SAHELI-A Women Resource Centre v. Police Commissioner of Delhi, AIR 1990 SC 513.

[8] D.K.Basu v. State of West Bengal, AIR 1997 SC 610.

[9] Shailendre Mishra, Police Brutality: An Analysis of Police Behavior (1986) pp.32-33.

[10] Nithya Ramakrishnan, In custody: Law, Impunity and Prisoner Abuse in South Asia 5 ( Sage Publication Ltd., 2013).

[13]https://www.academia.edu/9267466/CONCEPT_OF_CUSTODIAL_VIOLENCE_AND_TYPES_OF_TORTUE

[15] https://knowlaw.in/index.php/2023/05/22/indian-police-custodial-violence-and-interrogations/

[17]https://www.clearias.com/custodialviolence/#:~:text=It%20sometimes%20leads%20to%20psychological,social%20hatred%2C%20and%20many%20more.

[18]https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-against-torture-and-other-cruel-inhuman-or-degrading

[19] https://prsindia.org/theprsblog/the-prevention-of-torture-bill-2010

[20] Article 3- “Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.”

[21] Article 5- “No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.”

[22] Article 11-“(1) Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defense. (2) No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed.”

[23]https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights#:~:text=the%20present%20Covenant.-,Article%207,to%20medical%20or%20scientific%20experimentation.

[24]https://www.deccanherald.com/india/ncrb-report-gujarat-records-highest-custodial-deaths-in-india-1140709.html

[25] https://knowlaw.in/index.php/2023/02/19/riding-the-roughshod-is-it-time-to-ratify-uncat/

[26]https://cjp.org.in/why-has-india-still-not-ratified-un-convention-against-torture/#:~:text=India%20signed%20it%20but%20did,binding%20as%20per%20international%20law.

[27] Article 20- “(1) No person shall be convicted of an offence except for violation of a law in force at the time of the commission of the act charged as an offence, nor be subjected to a penalty greater than that which might have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of the commission of the offence.

(2) No person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once.

(3) No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.”

[28] Smith v. Director, Serious Fraud Office, (1992)3 ALL EF 456 (463); People’s Union for Civil Liberties v. Union of India, (2004)9 SCC 580.

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[2] Robert F. Schroeder, ‘Himalayan Subsistence Systems: Indigenous Agriculture in Rural Nepal’ (2017) 14 International Mountain Society< http://www.jstor.org/stable/3673221>

[3] Sanjoy Hazarika and Reshmi Banerjee, ‘Gender, Poverty and Livelihood in the Eastern Himalaya’< https://books.google.co.in/books>

[4] C P Joshi and B B Singh, ‘Indigenous Agricultural Knowledge in Kumaon Hills of Uttaranchal’(2006) 19,24 Vol 5(1) Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge< http://www.niscair.res.in/sciencecommunication/researchjournals/rejour/ijtk/Fulltextsearch/2006/January%202006/IJTK-Vol%205(1)-January%202006-pp%2019-24.htm>

[6] Piyoosh Rautela and Bhavna Karki, ‘Impact of Climate Change on Life and Livelihood of Indigenous People of Higher Himalaya in Uttarakhand, India’(2015) Vol 3, No.4, 112- 124 American Journal of Environment Protectionhttp://gbpihedenvis.nic.in/PDFs/Disaster%20Data/Disaster%20Data%20Uttarakhand/Papers/Impact_of_Climate_Change.pdf

[7] Parul Rani and Nagendra Kumar, ‘Man- Eaters of Kumaon: a Critique of Modernity’(2017) Vol.IX, No.1, Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanitieshttps://dx.doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v9n1.21

[8] Ghanshyam Sharma and Bharat K. Pradhan, ‘Traditional Knowledge and Access and Benefit Sharing in the context of Himalayan States’ (2002) ISBN: 978-3-031-16185-8

[9] Ulia Popova, ‘Conservation, Traditional Knowledge, and Indigenous Peoples’ 2013 Volume 58 Issue 1, Sage Journal https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764213495043

[10] Gunvi Rattra,’Indigenous Intellectual Property Rights’ Legal Service India E Journal

[11] Deepthi Rodda, ‘Biopiracy Analysis of Existing International and Indian Legal Framework’(2020) Volume III, Issue II International Journal of Law, Management And Humanities

[12] Gurdial Singh Nijar, ‘The Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing of Genetic Resources: Analysis and Implementation Options for Developing Countries’(2011) South Centre

[13] Stephen B. Brush, ‘Indigenous Knowledge of Biological Resources, and Intellectual Property Rights: The Role of Anthropology’ (1993)653 95 American Anthropologist

[14] Adarsh Kishore, ‘Towards an Indian Approach to Globalization’(2020) Manupatra

[15] Ayushman Sagar, ‘INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE & PATENT ISSUES: With reference to Turmeric, Neem & Basmati Rice’(2021) Manupatra

[16] Shaila Seshia Galvin, ‘Becoming Organic: Nature and Agriculture in the Indian Himalaya’ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=F98mEAAAQBAJ&lpg=PA278&ots=-v46n_i1DG&dq=globalization%20and%20legal%20impact%20in%20himalaya%20region&pg=PA260#v=onepage&q=globalization%20and%20legal%20impact%20in%20himalaya%20region&f=false

[18] Gerard Toffin and Joanna Plaff- Czarnecka, ‘Facing Globalization in the Himalayas: Belonging and the Politics of the Self’ (2014)484 Sage Publications Indiahttps://books.google.co.in/books?id=1Ho6BAAAQBAJ&dq=globalization+impact+on+Himalayan+indigenous&source=gbs_navlinks_s

[1] Ph.D. Scholar At National Law University, Delhi

[2] Ph.D. Scholar At National Law University, Delhi

[3] Bhupinder Sharma v. State of Himachal Pradesh, AIR 2003 SC 4684

[4] Brooke Flagler, A Brief History of rape law, The Feminist Poetry Movement (Dec 13, 2019),

[6] Gelles, Richard J. “Power, Sex, and Violence: The Case of Marital Rape.” 26.(4.) The Family Coordinator 339, 339-347 (1977).

[7] Pamini Kasera, A Historical Analysis of Rape Laws in India, SSRN (June 5, 2020), https://ssrn.com/abstract=3619807.

[11] S v. HM Advocate, 1989 S.L.T. 469; R. v J [1991] 1 All E.R. 759 Independent, January 3, 1991, Guardian, January 18, 1991

[12] Criminal law and penal methods reform committee of south australia, Special Report – Rape and Other Sexual Offences (1976, Government Printer, Adelade, South Australia)

[13] South Australia Legislative Council, Parliamentary Debates, Peter Duncan, Attorney-General (9th November 1976) pp 1942-1943

[14] Weishaupt v. Commonwealth, 315 S.E. 2nd 847 (Va. 1984)

[15] Free Speech: Report of Ezra H. Heywood’s Defence Before the United States Court in Boston, April 10, 11 and 12, 1883, at 16

[16] S.C. Code § 16-3-652, criminal sexual conduct in the first degree; S.C. Code 16-3-600(C)(1), assault and battery in the first degree

[17] KI Vibhute, Rape within Marriage in India, 27 Indian Bar Review 167 (2000).

[18] Narendra Kumar v. State (NCT of Delhi), AIR 2012 SC 2281

[20] To Have and To Hold, The Marital Rape Exemption and Fourteenth Amendment, 99(6) Harvard Law Review 1256 (1986)

[21] (Exception) —Sexual intercourse by a man with his own wife, the wife not being under fifteen years of age, is not rape.]

[22] (Sixthly) — With or without her consent, when she is under sixteen years of age. Explanation. - Penetration is sufficient to constitute the sexual intercourse necessary to the offence of rape.

[23] 375. Rape. - A man is said to commit “rape” who, except in the case hereinafter excepted, has sexual intercourse with a woman under circumstances falling under any of the six following descriptions: -

(First) — Against her will.

(Secondly) —Without her consent.

(Thirdly) — With her consent, when her consent has been obtained by putting her or any person in whom she is interested in fear of death or of hurt.

(Fourthly) —With her consent, when the man knows that he is not her husband, and that her consent is given because she believes that he is another man to whom she is or believes herself to be lawfully married.

[25] 2022 SCC OnLine Del 1404...

https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2023/01/06/analysing-the-delhi-high-courts-approach-towards-presumption-of-constitutionality-in-marital-rape-case-rit-foundation-v-union-of-india-a-case-comment/

[29] The Current Legal Framework on Marital Rape in India, Helpline Law, https://www.helplinelaw.com/family-law/CLFM/thecurrent-legal-framework-on-marital-rape-in-india.html Last Accessed July 3 2021

[30] Cr. Appeal No. 1277 of 2014 (SLP(CRL.) No. 9127 of 2013)

[32] https://main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/NFHS-5_Phase-II_0.pdf

[33] https://www.equalitynow.org/news_and_insights/a-ruling-on-marital-rape-in-india-is-coming-up-heres-why-you-should-be-watching-closely/

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