INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

UNRAVELING THE LEGAL TAPESTRY: EXPLORING ABORTION LAWS IN INDIA FROM A JURISPRUDENTIAL PERSPECTIVE BY - PRATISTHA PRIYADARSHI & ARUNAV

Authors : PRATISTHA PRIYADARSHI & ARUNAV

Registration ID : 106134 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6134 & IJLRA6135

Year : Oct -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : pratistha.priyadarshi@nusrlranchi.ac.in & arunav@nusrlranchi.ac.in

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THE INSTANCES AND THE IMPACT OF THE DOCTRINE OF ULTRA VIRES ON ACTS AND ORDERS OF A COMPANY AUTHORED BY - NAKUL SINGHTHE INSTANCES AND THE IMPACT OF THE DOCTRINE OF ULTRA VIRES ON ACTS AND ORDERS OF A COMPANY BY - NAKUL SINGH

Authors : NAKUL SINGH

Registration ID : 106133 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6133

Year : Oct -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

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Email Id : nakul219106@nujs.edu

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DISPUTE SETTLEMENTS UNDER THE WTO: THE ISSUES AND CHALLENGES BY - KRISHNA MAJUMDAR

Authors : KRISHNA MAJUMDAR

Registration ID : 106132 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6132

Year : Oct -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

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Email Id : krishnamajumdar10599@gmail.com

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THE DEVADASIS IN INDIA: LEGISLATIVE PROTECTION AND BEYOND BY- Swarnika Tirkey, Hiten Joshi & Rahul Sharma

Authors : Swarnika Tirkey, Hiten Joshi & Rahul Sharma

Registration ID : 106129 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6129, IJLRA6130 & IJLRA6131

Year : Oct -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : Pt. Ravishankar Shukla university, raipur, joshi.hiten60@gmail.com & rsshubham.sharma6@gmail.com

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REINFORCING ENVIRONMENTAL AND EDUCATIONAL FEDERALISM BY - Swarnika Tirkey, Hiten Joshi & Rahul Sharma

Authors : Swarnika Tirkey, Hiten Joshi & Rahul Sharma

Registration ID : 106126 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6126, IJLRA6127 & IJLRA6128

Year : Oct -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : Pt. Ravishankar Shukla university, raipur, joshi.hiten60@gmail.com & rsshubham.sharma6@gmail.com

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/10.2023-69861833/REINFORCING ENVIRONMENTAL AND EDUCATIONAL FEDERALI

FEMINIST CRIMINOLOGY: GENDERED NATURE OF VICTIMHOOD By: Mary Christine Delicia. M

Authors : Mary Christine Delicia. M

Registration ID : 106125 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6125

Year : Oct -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

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Email Id : delicia.228@gmail.com

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SEXUAL HARRASMENT OF WOMEN AT WORKPLACE ACT, 2013 IN ADRRESSING WORKPLACE HARRASMENT IN INDIA. BY - MISHA SINHA

Authors : MISHA SINHA

Registration ID : 106124 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6124

Year : Oct -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

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ACKNOWLEDGING THE TRENDS OF JUDICIAL ACTIVISM IN INDIAN FRAMEWORK BY - Swarnika Tirkey, Hiten Joshi & Rahul Sharma

Authors : Swarnika Tirkey, Hiten Joshi & Rahul Sharma

Registration ID : 106121 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6121, IJLRA6122 & IJLRA6123

Year : Oct -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : Pt. Ravishankar Shukla university, raipur, joshi.hiten60@gmail.com & rsshubham.sharma6@gmail.com

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ADDRESSING VOYEURISM IN INDIA: LEGAL IMPLICATIONS AND EFFECTIVENESS BY: D DONNA GADIEL

Authors : D DONNA GADIEL

Registration ID : 106120 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6120

Year : Oct -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

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Email Id : donnagadiel2003@gmail.com

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THE HISTORY OF HOMOSEXUALITY IN INDIA AND THE NAVTEJ SINGH JOHAR CASE: NAVIGATING THE ROAD AHEAD BY - ANURAG NAIR

Authors : KANURAG NAIR

Registration ID : 106119 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6119

Year : Oct -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : 22bal138@nirmauni.ac.in

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/10.2023-53553655/THE HISTORY OF HOMOSEXUALITY IN INDIA AND THE NAVT

International journal for legal research and analysis

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[1] Dworkin, Ronald. “Feminism and Abortion”. The New York Review of Books, June 10, 1993, 27-29.

[2] Berer, Marge,(2017), “Abortion Law and Policy Around the World: In Search of Decriminalization.” Health and Human Rights, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 13–27.

[3] Ravi Singh Chhikara and Karman Kaur, (2020), The Conflicting Jurisprudence Behind the Laws on Abortion, International Journal of Law and Jurisprudence, Vol 3, No 2, pp-13-27.

[4] Berer, Marge, (2017), “Abortion Law and Policy Around the World: In Search of Decriminalization.” Health and Human Rights, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 13–27.

[5] Grimes DA, Stuart G. Abortion jabberwocky: “The Need for Better Terminology. Contraception”.

[6] Sedgh G, Singh S, Shah IH, Åhman E, Henshaw SK, Bankole A: “Induced abortion: Incidence and Trends Worldwide from 1995 To 2008”

[7] Bankole A, Singh S, Haas T: “Reasons why women have induced abortions: evidence from 27 countries.

[8] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Dec. 10, 1948, G.A. Res. 217 A (III), U.N. Doc.A/810 (1948), availableat: http://www.un.org/Overview/rights (last visited on Dec 16, 2020).

[10] William Saunders, “The ABC of International Right to Abortion”, available at: http://www.humanlifereview.com/index.php/archives/52-2010-summer/113-the-abcs-of-an-international-right- toabortion (last visited on Dec 16, 2020).

[11] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, art. 6.

[13] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, art. 1.

[14] Bhavish Gupta Meenu Gupta, (2016), Socio Cultural Aspect of Abortion in India: Law, Ethics and Practices, ILI law Review, pg-140-150.

[15] Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, Article 12.

[16] Article 21- Protection of life and personal liberty No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.

[17] Garima Tripathi, “Legacy and Legality of Abortion in India and in USA”, Available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3636238, (last visited, 16 Dec, 202)

[18] Section 312-Causing miscarriage,

Section 313-Causing miscarriage without the consent of the woman, Section 314 -Death caused with an intent to cause miscarriage,

Section 315 -Act done with intent to prevent a child being born alive or to cause it to die after birth, Section 316(IPC): Causing death of a quick born child by act amounting to culpable homicide.

[20] Amar Jesani and Aditi Iyer, (1993) “Women and Abortion”, Economic and Political Weekly, 27.

[24] Government of India, Report of the Committee to Study the Question of Legalisation of Abortion 36 (Ministry of Health and Family, 1966).

[25] Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1972 (Act of 1971), Preamble.

[26] Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1972 (Act of 1971), s. 3.

[27] Writ Petition (C) No. 593 of 2016 (Supreme Court of India), decided on July 25, 2016, available at: http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/FileServer/2016-07-25_1469453114.pdf (last visited on Dec 16, 2020)

[28] International Federation of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, Recommendations on Ethical Issues in Obstetrics and Gynaecology 58 (Committee for the Study of Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women’s Health, Oct. 2009), available at: http://www.figo.org/docs/ Ethics%20Guidelines%20%20English%20version%202006%20-2009.pdf (last visited on Dec 16, 2020).

[31] 6 Micheal DA Freeman, Lloyd’s Introduction to Jurisprudence (7th edn, Sweet & Maxwell 2001) 132-139.

[32] John Finnis, ‘The fragile case for euthanasia: a reply to John Harris’ in John Keown (eds), Euthanasia Examined (Cambridge University Press 1995).

[33] Emily Jackson, Medical law: texts, cases and materials (OUP 2006) 594; Jonathan Herring, Medical Law and Ethics (OUP 2006) 262.

[34] Ronald Dworkin, Life’s Dominion (HarperCollins 1993).

[35] Steven Ross and Terry F Godlove, ‘Books Review’ (1994) 25(1) Methaphilosophy 96, p 96.

[36] [no author], ‘Inside out, Within and Beyond, or Backwards? Life’s Dominion: An Argument about Abortion, Euthanasia, and Individual Freedom’ (1994) 107(4) Harvard Law Review 943, 943

[37] Siddhivinayak Hirve,(2004) “Abortion Policy In India: Lacunae and Future Challenge” Abortion Assessment Project, India Centre for Enquiry into Health and Allied Themes, Bombay

[39] Bhavish Gupta Meenu Gupta, (2016), Socio Cultural Aspect of Abortion in India: Law, Ethics and Practices, ILI law Review, pg-146.

[40] Patchesky Rosalind Pollack, Abortion and Women's Choice: The State, Sexuality and Reproductive Freedom 13 (Northeastern University Press, 1st edn., 1991).

[2] Brady and Joseph Donald, The Doctrine of Ultra Vires, Its Nature, Elements & Mordern Application, American Law Review, Vol.54 Issue.4 (1920).

[3] Attorney General v. G.E. Rly. Co., (1880) 5 A.C. 473.

[4] A. Ramaiya, Guide to The Companies Act (19^th ed. Vol.1, 2020), section. 4(1)(c).

[5] Central Transport Co. v. Pullman’s Palace Car Co., 139 U.S. 24, II Sup. Ct. 489

[6] Kefauver and Estetes, The Doctrine of Ultra Vires, Tennessee Law Review, Vol.6 Issue.1 (1927-1928).

[8] A. Ramaiya, Guide to The Companies Act (19^th ed. Vol.1, 2020), section. 4(1)(c).

[9] Ashbury Railway Carriage & Iron Co. Ltd. v. Riche, (1875) L.R. 7 H.L. 653

[13] P.S. Sangal, Ultra Vires & Companies: The Indian Experience, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol.12 Issue.3 (1963).

[15] Thompson and Seymour, The Doctrine of Ultra Vires in relation to Private Corporations, American Law Review, Vol.28 Issue.3 (1894)

[16] Thompson and Seymour, The Doctrine of Ultra Vires in relation to Private Corporations, American Law Review, Vol.28 Issue.3 (1894)

[17] G.M. Sen, Rule of Ultra Vires in company law, has it outlived its purpose, Journal of the Indian Law Institute, Vol.27 Issue.2 (1985)

[18] G.M. Sen, Rule of Ultra Vires in company law, has it outlived its purpose, Journal of the Indian Law Institute, Vol.27 Issue.2 (1985)

[22] Dr. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar A. v. LIC (1963) Comp LJ 248

[23] Gower, The Principles of Modern Company Law 97 (3^rd ed., 1969)

[24] Report of the Cohen Committee on Company Law Amendment, 1945, ¶.12

[25] Report of the High-Powered Expert Committee on Companies and M.R.T.P. Acts, 180(1978).

[26] Report of The Company Law Committee, 1952, ¶.33

[27] G.M. Sen, Rule of Ultra Vires in company law, has it outlived its purpose, Journal of the Indian Law Institute, Vol.27 Issue.2 (1985)

[29] A. Ramaiya, Guide to The Companies Act (19^th ed. Vol.1, 2020), section. 4(1)(c).

[30] A. Ramaiya, Guide to The Companies Act (19^th ed. Vol.1, 2020), section. 4(1)(c).

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[36] Andrew R. Thompson, Company Law doctrines and the authority to contract, University of Toronto Law Journal, Vol. 11 (1955-1956).

[38] McLenan, The Ultra Vires doctrine & the Turquand rule in Company Law, A suggested Solution, South African Law Journal, Vol.96 Issue.2 (1979)

[39] The Harvard Law Review Association, Constructive Notice of the Charter of a corporation, Harvard Law Review, Vol.26 Issue.6 (1913).

[40] The Harvard Law Review Association, Constructive Notice of the Charter of a corporation, Harvard Law Review, Vol.26 Issue.6 (1913).

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[43] Report of The Company Law Committee, 1962, P.42.

[44] The Harvard Law Review Association, Constructive Notice of the Charter of a corporation, Harvard Law Review, Vol.26 Issue.6 (1913).

[45] (1875) L.R. 7 H.L. 869, 893; L.R. 5 Eq. 316, 322.

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[48] Report of The Company Law Committee, 1962, P.42.

[49] Palmer, Palmer's Company Law 33 (19th ed.,1949).

[50] Palmer, Palmer's Company Law 33 (19th ed.,1949).

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[56] Rama Corporation v. Proved Tin & General Investment Co. (1952) 1 All. ER 554

[57] Rouben v. Great Fingal Consolidated, (1906) AC 439; Kreditbank Cassel v. Schenkers Ltd. (1927) 1 KB 826

[58] Anand Behari Lal v. Dinshaw & Co. (Bankers) Ltd., AIR 1942 Oudh 417

[59] Varkey Souriar v. Keraleeya Banking Co. Ltd., (1957) 27 Com Cases 591 (Ker.)

[60] A. Ramaiya, Guide to The Companies Act (19^th ed. Vol.1, 2020), section. 4(1)(c).

[61] Pacific Coast Coal Mines v. Arbuthnot, (1917) AC 607.

[62] McLenan, The Ultra Vires doctrine & the Turquand rule in Company Law, A suggested Solution, South African Law Journal, Vol.96 Issue.2 (1979)

[63] McLenan, The Ultra Vires doctrine & the Turquand rule in Company Law, A suggested Solution, South African Law Journal, Vol.96 Issue.2 (1979)

[64] McLenan, The Ultra Vires doctrine & the Turquand rule in Company Law, A suggested Solution, South African Law Journal, Vol.96 Issue.2 (1979)

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[1] Payosova, Tetyana, Gary Clyde Hufbauer, and Jeffrey J. Schott. The dispute settlement crisis in the World Trade Organization: causes and cures. No. PB18-5. 2018.

[2] Thomas Bernauer, Manfred Elsig et.al., The World Trade Organization’s Dispute Settlement Mechanism – Analysis and Problems ( the Center for Comparative and International Studies (ETH Zurich and University of Zurich),2010)

[3] GATT Articles XXII and XXIII, the GATT consultation and dispute settlement articles, continue to serve as the legal basis for dispute settlement under WTO agreements on trade in goods. See, e.g., Agreement on Agriculture art. 19.

[4] Dispute Settlement Understanding Arts. 16.4, 17.14

[5] Bernhard Zangl, Judicialization Matters! A Comparison of Dispute Settlement Under GATT and the WTO 825–854(International Studies Quarterly (2008) )

[6] Madhumitha, Dharmapuri Selvakumar. "WTO-Analysis of Issues with the Dispute Settlement Mechanism." Beijing L. Rev. 11 (2020): 879.

[7] Tirkey, Aarshi. "The WTO dispute settlement system: An analysis of India’s experience and current reform proposals." (2019).

[8] Hauser, Heinz, and Thomas A. Zimmermann. "The challenge of reforming the WTO dispute settlement understanding." Available at SSRN 666983 (2003).

[9] Hauser, Heinz, and Thomas A. Zimmermann. "The challenge of reforming the WTO dispute settlement understanding." Available at SSRN 666983 (2003).

[10] Fergusson, Ian F. (9 May 2007). "The World Trade Organization: Background and Issues". Congressional Research Service. p. 4. Retrieved 15 August 2008.

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[12] Bagwell, Kyle, and Robert W. Staiger. 1999. "An Economic Theory of GATT." American Economic Review, 89 (1): 215-248.

[13] Joost Pauwelyn, THE LAW, ECONOMICS, AND POLITICS OF RETALIATION IN WTO DISPUTE SETTLEMENT, Chad P. Bown, ed., Cambridge University Press, 2009

[14] Joost Pauwelyn, THE LAW, ECONOMICS, AND POLITICS OF RETALIATION IN WTO DISPUTE SETTLEMENT, Chad P. Bown, ed., Cambridge University Press, 2009

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[19] Overview: a Navigational Guide, WTO official site. For the complete list of "The Uruguay Round Agreements," see WTO legal texts, WTO official site, and Uruguay Round Agreements, Understandings, Decisions, and Declarations, WorldTradeLaw.net

[20] Principles of the Trading System, WTO official site

[21] World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1996

[22] Fergusson, Ian F. "World trade organization negotiations: the Doha development agenda." LIBRARY OF CONGRESS WASHINGTON DC CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE, 2008.

[23] "The Second WTO Ministerial Conference". World Trade Organization. Retrieved 2008-08-1

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[55] Body, Dispute Settlement, and Special Session. Contribution of the European Communities and Its Member States to the Improvement of the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding. TN/DS/W/1, Annex, para. 10 (Mar. 13, 2002)[hereinafter EC's Proposals], 2002.

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[65] Rules, Dispute Settlement. "Understanding on rules and procedures governing the settlement of disputes." Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 2 (1994): 1869.

[66] Davey, William J. "Compliance problems in WTO dispute settlement." Cornell Int'l LJ 42 (2009): 119.

[67] Anderson, K., S. Harbinson, and C. Haberli. "European Communities--Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas: Report of the Panel, complaint by the United States." (1997).

[68] Davey, William J. "Evaluating WTO dispute settlement: what results have been achieved through consultations and implementation of panel reports?." Illinois Public Law Research Paper 05-19 (2005).

[69] Christakos, Helen A. "WTO Panel Report On Section 110 (5) of the US Copyright Act." Berkeley Tech. LJ 17 (2002): 595.

[70] Davey, William J. "Compliance problems in WTO dispute settlement." Cornell Int'l LJ 42 (2009): 119.

[71] Body, Dispute Settlement. "Overview of the State of Play of WTO disputes." DSB, Overview (2000).

[72] Lennings, Nicholas. "Appellate body report, Australia-measures affecting the importation of apples from New Zealand, WTO Doc WT/DS367/AB/R (29 November 2010)." Australian International Law Journal 18 (2011): 241-249.

[73] Latif, Muhammad Ijaz. "Uruguay Round of GATT and Establishment of the WTO." Pakistan Horizon 65.1 (2012): 53-70.

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[36] Convention for the Suppression of Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others, July 25, 1951, 96 U.N.T.S. 271.

[37] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Dec. 16 1966, 999 U.N.T.S. 171.

[39] The Devadasis were said to have developed various forms of dances and arts such as Bharatnatyam. Such form of classical dance has now become the identity of India on a global pedestal. ⁴⁰Supra note 2.

[40] The News Minute, Andhra to Frame Rules to Rehabilitate Devadasis, December 10, 2015 http://www.thequint.com/india/2015/12/10/andhra -to -frame -rules -to -rehabilitate -devadasis (Accessed on 1 October 1, 2017).

[41] Deccan Herald, Centre asks states to stop Devadasi system, December 28, 2015 http://www.deccanherald.com/content/519925/centre -asks -states -stop -devadasi.html . 43

[2] Wheare, K C. 1963. ‘Federal Government’

[3] Philip Mawhood, “The Politics of Survival: Federal States in the Third World”, International Political Science Review, Vol 5(4), (1984): 521-531.

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[7] Niranjan Sahoo, “COVID-19 and cooperative federalism in India: So far, so good”, ORF Expert Speak, 30 April 2020

[8] Entry 18, List II, Schedule VII, Constitution of India

[11]A.K. Singh, Union Model of Indian Federalism. (New Delhi: CFS & Manak Publications, 2009).

[13] Ashutosh Varshney, “How has Indian Federalism done,” 43-46

[14] Commission on Centre-State relations, Report Volume 1, 2020

[15] Commission on Centre-State relations, Report Volume 1, 2010

[1] Kimberlé Crenshaw, "Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics," University of Chicago Legal Forum 1989 (1), 139-167

[2] Chakraborty, Kalpana. (2017). Caste, Class, and Gender Intersectionality in the Experiences of Violence: An Ethnographic Exploration among the Dalit Women of West Bengal, India. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 42(2), 385-411.

[3] Nagraj, M. (2003). Dalit Women Talk Differently: A Critique of 'Difference' and Towards a Dalit Feminist Standpoint Position. Economic and Political Weekly, 38(44), 4702-4710.

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[5] Harris, A. P. (1990). Race and Essentialism in Feminist Legal Theory. Stanford Law Review, 42(3), 581-616.

[6] Bauer, G. R., Ahmed, R., & Coleman, T. A. (2017). Incorporating Intersectionality Theory into Population Health Research Methodology: Challenges and the Potential to Advance Health Equity. Social Science & Medicine, 110-117.

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[8] Chakravarti, U. (1993). Conceptualizing sexual violence in patriarchal society: An overview. Economic and Political Weekly, 28(17), 747-753.

[9] Vishaka and Others v. State of Rajasthan and Others (1997) 6 SCC 241.

[10] The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 (No. 13 of 2013), Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, Section 1, 21 March 2013.

[11] The "Nirbhaya" Case (2012): In December 2012, a brutal gang rape and murder case in Delhi, India, sparked nationwide protests and led to significant changes in India's laws on sexual violence.

[12] Bose, C. E. (2013). Constructing Feminine Victimhood: The Representation of Women in Hindi Women's Magazines. Media, Culture & Society, 35(8), 963-978.

[13] Sen, A. (2000). The Many Faces of Gender Inequality. New Republic, 33-39.

[14] S.R. Batra v. Taruna Batra, (2006) 3 SCC 530.

[15] Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 (No. 43 of 2005).

[16] Menon, N. (2007). Gender and Politics in India. Oxford University Press.

[17] Bhanwari Devi case (1992): Bhanwari Devi, a lower-caste woman, was gang-raped for attempting to prevent a child marriage in Rajasthan, India. Her case led to widespread protests and legal reforms in India.

[18] Kabeer, N. (2005). Gender equality and women's empowerment: A critical analysis of the third Millennium Development Goal 1. Gender & Development, 13(1), 13-24.

[19] State of West Bengal v. Anwar Ali Sarkar, AIR 1952 SC 75.

[20] Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 (No. 43 of 2005).

[21] Chakravarti, U. (2013). Families in India: Beliefs and Realities. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 44(3), 339-359

[22] The "Delhi Gang Rape" Case (2012): The gang rape and murder of a young woman in Delhi in December 2012 led to widespread protests and discussions about gender-based violence and legal reforms in India.

[23] Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (2012). Social role theory. In P. A. M. Van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 458-476). SAGE Publications Ltd.

[24] State of Punjab v. Iqbal Singh, AIR 1991 SC 1538.

[25] Rupan Deol Bajaj v. Kanwar Pal Singh Gill, (1996) 2 SCC 648

[26] Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 139-167.

[27] Rappaport, J. (1987). Terms of Empowerment/Exemplars of Prevention: Toward a Theory for Community Psychology. American Journal of Community Psychology, 15(2), 121-148.

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[31] Vimochana. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://vimochana.net/

[33] State of Punjab v. Gurmit Singh, (1996) 2 SCC 384

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[35] State of U.P. v. Naushad, Criminal Appeal No. 314 of 2013.

[36] Supreme Court of India (2018). Guidelines regarding the Identity of Victims of Rape (In re: Destruction of Evidence v. State of Bihar). Writ Petition (Criminal) No. 167 of 2012.

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[39] The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 (No. 13 of 2013).

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[41] The "Nirbhaya Fund" (2013): Established in the aftermath of the 2012 Delhi gang rape case to support initiatives addressing violence against women

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[43] State of Punjab v. Gurmit Singh, (1996) 2 SCC 384.

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[45] Lawyers Collective. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.lawyerscollective.org/.

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[49] The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 (No. 33 of 1989).

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[55] State of Maharashtra v. Madhukar Narayan, Criminal Appeal No. 493 of 2015.

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[1] "The Origin and Current Meanings of 'Judicial Activism'". Cal. L. Rev. 92 (5): 1441–1477.

[2] as quoted in "Takings Clause Jurisprudence: Muddled, Perhaps; Judicial Activism, No", Geo. JL & Pub. Pol'y, 2002

[4] Ref. to the Article, When seed for Judicial Activism was sowed, ?The Hindustan Times? (New Delhi ) dated 01-04-96, p.9

[13] Writ Petition (Civil) No. 13381/1984 | 28-08-2018

[15] Ref. to the Article, National Law Day: Judicial activism based on flawed premise, says Arun Jaitley

, ?The Indian Express dated 26-11-17

[1] The Author is a 3^rd year BCOM LLB (Hons.) Student at the School of Excellence in Law, The Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University

[2] The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, No.14, Acts of Parliament, 2013 (India) and Rules 2013.

[3] Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012, No.32, Acts of Parliament, 2012 (India).

^{^[4]} The Tamil Nadu Prohibition of Eve-teasing Act, 1998, No.44, Acts of Parliament, 1998 (India).

[6] Sofia Bambri, VOYEURISM: THE SILHOUETTED CRIME IN INDIA, S. Bhambri & Associates (Sep.17,2022, 11:20 AM), https://www.sbhambriadvocates.com/post/voyeurism-the-silhouetted-crime-in-india.

[7] Criminal Law (Amendment) Act of 2013, No.13, Acts of Parliament, 2013 (India).

[8] Information Technology Amendment Act, 2008, No.10, Acts of Parliament, 2009 (India).

[11] European Convention on Human Rights, Rome, 4.XI.1950.

[13] Voyeurism (Offences) Act, 2019 CHAPTER 2 (UK)

[16] Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, Sch 1, No.2, Acts of Parliament, 1974 (India).

[21] Kalandi Charan Lenka v State of Orissa, 2001 II OLR 267.

[22] Govind v. State of Maharashtra, 1975 AIR 1378, 1975 SCR (3) 946.

[1] Torah[ Leviticus][18:22]

2 Anti buggery laws of England, 1533

3 Indian Penak Code, 1860

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5 Vatsayayana, The Kamasutra, [published by Hinoo Kama Shastra Society][1988]

6 NAZ FOUNDATION VS UNION OF INDIA[2009] AIR 2009

7 SURESH KUMAR KOUSHAL VS NAZ FOUNDATION[2013] CIVIL APPEAL NO.10972 OF 2013

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IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

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