INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

BAIL BEFORE BARS: A CONSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVE BY - MANSIRAT KAUR SANDHU

Authors: MANSIRAT KAUR SANDHU

Registration ID: 108740 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8740

Year : Nov -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: mansiratsandhu24@gmail.com

Page No : 18 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/11.2024-65289534/BAIL BEFORE BARS: A CONSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVE

TRIBUNALS AS SOLUTION FOR JUDICIAL ARREARS: VIABLE OR QUESTIONABLE? BY - PROF. (DR.) ANUPAMA GOEL, SOMIYA JOSHI & PADMAJA DUBEY

Authors: PROF. (DR.) ANUPAMA GOEL, SOMIYA JOSHI & PADMAJA DUBEY

Registration ID: 108737 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8737, IJLRA8738 & IJLRA8739

Year : Nov -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: anupama.goel@nludelhi.ac.in, somaiya.joshi@nludelhi.ac.in & padmaja.dubey@nludelhi.ac.in

Page No : 18 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/11.2024-23557714/TRIBUNALS AS SOLUTION FOR JUDICIAL ARREARS: VIABLE

TENANCY AGREEMENT OF TNRRRLT ACT 2017 AND ITS ROLE IN BUILDING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LANDLORD AND TENANT AND IN RESOLVING TENACY DISPUTES BY - MS. DEEPIKA MURALI, MR. HARIGARAN S & MR. MAHALINGAM V

Authors: MS. DEEPIKA MURALI, MR. HARIGARAN S & MR. MAHALINGAM V

Registration ID: 108734 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8734, IJLRA8735 & IJLRA8736

Year : Nov -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: dm6698@srmist.edu.in

Page No : 16 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/11.2024-24918188/TENANCY AGREEMENT OF TNRRRLT ACT 2017 AND ITS ROLE

EVALUATING THE WIPO 2024 TREATY: STRENGTHENING LEGAL SAFEGUARDS FOR GENETIC RESOURCES AND TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE BY - POORVAJA SUBRAMANIAN

Authors: POORVAJA SUBRAMANIAN

Registration ID: 108733 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8733

Year : Nov -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: 125087056@sastra.ac.in

Page No : 21 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/11.2024-96198176/EVALUATING THE WIPO 2024 TREATY: STRENGTHENING LEG

LIMITING THE CASES OF CIVIL NATURE: A PROSPECTIVE SOLUTION TO PENDENCY IN JUDICIARY BY - PROF. (DR.) ANUPAMA GOEL AND SOMIYA JOSHI

Authors: PROF. (DR.) ANUPAMA GOEL AND SOMIYA JOSHI

Registration ID: 108731 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8731 & IJLRA8732

Year : Nov -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: somaiya.joshi@nludelhi.ac.in

Page No : 19 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/11.2024-24794512/LIMITING THE CASES OF CIVIL NATURE: A PROSPECTIVE

INDIAN JUDICIAL DELAYS AND CASE BACKLOGS. CREATIVE AND CRITICAL EVALUATION. BY - SOVI GEORGE & GEORGE KO

Authors: SOVI GEORGE & GEORGE KO

Registration ID: 108729 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8729 & IJLRA8730

Year : Nov -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: soyigeorge@gmail.com

Page No : 17 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/11.2024-51731874/INDIAN JUDICIAL DELAYS AND CASE BACKLOGS. CREATIVE

INDIAS PATENT SYSTEM AND THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY: EVOLUTION AND CHALLENGES BY - SAMBIT SATPATHY

Authors: SAMBIT SATPATHY

Registration ID: 108728 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8728

Year : Nov -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: satpathysambit2@gmail.com

Page No : 15 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/11.2024-87293128/INDIAS PATENT SYSTEM AND THE PATENT COOPERATION TR

INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS: STRENGTHENING LEGAL PROTECTIONS FOR INVESTIGATIVE REPORTING IN INDIA, A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS WITH FOREIGN NATIONS BY - S. HARIINI SHRI & MADDIPATI SRI SESHAMAMBA

Authors: S. HARIINI SHRI & MADDIPATI SRI SESHAMAMBA

Registration ID: 108726 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8726 & IJLRA8727

Year : Nov -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: sriseshamambamaddipati2003@gmail.com & hariiniofficial10@gmail.com

Page No : 22 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/11.2024-53536742/INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

NAVIGATING COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT REGULATION IN SOCIAL MEDIA BY – DHANUJA & SAI DHARSHINI

Authors: DHANUJA & SAI DHARSHINI

Registration ID: 108724 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8724 & IJLRA8725

Year : Nov -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: dhanujaarumugam31@gmail.com & saidharshu15@gmail.com

Page No : 14 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/11.2024-72237157/NAVIGATING COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT REGULATION IN SO

CONTRACT LAW IN THE DIGITAL AGE: AI, BLOCKCHAIN, AND THE FUTURE OF LEGAL CONSENT AND LIABILITY BY - NIVEDITA RAJESH & SWETHA PRABHA K

Authors: NIVEDITA RAJESH & SWETHA PRABHA K

Registration ID: 108722 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8722 & IJLRA873

Year : Nov -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: niveditarajesh2002@gmail.com & swethaprabak682@gmail.com

Page No : 28 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/11.2024-48485358/CONTRACT LAW IN THE DIGITAL AGE: AI, BLOCKCHAIN, A

International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

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IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
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[1] Assistant Professor of Law, Khalsa College of Law, Amritsar.

[2]Iyer, v. R. Krishna. “CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE I.” BAIL, www.iilsindia.com/studymaterial/320679_1601207180.pdf.

[3] Halsbury’s Laws of England, , Vol II para 166 ( 4th Edn., 1998)

[9] Iyer, V. R. Krishna. “CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE I.” BAIL, www.iilsindia.com/study-material/320679_1601207180.pdf.

[10] “OBJECT AND MEANING OF BAIL- BAILABLE AND NON-BAILABLE OFFENCES.” Vidhi Judicial Academy, vidhijudicial.com/object-and-meaning-of-bail-bailable-and-non-bailable-offences.html#:~:text=Bail%20contemplates%20to%20%22procure%20the,and%20judgment%20of%20the%20court.

[11] “Bail Provisions in Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita.” Finology, blog.finology.in/Legal-news/Bail-provisions-in-BNSS.

[13] Parihar, Subhashini. “Bail Is a Rule, and Jail Is an Exception – Explained.” WritingLaw, 11 Nov. 2023, www.writinglaw.com/bail-is-a-rule-and-jail-is-an-exception-explained.

[18] The Law Advice - Articles - Bail is a Rule, Jail is an Exception: A Legal Perspective. www.thelawadvice.com/articles/bail-is-a-rule-jail-is-an-exception-a-legal-perspective.

[19] BAIL IS A RULE, JAIL IS AN EXCEPTION- AN ANALYSIS. opinionexpress.in/bail-is-a-rule-jail-is-an-exception-an-analysis.

[20] “Bail is Rule and Jail is an Exception.” Drishti Judiciary, www.drishtijudiciary.com/current-affairs/bail-is-rule-and-jail-is-an-exception.

[22] “Satender Kumar Antil Case.” Drishti Judiciary, www.drishtijudiciary.com/editorial/satender-kumar-antil-case.

[23] The Law Advice - Articles - Bail is a Rule, Jail is an Exception: A Legal Perspective. www.thelawadvice.com/articles/bail-is-a-rule-jail-is-an-exception-a-legal-perspective.

[1] The Constitution of India 1950, arts 21, 32, 37-38, 39-A, 226

[2] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 s.10; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 s 14; International Covenant on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights, 1966 s 26; Sustainable Development Goals, 2015 Goal 16

[3] P. Ramachandra Rao v. State of Karnataka (16 April 2002) Appeal (criminal) 535 of 2000

[7] Ibid. at 6

[9] 14th Report 1958, 27th Report 1964, 58th Report 1974, 77th Report 1978 and 121st Report 1987

[10] National Law School of India University Scholarship Repository, “Decision Time: Illuminating Performance in India’s District Courts”, Varsha Aithala et. al., 30-08-2024. https://repository.nls.ac.in/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1101&context=nls_articles

[11] The Law Commission of India, 14^th Report, ‘Reform of Judicial Administration’ (1958)

[12] The Law Commission of India, 58^th Report, ‘The Structure and Jurisdiction of Higher Judiciary’ (1974).

[13] The Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976- Part XIV-A (Articles 323A and 323B) was inserted.

[14] Report of the Arrears Committee, 1989-90, pp.130-131 (under the leadership of V.S. Malimath, the then Chief Justice of High Court of Kerala)

[16] The Law Commission of India, 124^th Report, ‘The High Court Arrears-A Fresh Look’, 1988

[17] The Law Commission of India, 221^st Report, ‘Need for Speedy Justice-Some Suggestions’ (2009)

[18] The Law Commission of India, 222^nd Report, ‘Need for Justice Dispensation Through ADR etc.’ (2009) p. 40

[19] The Law Commission of India, 230^th Report, ‘Reforms in the Judiciary-Some Suggestions’ (2009)

[20] Ministry of Law and Justice, Income Tax Appellate Tribunal, Government of India < Income Tax Appellate tribunal (itat.gov.in)>

[21] Central Administrative Tribunal, Benches- CAT, Government of India < CAT - Home (cgat.gov.in)>

[22] The Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act 1976, Articles 323A & 323B.

[23] Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Company Law Board, Government of India < MinistryOf Corporate Affairs - clb (mca.gov.in)>

[25] The Law Commission of India, 14^th Report, ‘Reform of Judicial Administration’ (1958); Law Commission of India, 58^th Report, ‘Structure and Jurisdiction of Higher Judiciary’ (1974)

[26] Regy, Prasanth and Roy Shubho, ‘Understanding Judicial Delays in Debt Tribunals’ (2017) National Institute of Public Finance and Policy < https://ssrn.com/abstract=2996409 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2996409>

[27] The Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993, section 22

[29] Associated Cement Companies Ltd. v. P. N. Sharma, AIR 1965 SC 1595

[30] Kihoto Hollohan v. Zachillhu, AIR 1993 SC 412

[32] S.P. Sampath Kumar v. Union of India AIR 1987 SC 386

[33] L. Chandra Kumar v. Union of India AIR 1997 SC 1125

[35] The Law Commission of India, 124^th Report, ‘High Courts Arrears-A Fresh Look’ (1988).

[36] Chanchal Kumar Chatterjee v State of West Bengal (29 August, 2018)

[38] The Law Commission of India, 272^nd Report, ‘Assessment of Statutory Frameworks of Tribunals in India’ (2017), Government of India

[39] Arijeet Ghosh, Diksha Sanyal and others, ‘Reforming the Tribunals Framework in India: An Interim Report’ (2018) Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy <8thJuneFinalDraft.pdf> last accessed on August 6, 2024

[40] The Law Commission of India, 232^nd Report, ‘Retirement Age of Chairpersons and Members of Tribunals-Need for Uniformity’ (2009)

[41] Union of India v. Madras Bar Association, (2010) 11 SCC 1; Madras Bar Association v. Union of India, (2014) 10 SCC 1

[44] The Tribunals Reforms Act, 2021, secs.3, 7.

[46] Wade, H.W.R & Forsyth, C.F., ‘Administrative Law’ (2009) 10 Oxford University Press United Kingdom, 773.

[47] Law Commission of India, ‘Assessment of Statutory Framework of Tribunals in India’ Law Commission Reports (272^nd) 2017.

[48] Government of India, ‘National Judicial Data Grid’ National Judicial Data Grid-s High Courts (2024) Welcome to NJDG - National Judicial Data Grid for High Courts of India (ecourts.gov.in) (last accessed on March 26, 2024)

[49] PRS, ‘The Tribunals Reforms (Rationalization and Conditions of Service) Bill, 2021’ PRS Legislative Research The Tribunals Reforms (Rationalisation and Conditions of Service) Ordinance, 2021 (prsindia.org) (last accessed on March 26^th, 2024).

[51] Ghosh, Y. ‘Indian Judiciary: An Analysis of the Cyclic Syndrome of Delay, Arrears and Pendency’ (2018) 5(1) Asian Journal of Legal Education, 21-39. https://doi.org/10.1177/2322005817733566

[1] S.R. Venkatesh v R. Jayakumar, C.R.P.No.3031 of 2022, C.M.P.No.13631 of 2022, Neutral Citation https://hcmadras.tn.gov.in

[2] S.4, TNRRRLT (Amendment) Act, 2018 https://tenancy.tn.gov.in/Content/Documents/TNRRRAmendmentAct2018.pdf

[3] S.8, TNRRRLT (Amendment) Act, 2018 https://www.tenancy.tn.gov.in/Content/Documents/TNRRRAmendmentAct2018.pdf

[4] S.4, Tamil Nadu (Lease and Control) Act, 1960, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/89640929/

[5] S.9, TNRRRLT Act, 2017, https://tenancy.tn.gov.in/Content/Documents/TNRRRLTact2017.pdf

[6] C Shivakumar, Coming soon, 11-month rent agreement in Tamil Nadu, 26 May 2017, The New Indian Express

[7] S.R. Venkatesh v R. Jayakumar, C.R.P.No.3031 of 2022, C.M.P.No.13631 of 2022, neutral citation, https://hcmadras.tn.gov.in

[8] Ramesh Shalunke V Pramila Jain, C.R.P. (N.P.D). No. 1996 of 2021, Neutral Citation,

[9] Muruganandam vs J.Joseph, CRP NPD Nos.3056, 3061, 3062, 3063, 3067 and 3094 of 2021, Neutral Citation

[10] V.Manimegalai vs Selvaraj Kannan, C.R.P.(NPD).No.3317 of 2019, Neutral Citation

[11] Dilip Solanki vs Kiran Kumari, C.R.P.NPD.No.941 of 2023, Neutral Citation

[12] Ramesh Shalunke V Pramila Jain, C.R.P. (N.P.D). No. 1996 of 2021, Neutral Citation,

[13] Housing and Urban Development Department, https://www.tenancy.tn.gov.in

[14] Mr.Vijayraj Bhandari vs Mr.Suresh Kumar J, C.R.P.No.162 of 2023, Neutral Citation

[15] Mohamed Imranullah S, “Madras HC directs Collectors to ensure registration of tenancy agreements within 30 days of submission”, December 23, 2022, The Hindu.

[16]Lalith Kumar vs Pramila Jain, C.R.P.(N.P.D).No.1997 of 2021, Neutral Citation

[17] Mohamed Imranullah S, Madras High Court upholds constitutional validity of Landlords and Tenants Act, 2017, April 26, 2024, The Hindu

[1] Flynn, S. (2024). Limitations and Exceptions in the WIPO Instrument on Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge.

[2] Love, J., & Cassedy, C. (2024). Sanctions for Non-Disclosure, as Set Out in Article 6 of the WIPO Basic Proposal on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Traditional Knowledge, Should Include Possible Revocation of a Patent.

[3] Yu, P. K. (2024). WIPO Negotiations on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge. Akron Law Review, 57, 23-71.

[4] Perron-Welch, F. (2024). Striking a balance between innovation and tradition in the global patent system. Journal of Intellectual Property Law and Practice, 19(10), 747-749.

[5] Piancastelli Siqueira Brina, L., & Philippe Ibanez de Novion, H. (2024). WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge: Balancing Competing Interests to a Landmark Achievement.

[7] Convention on biological diversity C.B.D. Article 2 (WIPO 1992).

[10] The Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-sharing, The Convention on Biological Diversity https://www.cbd.int/abs/about/default.shtml.

[11] Overview, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations https:\www.cbd.int\abs\about\default.shtml

[13] WIPO treaty on intellectual property, genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge Article 17 (WIPO 2024).

[14] WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge, 2024 - Informal Summary, wipo.int https://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/mdocs/en/gratk_dc/gratk_dc_exsum.pdf.

[15] WIPO treaty on intellectual property, genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge Article 3 (WIPO 2024).

[16] WIPO treaty on intellectual property, genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge Article 6 (WIPO 2024).

[17] Suryansh Pandey, WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge: A Step Forward, Miles to Go, NLR Blog (Aug. 20, 2024), .https://nliulawreview.nliu.ac.in/blog/wipo-treaty-on-intellectual-property-genetic-resources-and-associated-traditional-knowledge-a-step-forward-miles-to-go-2/

[19] Dr. Anson C J, WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge: Concerns of India and Developing Nations- Part I, Spicy IP (June 3, 2024), https://spicyip.com/2024/06/wipo-treaty-on-intellectual-property-genetic-resources-and-associated-traditional-knowledge-concerns-of-india-and-developing-nations.html.

[20]Ashutosh Singh, Unveiling the Critique of the WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge, 2024, IP link (July 12, 2024), https://www.iplink-asia.com/article-detail.php?id=1170.

[21] Jocelyn Bosse, We have a new treaty! Report on the conclusion of the WIPO Diplomatic Conference on Genetic Resources and Traditional Knowledge, The IPKat (May 24, 2024), https://ipkitten.blogspot.com/2024/05/we-have-new-treaty-report-on-conclusion.html.

[22] WIPO treaty on intellectual property, genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge Article 4 (WIPO 2024).

[23] WIPO treaty on intellectual property, genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge Article 8 (WIPO 2024).

[1] Professor (Law) and Research Director, Centre for Comparative Studies in Personal Laws, National Law University, Delhi

[2] Research Associate, National Law University, Delhi

[3]Bhatia, K. L., et al., Delay: A Riddle Wrapped in a Mystery Inside an Enigma, Journal of the Indian Law Institute, vol. 37, no. 1 42–72 JSTOR (1995)

Accessed 24 Apr. 2024

[5]Hiram E. Chodosh, Stephen A. Mayo, A.M. Ahmadi & M. Abhishek Singhvi, Indian Civil

Justice System Reform: Limitation and Preservation of the Adversarial Process, 30

N.Y.U. J. INT'l L. & POL. 1 (Fall 1997/Winter 1998).

[6]Krishnaswamy, S., K Sivakumar, S., & Bail, S. (2014). Legal and Judicial Reform in India: A Call for Systemic and Empirical Approaches. Journal of National Law University Delhi, 2(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1177/2277401720140101

[7]Bernard S. Cohn, “Some notes on Law and Change in North India, Economic Development and Cultural Change” 8(1) page 79-93 (1959)

[8]Sama: It includes practices such as appreciating the merits or personal qualities of the parties followed by exploring any kind of relationships between parties. It would be followed by explaining the advantages that would be ensued to both the parties as a result of sama.

[9]L.N. Rangarajan, Kautilya : The Arthashastra, Penguin Classics 92 (1992)

(Guna samkirtanam-praising the merits of others; Samvandhopakhyanam- extolling common relationships; Parsparopakara sandarsana-mutual benefit; Ayati pradarsana-future benefit; Atmopanidhana—finding identity of interest)

[11]Dana is the actual deed to realise the efforts made in conciliation. It works as a motivation and implies granting favours or rewarding the opponent with money, exempting from taxes or giving employment

[12]Bhed It is also akin to coercion which is often played out in any difficult negotiation, where the parties remain locked up in their stated positions.

[13]Raghavendra Vajpeyi, Term Matsyanyaya in Kautilya Arthashastra Proceedings of the Indian History Congress Vol. 34, Vol. I 64-69 (1973)

[14]Stephen B. Presser, “Marriage and the Law: Time for a Divorce?” Cambridge University Press (2011).

[15]Werner Menski, “Ancient and Modern Boundary Crossings Between Personal Laws and Civil Law in Composite India”, SOAS 226 (2011)

<*ancient_and_modern_boundary_crossings_between_personal_laws_and_civil_law_in_composite_india.pdf>

[16]Rajendra Kumar M., Concept of Judiciary in Ancient India, Global Research Analysis 9 (2013)

[17]Sathe, S. P. Review of Crisis of Indian Legal System, by Upendra Baxi. Economic and Political Weekly 18, no. 32: 1388–93 (1983)

http://www.jstor.org/stable/4372382. Also refer to Crisis of Indian Legal System

[18]Halperin, J.L., Western Legal Transplant and India, Jindal Global Law Review 2(1), 14 (2010)

[19]Soma Dey Sarkar, Rathin Bandyopadhyay, Bidisha Bandyopadhyay, Administration of Civil Justice and Its Glorious Uncertainty in the Indian Legal System: A Long, Expensive Journey to Justice, IGI Global

[20]Jaff (J), Layering Law upon Custom, The British in Colonial West India (FIU Law Review) 10:85

[21]Elphinestone (M), Report on Territory Conquered from Paishwa (originally published in 1821), Cambridge University Press (2011)

[22]Woodroffe J.G. & Ameer Ali M.S. Commentary on Code of Civil Procedure Act, 1908 (6th ed., Delhi: Delhi Law House) (2015)

[24]Acculturation: cultural modification of an individual, group, or people by adapting to or borrowing traits from another culture (Merriam Webster)

[26]Hiram E. Chodosh , Stephen A. Mayo, A.M. Ahmadi & M. Abhishek Singhvi, Indian Civil Justice System Reform: Limitation and Preservation of the Adversarial Process, N.Y.U. J. INT'l L. & POL. 1 30 (1997).

[28]Refer to Habeas Corpus, Quo Warranto, Certiorari, Prohibition and Mandamas

[30]An appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court from any judgment, decree or final order in a civil proceeding of a High Court in the territory of India if the High Court certifies under article 134A-

(a)that the case involves a substantial question of law of general importance; and

(b) That in the opinion of the High Court the said question needs to be decided by the Supreme Court.

(2) Notwithstanding anything in article 132, any party appealing to the Supreme Court under clause (1) may urge as one of the grounds in such appeal that a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of this Constitution has been wrongly decided.

(3) Notwithstanding anything in this article, no appeal shall, unless Parliament by law otherwise provides, lie to the Supreme Court from the judgment, decree or final order of one Judge of a High Court

[32]Constitution of India, Article 136: Notwithstanding anything in this Chapter, the Supreme Court may, in its discretion, grant special leave to appeal from any judgment, decree, determination, sentence or order in any cause or matter passed or made by any court or tribunal in the territory of India.

(2) Nothing in clause (1) shall apply to any judgment, determination, and sentence or order passed or made by any court or tribunal constituted by or under any law relating to the Armed Forces.

* There must be a High Court for each State and two or more states may have a common High Court.

[34]Dam, Sukumar, Judiciary in India, The Indian Journal of Political Science, vol. 25, JSTOR 276–81 (1964)

Accessed 23 Apr. 2024

[35]J.K. Das, Rethinking Theoretical Foundations Of The Code Of Civil Procedure: Prospect And Retrospect, Journal of the Indian Law Institute, January-March 2011, Vol. 53, 1-31(2011)

[37]The Code of Civil Procedure, 1859 (Act No. 8). Prior to the Code of 1859, the procedure of the mofussil courts was regulated by the Special Acts and Regulations repealed by Act 10 of 1861

[39]Department of Justice, National Judicial Data Grid, Government of India (Welcome to NJDG - National Judicial Data Grid (ecourts.gov.in) last accessed on April 25, 2024 (around 30 thousand civil cases pending in sub-ordinate courts which are more than 30 years old, around 54604 such 30-years old cases in High Courts and around 200 such 20-30 years old civil cases in Supreme Court)

[40]Yashomati Ghosh, Indian Judiciary: An Analysis of Cyclic Syndrome of Delay, Arrears and Pendency, Asian Journals of Legal Education, Vol. 5 (2017)

[42]Ibid. at 25 (refer to pendency of cases 20-30 years old in Supreme Court, High Courts or District Courts and Talukas)

[44]The increase in the workload of the High Courts was observed by the High Courts’ Arrears Committee, 1949, as quoted in the fourteenth Law Commission Report.

[46]Law Commission of India, Fourteenth Report: Reform of Judicial Administration, at 64 (1958), http://lawcommissionofindia.nic.in/1-50/Report14Vol1.pdf

[47]Shalimar Chemical Works Ltd. v. Surendra Oil, 2010 (8) UJ 3979 (SC): MANU/SC/0645/2010; A. P. Public Service Commission v. Baloji Badhavath (2009) 5 SCC 1 : 2009 (4) UJ 1692 (SC)

[48]Civil Procedure Code (Amendment) Act, 2002, Act no. 22 of 2002,

[52]Saikh Salim Abdul Khyumsals v. Mr. Kumar IR 2006 SC 396 : (2006) 1 SCC 46

[55]ADRs: It is a dispute settlement method that is a very effective alternative to costly and time taking justice delivery system in courts. Section 89 CPC deals with the resolution of disputes outside the court by mode of conciliation, mediation, arbitration, Lok-Adalats and other forms of judicial settlements. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (A &C Act) based on the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration, 1985 and UNCITRAL Conciliation Rules, 1980 was enacted. The Act mainly focuses on the arbitration in disputes of domestic and commercial nature.

[57]Refer to ONGC v Saw Pipes, (2003) 5 SCC 705, Phulchand Exports Ltd v. 0.0.0 Patrio (2011) (10) SCC 300 and Ssangyong Engg. and Construction Co. Ltd. v. National Highways Authority of India (2019) 15 SCC 131

[58]Union of India v. MIS Singh Builders Syndicate, (2009) 4 SCC 523

[60]The Case Information System 3.0 (CIS 3.0) , <2020082670.pdf (s3waas.gov.in)>

CIS 3.0 has been developed by NIC Pune:

· to further opens the doors of district judiciary digitalization towards the much awaited e-filing, e-payments, & e-process

· To enhance the existing CIS 2.0 based on the suggestions received for CIS 2.0 from all over the country through all the High courts

· To move a step forward towards the ICJ visionary project of integrating the court, police station, prison

· In CIS 3.0 there are two types of enhancement made by the NIC Pune

(i)Technological enhancement

(ii)Functionalities enhancement

[62]T. Arvindandam v Satyapal (AIR 1977) SC 2421 (Krishna Iyyer J)

[63]Parthapratim Gupta, Avoiding Litigation in Clinical Practice, Journal of Indian Association of Paediatric Surgeons 24(3): p 158-161, Jul–Sep 2019.

[64]Ghosh, Y. (2018). Indian Judiciary: An Analysis of the Cyclic Syndrome of Delay, Arrears and Pendency. Asian Journal of Legal Education, 5(1), 21-39. https://doi.org/10.1177/2322005817733566.

[66]Neelam Tyagi, Women, Matrimonial Litigation and Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) 1 (2021)

[67]Harshita Bajla, Flaws of Ad-Hoc Arbitration in India, 4 INDIAN J.L. & LEGAL RSCH. 1 (2022)

^{^[1]} Shankar, Ravi, and Tabrez Ahmad. "Information Technology Laws: Mapping the Evolution and Impact of Social Media Regulation in India." DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology 41.4 (2021).

^{^[2]} Chowdhury, Ayan Roy. "The future of copyright in India." Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 3, no. 2 (2008): 102-114.

^{^[3]} Arora, Amishi, and Amlesh Mendhekar. "Threats to Security and privacy of Information due to growing use of social media in India." Asian Journal of Managerial Science 6.2 (2017): 42-49.

^{^[4]} Saravanakumar, K., and K. Deepa. "On privacy and security in social media–a comprehensive study." Procedia computer science 78 (2016): 114-119.

^{^[5]} Sensarkar, Nilanjana. "The potential impact of digital rights management on the Indian entertainment industry." Journal of International Trade Law and Policy 6, no. 1 (2007): 45-55.

^{^[6]} Mishra, Madhusmita. "Social Networking Sites and its Legal Implications in India: A Comparative Study." Available at SSRN 1746162 (2011).

[1] Contra proferentem, Legal Information Institute, https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/contra_proferentem

[2] Julie Young, Contra proferentem rule: How it works and examples Investopedia, https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/contra-proferentem-rule.asp

[3] Consumer protection in the light of Smart Contracts, https://edit.elte.hu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10831/86291/ELJ_+2021_1_web-95-105.pdf?sequence=1

[4](PDF) is a ‘smart contract’ really a smart idea? insights from a legal perspective, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317354410_Is_a_’smart_contract’_really_a_smart_idea_Insights_from_a_legal_perspective

[5] Law School Policy Review, Are smart contracts really smart? Law School Policy Review & Kautilya Society (2024), https://lawschoolpolicyreview.com/2024/01/13/are-smart-contracts-really-smart/

[6] (No date a) Georgetownlawtechreview. Available at: https://georgetownlawtechreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Raskin-1-GEO.-L.-TECH.-REV.-305-.pdf

[7] Authors et al. (2019) The enforceability of smart contracts in India, Contracts and Commercial Law - Corporate/Commercial Law - India. Available at: https://www.mondaq.com/india/contracts-and-commercial-law/874892/the-enforceability-of-smart-contracts-in-india

[8] Briefing, I. (2022) What are smart contracts and are they legal in India?, India Briefing News. Available at: https://www.india-briefing.com/news/what-are-smart-contracts-and-are-they-legal-in-india-25343.html/

[9] Guest, Guest and Says:, V. (2017) The legality of smart contracts in India, IndiaCorpLaw. Available at: https://indiacorplaw.in/2017/12/legality-smart-contracts-india.html

[10] Contract management blockchain use cases with AI-powered negotiations (no date) Legal Tech News & Contract Management Tips. Available at: https://blog.lexcheck.com/contract-management-blockchain-use-cases-with-ai-powered-negotiations-lc

[11] Artificial Intelligence - who is liable when AI fails to perform? (no date) Artificial Intelligence – Who is liable when AI fails to perform? Insight | Technology, Media & Telecommunications | United Kingdom | International law firm CMS. Available at: https://cms.law/en/gbr/publication/artificial-intelligence-who-is-liable-when-ai-fails-to-perform

[12] Who is liable when the use of AI leads to harm? (no date) Wikborg Rein. Available at: https://www.wr.no/en/news/who-is-liable-when-the-use-of-ai-leads-to-harm

[13] The Artificial Intelligence Liability directive (no date) The Artificial Intelligence Liability Directive. Available at: https://www.ai-liability-directive.com/

[14] Pallardy, R. (2024) Ai is creating new forms of liability. how can it be managed?, InformationWeek. Available at: https://www.informationweek.com/machine-learning-ai/ai-is-creating-new-forms-of-liability-how-can-it-be-managed-

[15] Engler, A. et al. (2023) Algorithmic bias detection and mitigation: Best practices and policies to reduce consumer harms, Brookings. Available at: https://www.brookings.edu/articles/algorithmic-bias-detection-and-mitigation-best-practices-and-policies-to-reduce-consumer-harms/

[16] Ofori, D.A. (2023) Navigating the AI and web3 revolution: Emerging frontiers in contract law, Revolutionizing Contract Law: The Impact of AI and Web3. Available at: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/navigating-ai-web3-revolution-emerging-frontiers-law-asare-ofori

[17]Ofori, D.A. (2023) Navigating the AI and web3 revolution: Emerging frontiers in contract law, Revolutionizing Contract Law: The Impact of AI and Web3. Available at: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/navigating-ai-web3-revolution-emerging-frontiers-law-asare-ofori

[18] Mistry, J. (2024) Ai takes the Gavel: Contract laws’ new sidekick in Automated Decision-making, SSRN. Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4786945

[19] Artificial Intelligence (AI) act: Council gives final green light to the first worldwide rules on AI - Consilium. Available at: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2024/05/21/artificial-intelligence-ai-act-council-gives-final-green-light-to-the-first-worldwide-rules-on-ai/

[20] Oecd (2021) Competition and ai, OECD iLibrary. Available at: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/finance-and-investment/oecd-business-and-finance-outlook-2021_3acbe1cd-en;jsessionid=x3V7mHQe2tRoTRScFNrwomcs2Kd-Fnuuq8fIfVa7.ip-10-240-5-95

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