INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

“CRIMINALIZATION OF MARITAL RAPE LAW IN INDIA IS STILL A TABOO” (By-Nanda Prasad)

Authors: Adv. Chandrakant Bhosale

Registration ID: 100989 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA989

Year : July-2022 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2022-66511784/Nanda Prasad
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Procedure To Approach The District Consumer Dispute Reddresal Forum (By-Adv. Chandrakant Bhosale)

Authors: Adv. Chandrakant Bhosale

Registration ID: 100989 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA989

Year : July-2022 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2022-76312563/Adv. Chandrakant Bhosale
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Relations Of Partners To One Another In A Partnership (By-Advocate Ashok L. Rathod)

Authors: Advocate Ashok L. Rathod

Registration ID: 100988 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA988

Year : July-2022 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2022-85293129/Advocate Ashok L. Rathod
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Email Id: ashokshivani2012@gmail.com

The Supreme Court Of India On Euthanasia: Too Little, Too Late (By-Shankar V Varude)

Authors: Shankar V Varude

Registration ID: 100987 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA987

Year : July-2022 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2022-38544925/Shankar V Varude
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AD HOC ARBITRATION AND INSTITUTIONAL ARBITRATION (By-Aanchal Dhuria)

Authors: Aanchal Dhuria

Registration ID: 100986 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA986

Year : July-2022 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2022-88662721/Aanchal Dhuria
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Email Id: dhuriaaanchal@gmail.com

Critical Analysis Of Blasphemy Law In India And UK (By-Nirmitee Sable)

Authors: Nirmitee Sable

Registration ID: 100983 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA983

Year : July-2022 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2022-53139688/Nirmitee Sable
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Email Id: ashokshivani2012@gmail.com

Sri Lanka’s Crisis and the Power of Citizen Mobilization (By-Nirmitee Sable)

Authors: Nirmitee Sable

Registration ID: 100984 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA984

Year : July-2022 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2022-86879898/Nirmitee Sable
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Email Id: ashokshivani2012@gmail.com

Analysis Of Cyber-Crime And Cyber-Attacks During The Pandemic (By-Nirmitee Sable)

Authors: Nirmitee Sable

Registration ID: 100983 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA983

Year : July-2022 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2022-81949536/Nirmitee Sable
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Email Id: ashokshivani2012@gmail.com

THOMAS HOBBES & NATURAL LAW THEORY (By-Sakshi Pranav Mehta)

Authors: Sakshi Pranav Mehta

Registration ID: 100982 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA982

Year : July-2022 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2022-77438598/Sakshi Pranav Mehta
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Email Id: sakshimehts12@gmail.com

CENSORSHIP: AN ISSUE OF THE INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS (By-Malvika Gupta & Rajat Singh)

Authors: Malvika Gupta & Rajat Singh

Registration ID: 100980 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA980

Year : July-2022 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2022-84258339/Malvika Gupta & Rajat Singh
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Email Id: Malvika Gupta-advmalvika60@gmail.com & Rajat Singh-rajatsinghbvp@gmail.com

International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

ISSN:2582-6433

Website:https://www.ijlra.com/

Accessibility:Open Access

License:Creative Commons 4.0

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All research articles published INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS are fully open access. i.e. immediately freely available to read, download and share. Articles are published under the terms of a Creative Commons license which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not purport to reflect the opinions or views of the INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS or its members. The designations employed in this publication and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

[1] PHD Scholar, School of Law and Legal Affairs (SLLA), Noida International University, Noida, UP.

[2] Bhupinder Sharma V. State of Himachal Pradesh AIR 2003 SC 4684, (2003) 8 SCC 551.

[3] Aman Kumar V. State of Haryana AIR 2004 SC 1497, (2004) 4 SCC 379.

[4] Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, s 3, sub-s (ii), dated 24 December 2012.

[5] https://medium.com/legis-sententia/marital-rape-in-india-what-stand-does-the-law-take-deb55e8a7048.

[6] https://www.slideshare.net › cpjChs › women-and-law-1.

[7] Bhupinder Singh V. Union Territory of Chandigarh (2008) 8 SCC 631, (2008) Cr LJ 3546 (SC).

[8] Bishnu Dayal V. State of Bihar AIR 1981 SC 39.

[13] Shimbhu v. State of Haryana AIR 2014 SC 739, (2014) Cr LJ 308 SC.

[14] Radha v. State of Madhya Pradesh (2007) 12 SCC 57, 2007 Cr LJ 4704 SC.

[15] Narendra Kumar V. State (NCT of Delhi) AIR 2012 SC 2281, (2012) 7 SCC 171, (2012) Cr LJ 2033 SC.

[16] Shyam Narain V. State NCT of Delhi AIR 2013 SC 2209, (2013) Cr LJ 3009, (2013) 7 SCC 77.

[18] Tandon, N. & Oberoi, N., Marital Rape — A Question of Redefinition, Lawyer’s Collective, March 2000, p. 24.

[19] 1 Hale, History of the Pleas of the Crown 629 (1778).

[20] Exception to Section 375 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860.

[21] Section 376-A of the Indian Penal Code, 1860.

[22] Law Commission of India, 42nd Report, 1977, Indian Penal Code, para 16.115, p. 277.

[24] Samparna Tripathi, “Marital Rape and not its criminalization, debases society”, The Wire, Sep.5, 2017.

[25] Elinor Burkett, Women’s Movement, Political and Social Movement, available at https://www.britannica.com/topic/womens-movement.

[28] http://lawtimesjournal.in/independent-thought-vs-union-of-india/

[29] 17 Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 (No. 32 of 2012).

[30] https://www.news18.com/news/india/delhi-hc-declines-plea-to-direct-centre-to-make-marital-rape-a-ground-fordivorce-2223529.html.

[31] Marital Rape in India: 36 countries where marital rape is not a crime, India Today, Mar. 12, 2016.

[32] http://www.simplydecoded.com/2015/05/23/marital-rape-trivialisation-vs-criminalisation/

[33] http://www.simplydecoded.com/2015/05/23/marital-rape-trivialisation-vs-criminalisation/

[34] http://www.simplydecoded.com/2015/05/23/marital-rape-trivialisation-vs-criminalisation/

[35] Francis Coralie Mullin v. Administrator, Union Territory of Delhi, (1981) 1 SCC 608.

[36] Article 51-A (e) of the Constitution of India.

[37] Section 376 of the Indian Penal Code. Return to Text.

[38] Because radical restructuring in the United States, Canada and New South Wales has proved disappointing. See Nicolson, D. & Bibbings, L., Feminist Perspectives on Criminal Law (1st Edn., Cavendish Publishing Ltd. London, 2000), p. 185.

[3] SBP & Co. v. Patel Engineering Ltd. & another, (2005) 8 SCC 618.

[4] Section 2 in the Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996: (1) In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires,-
(a) "arbitration" means any arbitration whether or not administered by permanent arbitral institution.

[5] Halsbury’s Laws of England, 4^th ed., Vol. 2, p.255, 501.

[8]https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/201577/9/09_chapter%203.pdf

[14]http://www.legalserviceindia.com/article/l64-Ad-Hoc-and-Institutional-Arbitration.htm

[7] Leviathan, or the Matter, Form and Power of Commonwealth, Ecclesiastical and Civil ; by Thomas Hobbes ; edited by C. B. Macpherson. Harmondsworth : Penguin (Pelican Books), 1968 (originally published 1651); Ch.XI, p.49.

[1] Malvika Gupta, LLM, Maharaja Agrasen University, Baddi & Rajat Singh, Faculty, Raj Malhotra’s IAS Chandigarh.

[2] According to Bhikhu Parekh, “Different societies throw up different systems of moral beliefs depending on such things as their history, traditions, geographical circumstances, and views of the world. We have no means of judging them for there are no objective and universal criteria available for the purpose, and even if there were, we would be too deeply conditioned by our own society to discover them”. See Bhikhu Parekh, Non-ethnocentric universalism, in T. Dunne and NJ Wheeler, HUMAN RIGHTS: GLOBAL POLITICS, (Cambridge University Press, 1999) at p. 128.

[3] “While human rights are universal in character, it is now generally acknowledged that their expression and implementation in the national context should remain the competence and responsibility of each government. This means that the complex variety of problems of different economic social and cultural realities and the unique value systems prevailing in each country should be taken into consideration”. See Peter R. Baehr, GUIDE TO HUMAN RIGHTS PRACTICE, (Transnational Publishers, 1999) at p.14.

[4] UN GAOR 217 (III) dated 10 December 1948, available at http://daccess-ddsny. un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/043/88/IMG/NR004388.pdf?OpenElement, last visited on

24.07.2022.

[5] Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16 December 1966, entry into force 23 March 1976, available at http://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/ccpr.aspx, last visited on 24.07.2022

[6] Signed at the Inter-American Specialized Conference on Human Rights, San Jose, 22 November 1969, entry into force 18 July 1978, available at http://www.oas.org/dil/treaties_B32_American_Convention_on_Human_Rights.htm, last visited on 24.07.2022.

[7] Signed at Rome, 4 November 1950, entry into force 3 September 1953, available at

http://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Convention_ENG.pdf, last visited on 24.07.2022.

[8] Signed at Nairobi, 28 June 1981, entry into force 21 October 1986, available at

http://www.achpr.org/files/instruments/achpr/banjul_charter.pdf, last visited on24.07.2022

[9] Adopted by The African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, meeting at its 32nd Ordinary Session, Banjul, 23rd October 2002, available at http://www.achpr.org/files/sessions/32nd/resolutions/62/achpr32_freedom_of_expression_eng.pdf,

last visited on 24.07.2022

[10] Gordon S. Wood, THE CREATION OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC, 1776–1787, (University of North Carolina Press, 1998). See also, David P. Currie, THE CONSTITUTION IN CONGRESS: DEMOCRATS AND WHIGS, 1829–1861, (University of Chicago Press, 2005), Richard B. Bernstein, Richard B. and Kym S. Rice, ARE WE TO BE A NATION? THE MAKING OF THE CONSTITUTION, (Harvard University Press, 1987).

[11] It is said that Alexander Hamilton had even gone on to say later, ‘your people is a great beast’. See Anonymous, Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson, Hamilton Versus Jefferson on Popular Rule, available online at http://www.pinzler.com/ushistory/hamjeffpopsupp.html, last visited on 24.07.2022

[12] Stephan A. Schwartz, George Mason: Forgotten Founder: He Conceived the Bill of Rights, available online at http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/george-mason-forgotten-founder-heconceived-the-bill-of-rights 64408583/, last visited on 25.07.2022

[14] It is not completely correct to say that the Constitution in its original form did not contain any assertion of the civil liberties. There are provisions that talk about prohibitions on ex post facto laws,right to jury trial in federal criminal cases, prohibition of the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus etc. See generally, C.K.N. Raja, FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND EXPRESSION UNDER THE CONSTITUTIONS OF INDIA AND THE UNITED STATES, (Karnatak University, 1979) at p. 17.

[15] Bernstein and Rice, supra 12. See also, Milton R. Konvitz, FUNDAMENTAL LIBERTIES OF A FREE PEOPLE, (Transaction Publishers, 2003). Interestingly, states like North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the Constitution for this precise reason till as late as 1789 and 1790 respectively. See Anonymous, Teaching With Documents: The Ratification of the Constitution, available online at http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/constitution-day/ratification.html, last visited on 25.07.2022

[16] The Select committee members were James Madison, Roger Sherman, Nicholas Gilman, Benjamin Goodhue, Elias Boudinot, George Gale, George Clymer, Egbert Benson, Ednus Burke and John Vining. See Konvitz, supra 23.

[18] Interestingly enough, one does not find the existence of the term ‘Bill of Rights’ anywhere in the American Constitution. However, according to Konvitz, “The appearance of the amendments together in one place, rather than in scattered provisions throughout the Constitution, made it easy to refer to them as a single document under the designation ‘Bill of Rights’”

[19] 3 CAD 441 (April 29, 1947) [Annexure on Fundamental Rights].

[20] B. Shiva Rao (ed.), THE FRAMING OF INDIA’S CONSTITUTION: SELECT DOCUMENTS, Vol. III, (Indian Institute of Public Administration, 1967), pp. 7-9.

[23] B. Shiva Rao (ed.), THE FRAMING OF INDIA’S CONSTITUTION: SELECT DOCUMENTS, Vol. III,

(Indian Institute of Public Administration, 1967), pp. 7-9.

[25] Romesh Thapar v. State of Madras AIR 1950 SC 124, Brij Bhushan v. State of Punjab AIR 1950 SC 129.

[26] Lawrence Liang, Reasonable Restrictions and Unreasonable Speech, available online at http://infochangeindia.org/agenda/freedom-of-expression/reasonable-restrictions-and-unreasonablespeech.html, last visited on 25.07.2022

[27] Granville Austin, WORKING A DEMOCRATIC CONSTITUTION: THE INDIAN EXPERIENCE, (Oxford University Press, 1999) at p. 42.

[28] ‘Chilling Effect’ as a term was first referred to in the case of Wieman v. Updegraff 342 US 183 (1952). It became the centrepiece of Brennan, J.’s concurring opinion in Lamont v. Postmaster General, 381 US 301 (1965). For a more detailed discussion on this doctrine, See Frederick Schauer, Fear, Risk and the First Amendment: Unravelling the Chilling Effect, 58 Bost. Univ. Law Rev. 685 (1978). See also, Monica Youn, The Chilling Effect and the Problem of Private Action, 66 Vand. Law Rev. 1473 (2013). In the Indian context, the Supreme Court in the Shreya Singhal case makes ample references to this Chilling Effect.

[29] Even in case of the European Convention on Human Rights which appears as more conservative than the Inter-American system, insofar as issues pertaining to impositions of restraints on expression for protection of morals etc. enumerated in Article 10(2) are concerned, jurisprudence emerging out of the European Court of Human Rights has clearly underlined the fact that strict adherence to standards of proportionality are to be ensured before any such imposition with a significant amount of margin of appreciation to the imposing state, and as far as possible, post facto impositions of liabilities should be resorted to rather than pre-censorship. On this point, See e.g. ECtHR Müller (1991) 13 EHRR 212, ECtHR Observer (1992) 14 EHRR 153, ECtHR Thorgeirson (1992) 14 EHRR 843, ECtHR Wingrove (1997) 24 EHRR 1, ECtHR Otto-Preminger-Institut (1995) 19 EHRR 34.

[30] Article 5 [Freedom of expression, arts and sciences]

[31] ARTICLE 29

1. Everyone shall be guaranteed freedom of thought and speech.

2. Propaganda or agitation, which arouses social, racial, national or religious hatred and hostility shall be prohibited. Propaganda of social, racial, national, religious or linguistic supremacy shall also be prohibited.

3. Nobody shall be forced to express his thoughts and convictions or to deny them.

4. Everyone shall have the right freely to seek, receive, transmit, produce and disseminate information by any legal means. The list of types of information, which constitute State secrets, shall be determined by federal law.

(5). The freedom of the mass media shall be guaranteed. Censorship shall be prohibited.

[32] Article 21

Freedom of assembly and association as well as speech, press and all other forms of expression are guaranteed.

No censorship shall be maintained, nor shall the secrecy of any means of communication be violated.

[33] ARTICLE 71. FREEDOM OF PUBLICATION It is prohibited to censor, confiscate, suspend or shut down Egyptian newspapers and media outlets in any way. Exception may be made for limited censorship in time of war or general mobilization.

“CRIMINALIZATION OF MARITAL RAPE LAW IN INDIA IS STILL A TABOO” (By-Nanda Prasad)

Procedure To Approach The District Consumer Dispute Reddresal Forum (By-Adv. Chandrakant Bhosale)

Relations Of Partners To One Another In A Partnership (By-Advocate Ashok L. Rathod)

The Supreme Court Of India On Euthanasia: Too Little, Too Late (By-Shankar V Varude)

AD HOC ARBITRATION AND INSTITUTIONAL ARBITRATION (By-Aanchal Dhuria)

Critical Analysis Of Blasphemy Law In India And UK (By-Nirmitee Sable)

Sri Lanka’s Crisis and the Power of Citizen Mobilization (By-Nirmitee Sable)

Analysis Of Cyber-Crime And Cyber-Attacks During The Pandemic (By-Nirmitee Sable)

THOMAS HOBBES & NATURAL LAW THEORY (By-Sakshi Pranav Mehta)

CENSORSHIP: AN ISSUE OF THE INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS (By-Malvika Gupta & Rajat Singh)

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