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IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

[1] Hugh F. Owen, The Negotiations of Lucknow Pact, The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 31 No.3, (May 1972), pp. 562.

[3] The Lucknow Pact, Muslim League and Indian National Congress, December 1916.

[1]Business Standard, 2019. L&T has ‘acquired control’ of the company with 60.06% stake: Mindtree. [online] Available at:

[2]The Hindu, Idea cellular took over Vodafone, Vodafone Idea embark on new journey, unveil brand identity Vi, Lalatendu Mishra. [online] Available at:

[3]Mittal Steel took over Arcelor in 2006.

The Economic Times, 2016, Tale of two acquisitions: Mittal Steel's acquisition of Arcelor and Tata Steel's acquisition of Corus. [online]. Available at:

[4][4] Independent, Kraft Foods took over Cadbury in 2010, In a final betrayal of the Cadbury brand, Kraft has quietly abandoned its promise to stick with Fairtrade, Hannah Fern, [online] Available at:

[5]Mathew, Shaun, Hostile Takeovers in India: New Prospects, Challenges and Regulatory Opportunities (November 12, 2007). Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2007, No. 3, Available at SSRN:

[6]Bhandari, 2018.Escorts -Fending off hostile takeover, surviving family split. Business Standard. [online] Available at:

[7]Escorts Ltd. And Another vs Union of India and Others, 1987 57 CompCas 241 Bom

[8]Ninan, 1986. Supreme Court, RBI gives Swaraj Paul clean chit in Escorts, DCM share cases. [online]. Available at:

[9]Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) was abolished on 24 May 2017, as announced by Finance Minister ArunJaitley during 2017-2018 budget speech in Lok Sabha, and has been replaced by the Foreign Investment Facilitation Portal (FIFP).

[11]Lucian, Bebchuk, John ,Coates &Subramanian Journal of Financial Economics, 2006.Classified boards, firm value, and managerial entrenchment. [online]. Available at:

[13]National Bureau of Economic Research. The Powerful Anti-takeover Force of Staggered Boards: Theory, Evidence, and Policy. [online]. Available at:

[15]Companies Act 2013. Section 152(6) states as follows: “(a)Unless the articles provide for the retirement of all directors at every annual general meeting, not less than two- thirds of the total number of directors of a public company, or of a private company which is a subsidiary of a public company, shall-(i) be persons whose period of office is liable to determination by retirement of directors by rotation; and(ii) save as otherwise expressly provided in this Act, be appointed by the company in general meeting.”

[16]Companies Act 2013. Section 169 on Removal of directors states as follows: “(1) A company may, by ordinary resolution, remove a director, not being a director appointed by the Tribunal under section 242, before the expiry of the period of his office after giving him a reasonable opportunity of being heard:

(2) A special notice shall be required of any resolution, to remove a director under this

Section, or to appoint somebody in place of a director so removed, at the meeting at which he is removed.

(3) On receipt of notice of a resolution to remove a director under this section, the company shall forthwith send a copy thereof to the director concerned, and the director, whether or not he is a member of the company, shall be entitled to be heard on the resolution at the meeting.”

[17]Barik, Nikhilesh, Takeover Defences and Corporate Governance (April 15, 2012). [online]. Available at

[18]Eleftheriadou, I. 2018. Hostile Takeovers and Defence Strategies

.International Hellenic University, [online], pp.20. [online]. Available at:

[19]The Guardian, White Knight. The Guardian. [online]. Available at:

[21]Business Standard, 2013, As M&A activity picks up, white knights are riding into India Inc. [online]. Available at: <https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/as-m-a-activity-picks-up-white-knights-are-riding-into-india-inc-110092800051_1.html >

[22]Business Standard, 2018, British American Tobacco proposal to buy back shares not an option: ITC. [online] Available at: <https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/british-american-tobacco-proposal-to-buy-back-shares-not-an-option-itc-118100700631_1.html>

[23]Dalal, 2020, Analysis of Takeover Defences and Hostile Takeover. NALSAR Law Review, 6(1), [online]. Available at:

[24] Securities and Exchange Board of India (Substantial Acquisition of Shares and Takeovers) Regulations, 2011. Regulation 26(2) states as follows: “the target company by way of a special resolution by postal ballot is obtained, the board of directors of either the target company or any of its subsidiaries shall not, —(a) alienate any material assets whether by way of sale, lease, encumbrance or otherwise or enter into any agreement therefor outside the ordinary course of business; (b)effect any material borrowings outside the ordinary course of business;(c) issue or allot any authorised but unissued securities entitling the holder to voting rights…”

[25]Senior securities are those that ranks higher in terms of pay out ranking. The value of these securities is determined by the board of directors

[26]The Economic Times, 2020, Can India Inc. swallow the ‘poison pill’?. [online] Available at:

[27]McChesney, 1993. Transaction Costs and Corporate Greenmail: Theory, Empirics and a Mickey Mouse Case Study, Wiley, Managerial and Decision Economics. Special Issue: Transactions Costs Economics.

[29]Business Standard, 2019, Dalmia Firm & #39;S Stake In Gesco Up At 7.27%. [online]. Available at:

[30]Business Standard, 2019.Arun Bajoria At It Again, Buys 5.14% Bombay Dyeing Stake. [online] Available at: < https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/arun-bajoria-at-it-again-buys-5-14-bombay-dyeing-stake-101081401003_1.html>

[31]Michael Jensen, Takeovers: Causes and Consequences, in Patrick A. Gaughan, ed. Readings in Mergers and Acquisitions, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1994

[32]Companies Act 2013- Section197 (1) The total managerial remuneration payable by a public company, to its directors, including managing director and whole-time director, and its manager in respect of any financial year shall not exceed eleven per cent. of the net profits of that company for that financial year computed in the manner laid down in section 198 except that the remuneration of the directors shall not be deducted from the gross profits:

[33]Companies Act 2013. Section 202(1) for Compensation for loss of office of managing or whole-time director or manager states as follows: “(1) A company may make payment to a managing or whole-time director or manager, but not to any other director, by way of compensation for loss of office, or as consideration for retirement from office or in connection with such loss or retirement.”

[34]Companies Act 2013. Section 2(94) defines “whole-time director” to as follows: “includes a director in the whole-time employment of the company.”

[35]Companies Act 2013. Section 2 (53) defines “manager” to mean as follows: “an individual who, subject to the superintendence, control and direction of the Board of Directors, has the management of the whole, orsubstantially the whole, of the affairs of a company, and includes a director or any other person occupying the position of a manager, by whatever name called, whether under a contract of service or not”

[36]Companies Act 2013. Section 202 on Compensation for loss of office of managing or whole-time director or manager states as follows: “(3) Any payment made to a managing or whole-time director or manager in pursuance of sub-section (1) shall not exceed the remuneration which he would have earned if he had been in office for the remainder of his term or for three years, whichever is shorter, calculated on the basis of the average remuneration actually earned by him during a period of three years immediately preceding the date on which he ceased to hold office, or where he held the office for a lesser period than three years, during such period…”

[39]Mergers and Acquisitions, Alan Auerbach, Published in 1987 by University of Chicago Press by the National Bureau of Economic Research

[41]Companies Act, 2013. Section 180(1) states as follows “(1) The Board of Directors of a company shall exercise the following powers only with the consent of the company by a special resolution, namely:(a) To sell, lease or otherwise dispose of the whole or substantially the whole of the undertaking of the company or where the company owns more than one undertaking, of the whole or substantially the whole of any of such undertakings.”

[42]Annual Report 2018-19, L&T Infotech. [online]. Available at: <https://www.lntinfotech.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/LTI-AR-2019_web-version.pdf?pdf=download>

[43]The Economic Times, 2019, How Mindtree became the object of a hostile takeover battle between its management and L&T. [online]. Available at:<https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/how-mindtree-became-the-object-of-a-hostile-takeover-battle-between-its-management-and-lt/articleshow/68490409.cms>

[44]Annual Report 2018-19, L&T Infotech. [online]. Available at: <https://www.lntinfotech.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/LTI-AR-2019_web-version.pdf?pdf=download>

[46]The Economic Times. L&T confident of taking control of Mindtree: AM Naik. [online].Available at:

[47]Vora K. Hostile takeovers and case of L&T Infotech and Mindtree, VORA Corporate Finance. [online]. Available at: <https://vorafin.com/insights/lt-infotechs-hostile-takeover-of-mindtree-and-theory/>

[48]Nishith Desai Associates, 2020, Don’t Mind: You’ve been Acquired! [online]. Available at:

[49]Post Open Offer Report. SEBI. [online]. Available at:

[50]Business Standard, 2019. What message is being sent to start-ups: Mindtree promoters to L&T. [online].Available at:< https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/what-message-is-being-sent-to-start-ups-mindtree-promoters-to-l-t-on-hostile-bid-119031900766_1.html>

[52]Securities and Exchange Board of India (Substantial Acquisition of Shares and Takeovers) Regulations, 2011. Regulation 3(1) on Substantial acquisition of shares or voting rights states as follows: “No acquirer shall acquire shares or voting rights in a target company which taken together with shares or voting rights, if any, held by him and by persons acting in concert with him in such target company, entitle them to exercise twenty-five per cent or more of the voting rights in such target company unless the acquirer makes a public announcement of an open offer for acquiring shares of such target company in accordance with these regulations.”

[54]Securities and Exchange Board of India (Substantial Acquisition of Shares and Takeovers) Regulations, 2011. Regulation 4 on Acquisition of control states as follows: “Irrespective of acquisition or holding of shares or voting rights in a target company, no acquirer shall acquire, directly or indirectly, control over such target company unless the acquirer makes a public announcement of an open offer for acquiring shares of such target company in accordance with these regulations.”

[55]Securities and Exchange Board of India (Substantial Acquisition of Shares and Takeovers) Regulations, 2011. Regulation 6(1) states as follows: “An acquirer, who together with persons acting in concert with him, holds shares or voting rights in a target company entitling them to exercise twenty five per cent or more but less than the maximum permissible non-public shareholding, shall be entitled to voluntarily make a public announcement of an open offer for acquiring shares in accordance with these regulations, subject to their aggregate shareholding after completion of the open offer not exceeding the maximum permissible non-public shareholding.”

[57]The Hindu, And so, after all the drama, L&T now owns Mindtree. [online]. Available at: <https://www.thehindu.com/business/and-so-after-all-the-drama-lt-now-owns Mindtree/article28191284.ece>

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[49] Section 69 - Power to issue directions for interception or monitoring or decryption of any information through any computer resource. (n.d.). India Code; www.indiacode.nic.in. https://www.indiacode.nic.in/showdata?actid=AC_CEN_45_76_00001_200021_1517807324077&orderno=88#:~:text=%5B69,Power%20to%20issue%20directions%20for%20interception%20or%20monitoring%20or%20decryption,information%20through%20any%20computer%20resource.

[50] Section 69B - Power to authorise to monitor and collect traffic data or information through any computer resource for cyber security. (n.d.). India Code; https://www.indiacode.nic.in/showdata?actid=AC_CEN_45_76_00001_200021_1517807324077&orderno=90

[51] Ahuja, N. B. (2022, January 16). Inside story of cyberattacks on India’s banks, airlines, railways… and the fightback - The Week. The Week; www.theweek.in. https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2022/01/06/inside-story-of-cyber-attacks-on-india-banks-airlines-railways-and-the-fightback.html.

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[54] A significant article curbing the extent of freedom of speech and expression exercised by the citizens of India under Constitution of India, 1950.

[55] This section was added through an amendment to the original Information Technology Act, 2000 in the year 2008 which was the result of the infamous Mumbai Attack 26/11.

[56] Punishment for cyber terrorism. (n.d.). India Code; www.indiacode.nic.in. https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_45_76_00001_200021_1517807324077&orderno=82

[58] Al?k, N. A. H. A. (2022). Emerging Cyber Security Threats: India’s Concerns and Options. International Journal of Politics and Security, 4(1), 170-200.

[63] Singh, V. P. (2021). Cyber terrorism and Indian legal regime: a critical appraisal of Section 66 (F) of the Information Technology Act. Sri Lanka Journal of Social Sciences, 44(1), 71-81.

[64] IANS. (2022, March 26). CERT-In detects over 14L cyber security incidents in 2021 - ET Telecom. https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/cert-in-detects-over-14l-cyber-security-incidents-in-2021/90452616

[65] Singh, P. (2008) Terrorism and the Rule of Law, In N. R. M. Menon (ed.) Rule of Law in a Free Society, pp: 147–173, New Delhi: Oxford University Press

[17] Law of Crimes-1 Book by Dr. RD Vijayasekhar (pg-215)

[18] Section 113 B of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872

[19] Section 3(1) of the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 (penalty for giving or taking dowry)

[20] http://ncrb.gov.in (Crime in India 2015 statistics)

[21] ‘Indian Society-themes and social issues’ book by Nadeem Hasnain (Mc Graw Hill publication) (pg164)

[1] Principle I, Principles of International Law Recognised in the Charter of the Nuremberg Tribunal and in the Judgement of the Tribunal.

[3] The RCC was established as the de facto ruling power in Iraq after the 1968 coup.

[4] Hussein was a symbol of autocracy, cruelty in Iraq, CNN (December 30, 2006), http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/12/29/hussein.obit/index.html.

[6] Edward Mortimer, The Thief of Baghdad, The New York Review of Books Vol. 37, No. 14 (September 27, 1990), http://www.nybooks.com/articles/3519 .

[7] International Criminal Law & Practice, ICLS Foundation, Pg. 3.

[15] Article 6, Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court

[16] Article 7, Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court

[17] Article 8, Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court

[19] Article 8 bis, Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court

[21] Article 6, Charter of Nuremberg International Military Tribunal

[22] Edoardo Greppi, The evolution of individual criminal responsibility under international law (September 1999), https://international-review.icrc.org/sites/default/files/S1560775500059782a.pdf

[24] Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic, Case No. IT-98-33-A, Appeals Chamber ICTY 2004

[25] Prosecutor v. Jean Kambanda, Case No. ICTR 97-23-A, ICTR 2000

[26] Chantal Meloni, Individual Criminal Responsibility, Oxford Bibliographies

[28] Dr. Ismail Kamandar Fattah, The Deportation of the Fayli Kurds, Faylee Kurds Democratic Union (September 6, 2003)

[29] List of Saddam’s Crimes Is Long, ABC News (February 8, 2008)

[34] George Black, Genocide in Iraq: The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds, Human Rights Watch, Middle East Watch Committee (1993)

[35] List of Saddam’s Crimes Is Long, ABC News (February 8, 2008)

[40] Ruth Wedgwood, Trying a Tyrant: Should the Iraqis Alone Sit in Judgment of Saddam? The Washington Institute for Near East Policy (Dec 30, 2003)

[41] Article 11, Rome Statute of the international Criminal Court

[1] B.A., LL.B. (Hons.), LL.M. (NLSIU), UGC-NET (Law), Ph.D. (Pursuing), Assistant Professor in Law, Faculty of Law, Dr. Shakuntala Misra National Rehabilitation University, Lucknow

[2] For Example, FDI Policy has been declaratory of the fact in cases of conflict, FEMA provisions shall always prevail.

[3] Ajay Kr Sharma, A Critique of Indian FDI Law & Policy, 2(1) NLUJ Law Review 30 (2013)

[5] See For Example, Major R P Verma v. Union of India, [1998] 17 SCL 35 (Del); Reserve Bank of India v. Jacqueline Chandani [1996] 86 COMP CASE 231 (Karnataka) and many others

[7] Amiti Sen, Ministries have the Right to reject FDI Proposals, DIPP Clarifies, The Hindu- Businessline, 9 JAN, 2018

[8] Shiba Shankar, Examining the determinants of FDI in India, Journal of Theoretical & Applied Economics, Volume XXIII (2016), No. 2 (2007), Summer, pp. 225-238

[9] Anitha R, Foreign direct investment and economic growth in India, International Journal of Marketing, Financial Services & Management Research Vol.1 Issue 8, August 2012, ISSN 2277 3622

[10] Dr. Laxmi Narayan, Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in India, International Journal of Research (IJR), Vol-1, Issue-7, August 2014, ISSN 2348-6848

[11] Jha G M, Agrawal A, Gupta A and Mishra A K, Determinants of FDI in South Asia, International Research Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 2(1), (January 2013), 1-6, ISSN 2319– 3565

[12] For example, Press Release by Ministry of Railways, FDI in Railways, 07 April, 2017 available at http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=160691

[14] Ila Patnaik, Ajay Shah & Nirvikar Singh, Foreign Currency Borrowings by Indian Firms- Towards a new Policy Framework, India Public Forum, 2015-2016 at p. 178

[16] Emese Kuruc, Bruno Tissot and Philip Turner (BIS), Looking at Aggregate Currency Mismatches & Beyond, Paper presented on the occasion of the IFC/ECCBSO/CBRT Conference on “Uses of Central Balance Sheet Data Offices’ information”, organised by the Irving Fisher Committee on Central Bank Statistics (IFC), the European Committee of Central Balance Sheet Data Offices (ECCBSO) and the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey (CBRT), Özdere-?zmir, 26 September 2016

[17] Aima Azhar, Naeem Ullah & Qaisar Ali Malik, Effect of Exchange Rate Volatility on FDI in SAARC Countries, Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, 23 (2): 350-356, 2015 ISSN 1990-9233 at p. 350

[18] United Nations, The Development Dimension of FDI: Policy and Rule-Making Perspectives, New Yok and Geneva, 2003

[19] Chalapati Rao KS and Biswajit Dhar, India’s Recent Inward Foreign Direct Investment: An Assessment, MPRA Paper No. 88992, posted 17 September 2018, available by retrieval at:

https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/88992/1/MPRA_paper_88992.pdf

[20] Jasmeet Kaur, FDI and Sustainable Development: Lessons to Draw for India, Annual Research Journal of SCMS, Pune, Vol. 1, Jan. 2013–Jan. 2014, pp. 56-68

[21] M. Ghoshal & Shipli Saxena, Role of FDI in Indian Small Scale Industries, International Journal of Management, IT & Technology, Vol. 2 Issue 5, 2012

[22] Joysri Acharya, FDI, Growth and The Environment: Evidence From India on Co2 Emission During the Last Two Decades, Journal of Economic Development, Volume 34, Number 1, 2009

[23] Tushar K Mahanti, High Dependence on FDI may Hamper Growth of India Inc, Economic Times, 13 April 2009

[24] Arjun Bhardwaj, Joerg Dietz and Paul W. Beamish, Host Country Cultural Influences on Foreign Direct Investment, Management International Review, Vol. 47, No. 1 (2007), pp. 29-50

[25] Mariusz Omela?czuk, Export Platform FDI as a Concept for Growth – Selected Global Experiences, Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 1(1), pp. 91?102

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